The effects of starter fertilizers on the growth and nitrogen use efficiency of onion and lettuce

Abstract. Broadcast granular fertilizers are inefficient at supplying nitrogen (N) to wide-spaced row crops. Substantial nitrate residues can remain in the soil post-harvest, even when recommended fertilizer practices are followed. This paper explores the benefits of an alternative strategy based on targeting small amounts of liquid nitrogen starter fertilizer close to the seed at drilling to increase N use efficiency and reduce potential pollution. Bulb onion ( Allium cepa ) and crisp lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ) were grown with various rates and combinations of ammonium phosphate (AP) and urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) as 'starters', in comparison with seedbed incorporated ammonium nitrate. AP consistently improved early growth and final yield of both crops compared to broadcast ammonium nitrate, but UAN showed no additional benefits. AP in combination with broadcast N, or injected UAN, generally increased N recovery, and produced yields of marketable quality produce matched only by much higher rates of broadcast N. A reduced N input system based on starter fertilizers is likely to be acceptable to the industry, but would rely on a method to predict how much N is required to supplement that provided by the starter.     

Nitrogen Dynamics Under Long Term Lantana Camara (L.) Residue and Fertilizer Application in a Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Long term effects of lantana (Lantana camera L.) residue and fertilizer application were studied on nitrogen (N) fractions in a Typic Hapludalf under rice-wheat cropping at Palampur, India (32°6’N, 76°3’E). After 12 crop cycles, lantana and fertilizer application showed an additive effect on the buildup of different N fractions. Hydrolyzable-N constituted 86% of total organic-N and 84% of total-N. All fractions of N except unidentified-N, non-hydrolyzable-N, and total-N were strongly interdependent and had a positive influence on grain yield and N uptake in rice and wheat crops. Serine+threonine-N was the most important fraction contributing towards grain yield and N uptake in rice and wheat. Fertilizers at 66% of recommendation plus lantana at 10 t ha^?1 maintained higher available-N than that under 100% fertilizers alone; the N content was same as 12 years before. Inclusion of lantana indicated net saving of 33% fertilizers plus higher yields and sustained soil health.     

控释掺混肥结合增密对水稻氮肥利用效率和氨挥发的影响

为探究控释掺混肥结合增密对水稻产量、氮素吸收、施肥经济效益和氨挥发损失的影响,该研究以扬籼优418为供试材料,设不施氮对照（CK）、常规施氮（Farmer''s Fertilization Practice,FFP）、优化施氮（Optimized Nitrogen Application,OPT）、控释掺混肥（Controlled Release Blended Fertilizer,CRBF）和控释掺混肥结合增密（Controlled Release Blended Fertilizer Combined with Dense Planting,CRFDP）共5个处理,对比分析了不同处理的水稻产量及构成因子、氮素吸收和氮肥利用效率、经济效益和氨挥发损失的差异。结果发现,CRFDP处理的水稻有效穗数和每穗实粒数显著高于其他处理（P<0.05）,较FFP分别增加26.1%和18.7%。CRFDP处理较FFP处理水稻增产33.3%。与FFP相比,CRFDP的氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥偏生产率、氮肥农学利用率分别提高160%、22.8 kg/kg、16.27 kg/kg。CRFDP较CRBF处理的氮肥吸收利用率显著提高10.0个百分点,氮肥偏生产率、氮肥农学利用率和氮素生理利用率则没有显著差异（P>0.05）;与FFP处理相比,3个优化施氮处理（OPT、CRBF和CRFDP）在氮肥用量降低20%的情况下,水稻每公顷净收益增加3 328～8 968元,其中CRFDP处理的水稻产值和净收益最高。施氮显著提高了水稻生长季的田面水铵态氮浓度和土壤脲酶活性,与FFP处理相比,CRFDP处理的氨挥发强度和累积氨挥发损失分别降低62.5%和46.3%。综上,控释掺混肥与增密结合可兼顾水稻高产、氮肥高效利用和氨减排。研究结果可为水稻高产及环境友好和资源高效的水稻种植新模式数据支持和理论支撑。     

Effect of starter fertilizer in seed-row on emergence,biomass and nutrient uptake by six pulse crops grown under controlled environment conditions

Abstract

Legumes have a unique ability to obtain a significant portion of atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) through a symbiotic relationship with Rhizobia spp of bacteria but it takes time, thus, an early supply of N to the plant may positively influence growth and development. However, too much fertilizer in close proximity to the seed can damage the seedling. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the maximum safe rates for starter seed-row fertilizer application under low seedbed utilization conditions (15%). Emergence, biomass yield and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) uptake responses to starter fertilizer products and blends applied at 0, 10, 20 and 30?kg?N?ha^?1 in the seed-row were investigated for six different pulse crops: soybean, pea, faba bean, black bean, lentil and chickpea. The general sensitivity (injury potential) for starter N, P, S fertilizer was lentil?≥?pea?≥?chickpea?>?soybean?≥?black bean?>?faba bean. Lentil, pea and chickpea could generally only tolerate the 10?kg?N?ha^?1 rates while soybean and black bean could tolerate 10–20?kg?N?ha^?1. Faba bean emergence appeared relatively unaffected by all three rates of N and showed least sensitivity to seed row placed fertilizer. In terms of 30-day biomass response, soybean and black bean were most responsive to fertilization, while pea, faba bean, lentil and chickpea were least responsive to the starter fertilizer applications, with no benefit increasing above the 10?kg?N?ha^?1 rate.     

WINTER CROPS AS BIOASSAYS OF SOIL NITROGEN-SUPPLYING CAPACITY

Soil nitrogen (N)-supplying capacity bioassays could present alternatives to traditional soil tests. Objectives were to identify winter crops and associated characteristics with bioassay potential. Saint Joseph and Bossier City, LA experiments used randomized complete block designs with factorial N fertilizer and winter crop treatment arrangements. Nitrogen rates were applied to corn (Zea mays L.) in 2004. Unfertilized winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.), cereal rye (Secale cereale L.), native winter vegetation, and weed-free winter fallow treatments followed corn. At Saint Joseph, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) followed winter crop treatments. Greater corn N rate consistently increased winter crop biomass and N accumulation, suggesting potential as bioassays, and increased Saint Joseph seedcotton yield. Winter crop-seedcotton yield N-response relationships were non-significant by familywise error rate criteria. However, some winter crop characteristics, such as rye N accumulation, for which a relationship to seedcotton yield closely approached significance, may merit further research as soil N-supplying capacity bioassays.     

Winter Wheat Yield,Quality, and Nitrogen Removal Following Compost- or Manure-Fertilized Sugarbeet

To efficiently use nitrogen (N) while protecting water quality, one must know how a second-year crop, without further N fertilization, responds in years following a manure application. In an Idaho field study of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) following organically fertilized sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.), we determined the residual (second-year) effects of fall-applied solid dairy manure, either stockpiled or composted, on wheat yield, biomass N, protein, and grain N removal. Along with a no-N control and urea (202 kg N ha^?1), first-year treatments included compost (218 and 435 kg estimated available N ha^?1) and manure (140 and 280 kg available N ha^?1). All materials were incorporated into a Greenleaf silt loam (Xeric Calciargid) at Parma in fall 2002 and 2003 prior to planting first-year sugarbeet. Second-year wheat grain yield was similar among urea and organic N sources that applied optimal amounts of plant-available N to the preceding year’s sugarbeet, thus revealing no measurable second-year advantage for organic over conventional N sources. Both organic amendments applied at high rates to the preceding year’s sugarbeet produced greater wheat yields (compost in 2004 and manure in 2005) than urea applied at optimal N rates. On average, second-year wheat biomass took up 49% of the inorganic N remaining in organically fertilized soil after sugarbeet harvest. Applying compost or manure at greater than optimum rates for sugarbeet may increase second-year wheat yield but increase N losses as well.

Abbreviations CNS, carbon–nitrogen–sulfur     

长期定位试验中氮肥与磷肥有机肥联合施用通过刺激根的生长增加玉米产量和养分吸收

Imbalanced application of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers can result in reduced crop yield, low nutrient use efficiency, and high loss of nutrients and soil nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^--N) accumulation decreases when N is applied with P and/or manure; however, the effect of applications of N with P and/or manure on root growth and distribution in the soil profile is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effects of different N and P fertilizer application rates with or without manure on maize (Zea mays L.) yield, N uptake, root growth, apparent N surplus, Olsen-P concentration, and mineral N (Nmin) accumulation in a fluvo-aquic calcareous soil from a long-term (28-year) experiment. The experiment comprised twelve combinations of chemical N and P fertilizers, either with or without chicken manure, as treatments in four replicates. The yield of maize grain was 82% higher, the N uptake 100% higher, and the Nmin accumulation 39% lower in the treatments with combined N and P in comparison to N fertilizer only. The maize root length density in the 30--60 cm layer was three times greater in the treatments with N and P fertilizers than with N fertilizer only. Manure addition increased maize yield by 50% and N uptake by 43%, and reduced Nmin (mostly NO₃^--N) accumulation in the soil by 46%. The long-term application of manure and P fertilizer resulted in significant increases in soil Olsen-P concentration when no N fertilizer was applied. Manure application reduced the apparent N surplus for all treatments. These results suggest that combined N and P fertilizer applications could enhance maize grain yield and nutrient uptake via stimulating root growth, leading to reduced accumulation of potentially leachable NO₃^--N in soil, and manure application was a practical way to improve degraded soils in China and the rest of the world.     

长期施肥对农田土壤氮素关键转化过程的影响

当前,如何合理施肥、提高作物产量、维持土壤肥力、并兼顾生态环境效应是农业研究的主要挑战之一。本文综述了长期施肥对农田土壤氮素关键转化过程的影响,主要从土壤氮转化过程的初级转化速率角度综述肥料(有机肥和化学氮肥)对土壤氮素关键转化过程的影响。土壤氮素矿化-同化循环是自然界氮循环过程中两个至关重要的环节,是决定土壤供氮能力的重要因素。总体而言,长期施用氮肥,尤其是有机肥能显著提高初级矿化-同化周转速率;长期施肥可以刺激自养硝化作用,且有机肥的刺激作用更明显;施用化学氮肥和有机肥均能提高反硝化速率,且有机肥的刺激作用高于化学氮肥。有机肥一直被提倡和实践用来改善土壤肥力和提高土壤固碳能力,无论是单施有机肥还是有机-无机配施,均能有效地减轻硝酸盐污染,改善土壤肥力并提高作物产量。但是有机肥的施用并不是多多益善,有机肥过多施用也会增加氮损失的风险。因此,本文综述了长期施肥对农田土壤氮素关键转化过程初级转化速率的影响,讨论了各个氮转化过程之间的联系,以期增强人们对长期施肥措施影响农田土壤氮素循环的理解,并为合理施用氮肥、提高氮肥利用率、减少与氮相关的环境污染提供理论依据。     

Soil Chemical Properties and Growth and Nutrient Uptake of Maize Grown with Different Combinations of Broiler Litter and Chemical Fertilizer in a Calcareous Soil

The main objective of this study was to explore the interactive influence of broiler litter and chemical nitrogen (N)–phosphorus (P) fertilizers placed with furrower and with disk + furrower on maize yield and soil chemical properties. The experiment consisted of two methods of fertilizer placements and seven fertilizer treatments conducted for two successive years under field conditions. Results showed that furrower method improved soil chemical properties and subsequently increased maize grain yield and dry-matter production compared with the disk + furrower method. The N and P levels in soil increased with the application of NP fertilizers and broiler litter. Soils amended with broiler litter and NP fertilizers had greater maize grain yield and dry-matter production than the control. In conclusion, furrower placement combined with the application of broiler litter and 20% of the optimum chemical NP fertilizers were the most efficient nutrient management practice for increasing maize performance in the studied area.     

Effects of NPK fertilizer combinations on yield and nitrogen balance in sorghum or pigeonpea on a vertisol in the semi-arid tropics

A long-term experiment was carried out on a Vertisol from 1986 to 1992 to examine the combined effects of NPK fertilizers on yield using sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench cv. CSH 5) and short-duration pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp. cv. ICPL 87). The fertilizer treatments were as follows: 0 (no fertilization), N (150 kg N ha^-1 ), P (65.5 kg P₂O₅ ha^-1), K (124.5 kg K₂O ha^-1), and all possible combinations (NP, NK, PK, and NPK). In this study we continued this experiment during the period 1993 to 1994 and analyzed the crop yield response to fertilizers and the N balance. The amount of N derived from the atmosphere and fertilizer was estimated by the ¹⁵N natural abundance method and ^l5N isotope dilution method, respectively. A combined application of Nand P fertilizers gave the highest grain yield for the two crops under the 8th and 9th continuous croppings, unlike the application of K fertilizer. The values of total N for the two crops were significantly higher in the NP and NPK plots. These crops took up N mainly from soil. There was a significant positive relationship between the uptake of N_dff and N_dfs by each crop. Pigeonpea or sorghum took up more N from the soil in the N fertilizer plots than in the plots without N, suggesting that soil N fertility was enhanced and the amount of N supplied from soil increased in the plots with consecutive application of N fertilizer for 7 y. Even pigeonpea, which fixes atmospheric N inherently, needed N fertilizer to achieve high grain yield, suggesting that N fixation by the nodules was not always sufficient to meet the N requirements of the crop under these conditions. Although fertilizer N exerted a beneficial effect on plant growth and yield in the two crops, the values of fertilizer N recovery (FNR) by the two crops were considerably low. Therefore, it is suggested that the development of N fertilizer management which could maximize FNR of each crop should be promoted.     

综合产量和土壤N2O排放的马铃薯施氮量分析

施氮可提高作物产量,但同时也增加温室气体N_2O的土壤排放量。研究施氮量与产量和土壤N_2O排放的关系,对保障作物产量并兼顾环境效应的农业生产实践具有重要指导意义。该研究设置N0(0)、N1(67.5 kg/hm~2)、N2(125 kg/hm~2)、N3(187.5 kg/hm~2)4个施氮水平,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对土壤N_2O排放进行田间原位测定,研究施氮量对马铃薯产量、土壤N_2O排放的影响,分析综合产量与土壤N_2O排放的合理施氮量。结果表明:施氮显著增加马铃薯产量和土壤N_2O累积排放量,较不施氮(N0)处理,N1、N2和N3处理马铃薯产量增加78.5%、93.1%和95.6%;生育期N1、N2和N3处理马铃薯土壤N_2O累积排放量分别是N0处理的2.3、4.4和6.7倍。同时,随施氮量增加,N_2O排放系数、硝态氮强度和单产N_2O排放量均显著增加。在低氮处理(N0、N1)时,土壤N_2O排放通量与土壤温度、湿度显著正相关,而在高氮水平时,土壤N_2O排放通量与土壤硝态氮含量显著正相关。施氮67.5 kg/hm~2可确保研究区马铃薯产量并有效降低土壤N_2O排放。     

新型肥料对全球三大粮食作物产量和土壤生物学活性影响的Meta分析

  【目的】  随着近年来农业发展方式从资源消耗型向绿色生态型的转变,发展绿色新型肥料成为一大热门。已有研究大多关注新型肥料对三大粮食作物 (小麦、玉米和水稻) 产量、氮吸收和氮利用效率的影响,但关于新型肥料对土壤生物学活性影响的系统研究相对较少。本研究旨在整合已有的研究结果,定量分析新型肥料对三大作物产量和土壤生物学活性的影响,进而为加快新型肥料的研发与推广提供科学依据。  【方法】  本研究数据来源于“中国知网 (CNKI) ”及“Web of Science”数据库,以“小麦”、“玉米”、“水稻”、“产量”、“微生物量”、“酶活性”、“新型肥料”为主要关键词检索相关的田间试验文献,共筛选出文献29篇,包含32个独立试验,共545组数据。以施用传统化学肥料为对照组,施用新型肥料为试验组,采用Meta分析的方法,整合分析施用新型肥料对作物产量、土壤微生物量及酶活性的影响。  【结果】  与施用传统化学肥料相比,施用新型肥料显著提高三大作物产量、地上部吸氮量和氮肥利用效率,分别提高8.4%、9.9%和36.8%。施用新型肥料显著增加土壤微生物量氮 (14.6%),但对土壤微生物量碳无显著影响。施用新型肥料显著提高了土壤磷代谢酶活性 (8.6%) 和氧化相关酶活性 (5.7%),但对土壤碳代谢酶活性和氮代谢酶活性无显著影响。  【结论】  施用新型肥料提高了三大作物产量、地上部吸氮量和氮肥利用效率,同时增加了土壤微生物量氮、土壤磷代谢酶活性和氧化相关酶活性,提高了农田生态系统土壤生物学活性。     

长期不同施肥措施下黑土作物产量与养分平衡特征

为了明确长期不同施肥措施下黑土作物产量及养分平衡特征,利用开始于1979年的哈尔滨黑土肥力长期定位试验,以小麦-大豆-玉米轮作(3a)为一个周期,选取对照(不施肥,记作CK)、常量氮磷钾化肥配施(小麦施N、P2O5量分别为150、75 kg/hm2,大豆施N、P2O5量分别为75、150 kg/hm2,玉米施N、P2O5量分别为150、75 kg/hm2,K2O共施75 kg/hm2,记作NPK)、常量有机肥(施肥18 600 kg/hm2,记作M)、常量化肥有机肥配施(化肥施量同NPK,有机肥施量同M,记作MNPK)和二倍量氮磷化肥有机肥配施(小麦施N、P2O5量分别为300、150 kg/hm2,大豆施N、P2O5量分别为150、300 kg/hm2,、玉米施N、P2O5量分别为300、150 kg/hm2,有机肥共37 200 kg/hm2,记作M2N2P2)5个处理,研究了不同作物的平均产量、产量年际变化和土壤养分表观平衡。结果表明:1)较CK,长期平衡施用化肥或化肥配施有机肥提高了作物产量,多年平均增产率分别在82.5%~91.6%(小麦)和35.6%~40.9%(玉米)之间。长期不同施肥措施增产效果表现为M2N2P2MNPKNPKM,有机无机肥配施与单施化肥处理间作物产量差异不显著。2)长期不施肥处理小麦和玉米产量随试验年限推移呈下降趋势,降幅分别为13.93和42.61 kg/(hm2·a),大豆则以7.409 kg/(hm2·a)的速率增加。施肥处理小麦、大豆和玉米产量随试验年限的增加呈总体上升的趋势。3)在该试验条件下,长期施用常量化肥处理(NPK)和常量化肥有机肥配施处理(MNPK)土壤氮亏缺量分别为29.7和17.5 kg/hm2,磷盈余量分别为33.4和61.2 kg/hm2。各处理土壤中钾素均表现为亏缺,亏缺量在30.4~73.0 kg/hm2之间。MNPK处理氮、钾供应状况有所改善,较NPK处理分别增加12.2和27.6 kg/hm2。4)作物产量与土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、降雨量、生育期日平均气温呈显著正相关关系(P0.05)。5)在黑土小麦-大豆-玉米典型轮作制度下,基于土壤养分平衡特征提出"稳氮、减磷和增钾"的施肥策略。该研究为评价和建立长期施肥模式、促进粮食持续生产提供依据。     

Remote sensing of sugarbeet canopies for improved nitrogen fertilizer recommendations for a subsequent wheat crop

Abstract

Return to soil of high N, green sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) tops, but not the return of low N, yellow to yellow‐green tops, reduces the magnitude of N‐fertilizer responses for the following crop. Twelve N fertilizer trials with spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were established at sites with late‐season ‘green’ (8 sites) or ‘yellow’ (4 sites) sugarbeet canopies the previous year. Late‐season, aerial color photographs of sugarbeet fields and global positioning system (GPS) technology were used to locate the experimental sites. Based on the soil NO₃‐N test customarily used in the Northern Grain Plains, N fertilizer responses were expected at 11 of the 12 sites. However, no significant grain‐yield responses were obtained at the eight antecedent ‘green’ sugarbeet sites. Expected yield and grain‐N responses were obtained at the four antecedent ‘yellow’ sites. In contrast to the usual soil NO₃‐test, remote sensing of the previous sugarbeet crop resulted in successful prediction of N‐fertilizer responses at all 12 experimental sites. Application of N fertilizer at the ‘green’ canopy sites increased the likelihood that excess soil NO₃‐N would be present after the wheat harvest. A precision farming technique, involving remote sensing of late‐season sugarbeet canopies, use of GPS technology, and use of variable rate N‐fertilizer application is recommended for a wheat crop following sugarbeet.     

Enhancing Corn Production Through the Use of Starter Fertilizer in the Northern Great Plains

Abstract

The northern portion of the Great Plains has environmental conditions that require unique management practices to ensure optimum corn (Zea mays L.) yield and quality. The objective was to investigate the effect of starter fertilizer on corn yield and quality under different soil management. A field experiment was established within a 2‐year corn/soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] rotation. Whole‐plot treatments were tillage with split‐plot treatments of starter fertilizer. Starter fertilizer treatments consisted of two nitrogen (N) sources, each at four rates, all contained phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). An additional treatment of no starter fertilizer was also incorporated into the experiment. There was a significant increase in yield with application of starter‐N for all years except 2002. The most dramatic yield increase was obtained with the comparison between the no starter (no N, P, or K) treatment and the P and K treatment (no N+P and K). Starter fertilizer with only P and K also increased yield, oil production, and N removal in all years compared with no starter fertilizer treatment. Application of starter fertilizer can have a significant positive impact on yield and quality of corn grown in the northern Great Plains.     

氮素肥料对环境与蔬菜的污染及其合理调控途径

对近年来国内外有关氮素肥料对地表水、地下水和大气的污染状况及其对蔬菜硝酸盐的污染进行了综述。提出了氮素肥料合理调控的技术途径(包括利用根层土壤剖面硝态氮推荐施氮肥技术、改良作物品种、研制适宜的控效肥和水土保持技术)。     

氮肥管理对小麦产量和氮肥利用效率的影响

氮肥过量施用造成环境污染和生产成本增加等问题已成为限制我国农业可持续生产的主要因素。为实现氮素化肥的高效利用,连续2年在山东省农业科学院作物研究所试验地同一地块利用氮肥梯度带,进行了基于小麦叶片SPAD值的氮素实时管理。结果表明,在基施区随着施肥量的增加,小麦籽粒产量增加,二者呈线性关系,但施氮量207kg/hm2(N207)和276kg/hm2(N276)处理间差异不显著;追施区小麦的2个生长季籽粒产量均以不施基肥拔节期追氮207kg/hm2(N0+207)处理最高,分别为7649kg/hm2和7522kg/hm2,基施氮肥207kg/hm2拔节期不追肥(N207+0)处理最低,仅为7318kg/hm2和7388kg/hm2,差异达显著水平(P<0.05)。基施区各氮肥处理的氮肥表观利用率(RE)和氮肥偏生产力(PFP)均存在显著性差异,均是随着基施量的增加而显著降低。追施区N0+207、N69+138、N138+693个处理的PFP、AE和RE均高于或显著高于N207和N276 2个处理。因此在确定总施氮量的条件下实行基、追肥分施能够显著提高小麦的氮肥表观利用率、氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力。     

腐植酸氮肥对玉米产量、氮肥利用及氮肥损失的影响

【目的】 通过研究新型腐植酸氮肥对玉米产量、氮肥吸收利用和分配及氮肥在土壤中分布以及损失的影响,为促进新型肥料的应用,减少环境污染,提高作物产量提供理论依据。 【方法】 采用固定装置,应用同位素示踪技术进行田间试验。试验共设 4 个处理:CK1 (不施氮肥)、CK2 (普通尿素 N 225 kg/hm2)、HA1 (脲基活化腐植酸氮肥 N 225 kg/hm2)、HA2 (常规掺混腐植酸氮肥 N 225 kg/hm2)。采集玉米播种前、施肥前和收获后 0—20 cm、20—40 cm、40—60 cm 土壤样品,采用静态箱体内置硼酸吸收池法测定氨挥发,氧化亚氮通过静态箱体收集、真空瓶贮存后气相色谱仪测定。玉米成熟后采集地上部植株样品,将营养器官与籽粒分离,计产并测定产量构成指标。 【结果】 籽粒中氮素 34.6%～36.2% 来自肥料,营养器官中氮素 14.6%～17.4% 来自肥料。CK2、HA1 和 HA2 处理的氮肥利用率分别为 25.1%、30.9%、28.5%,氮肥损失率分别为 38.1%、19.8%、27.2%。与 CK2 相比:1) 施用 HA1 能提高玉米产量;2) HA1 和 HA2 处理的氮素吸收总量分别增加 25.8 和 16.3 kg/hm2,氮肥利用率分别提高 5.8 个百分点和 3.4 个百分点,氮肥损失率分别减少 18.3 个百分点和 10.9 个百分点;3) HA1 和 HA2 处理 0—60 cm 土壤氮素残留率分别增加 12.5 个百分点和 7.5 个百分点;4) 施用腐植酸氮肥明显提高 0—20、20—40 cm 土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量。 【结论】 腐植酸氮肥能显著提高玉米产量和氮肥利用率,促进玉米对土壤氮素的吸收利用,显著增加 0—20 cm 土壤氮素残留量和 0—40 cm 土壤无机态氮含量,减缓氮素向深层土壤迁移,从而减少淋溶损失。腐植酸氮肥能改善氮素在土壤中的分布,满足作物根系需肥特性;腐植酸氮肥能显著降低氧化亚氮产生量和其它途径的氮素损失,从而减少氮素损失量。其中,脲基活化腐植酸氮肥作用效果更加明显。      

长期有机无机肥配施对水稻产量及土壤有效养分影响

利用中国农业科学院红壤实验站开始于1982年的水稻长期定位试验,研究长期有机无机肥配施对水稻产量及土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量的动态变化(1982—2011年)特征。29年研究结果表明:长期有机无机肥配施(NPKM)能提高水稻产量,培肥地力。长期施用化肥(NPK)导致水稻产量降低。稻谷产量随着施肥量的增加而增加。在等氮投入情况下,增施化学磷肥的增产效应要高于化学钾肥,且早稻表现尤为明显;长期单施有机肥和单施化肥对稻谷产量的影响没有显著差异。随着施肥时间的延长,各处理水稻产量差异越显著。各施肥处理土壤碱解氮增加速率表现为慢-快-慢三个阶段,有机肥的施用相较单施化肥,能够显著提高土壤碱解氮含量(p0.05)。土壤有效磷的累积主要与化学磷肥的施用有关,各施肥处理土壤有效磷历年平均含量变化趋势为:NPKM、NPM、PKMNPKM、NKM(p0.01);土壤速效钾以有机肥和化学钾肥配施的处理(NPKM、NKM、PKM)增加最快,单施化学肥料的处理(NPK)增加最慢。随着氮、磷施用量的增加,土壤中氮、磷素出现盈余,但NPKM处理相比其他处理能够有效降低盈余量;各处理土壤中钾素均表现为亏缺状态,红壤性水稻田至少每年应补充投入钾素200 kg hm-2才能基本维持土壤钾素平衡。     

Cropping sequence and nitrogen fertilizer effects on the productivity and quality of malting barley and soil fertility in the Ethiopian highlands

The productivity and quality of malting barley were evaluated using factorial combinations of four preceding crops (faba bean, field pea, rapeseed, and barley) as main plots and four nitrogen fertilizer rates (0, 18, 36, and 54 kg N ha^?1) as sub-plots with three replications at two sites on Nitisols of the Ethiopian highlands in 2010 and 2011 cropping seasons. Preceding crops other than barley and N fertilizer significantly improved yield and quality of malting barley. The highest grain yield, kernel plumpness, protein content, and sieve test were obtained for malting barley grown after faba bean, followed by rapeseed and field pea. Nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased yield, protein content, and sieve test of malting barley. All protein contents were within the acceptable range for malting quality. Inclusion of legumes in the rotation also improved soil fertility through increases in soil carbon and nitrogen content. We conclude that to maximize yield and quality of malting barley, it is critical to consider the preceding crop and soil nitrogen status. Use of appropriate break crops may substitute or reduce the amount of mineral N fertilizer required for the production of malting barley at least for one season without affecting its quality.