不同栽培环境下有机与常规蔬菜土壤的细菌群落多样性差异

土壤细菌群落在蔬菜栽培中发挥着重要作用。基于DNA和RNA水平,利用PCR-DGGE技术研究了不同栽培环境下有机与常规蔬菜土壤细菌群落多样性差异,以及土壤理化性质与细菌群落多样性的关系。结果表明：不同栽培方式下土壤细菌多样性存在明显差异,土壤微生物的优势种群和数量受有机、常规栽培和季节影响,有机栽培较之常规栽培能够显著增加土壤细菌群落多样性;聚类分析表明,16S rDNA细菌群落多样性与季节相关,而16S rRNA细菌群落多样性与栽培方式相关;差异条带测序显示,大多细菌与不可培养细菌种属有较高同源性,其余9种推测属于假单胞菌属;CCA分析说明pH是影响土壤细菌群落多样性的主要因素,有机栽培土壤中微生物生物量C、N以及有机质含量显著高于常规栽培土壤。综上,有机栽培能够丰富活性细菌群落多样性,具有土壤优化效应。     

不同栽培模式对黄瓜根际土壤酶活性及细菌群落结构的影响

分别以小麦、燕麦、毛葱、芹菜、白菜与黄瓜伴生或套作,研究了不同栽培模式对黄瓜根际土壤酶活性及细菌群落结构的影响,为连作土壤环境修复提供理论依据。结果表明:小麦/黄瓜、燕麦/黄瓜伴生,毛葱/黄瓜套作显著提高了根际土壤过氧化氢酶活性（P0.05）;芹菜/黄瓜套作和小麦/黄瓜伴生显著提高了根际土壤过氧化物酶活性（P0.05）;芹菜/黄瓜套作显著提高了根际土壤脲酶活性（P0.05）;不同栽培模式均显著提高了各时期根际土壤转化酶活性（P0.05）。PCR-DGGE分析结果显示,不同栽培模式在一定程度上提高了黄瓜根际土壤细菌群落结构多样性。DGGE条带测序显示,黄瓜根际土壤细菌大多与不可培养的细菌种属具有较高的同源性,测序比对推测,主要分属于-变形菌纲（Alphaproteobacteria）、-变形菌纲（Betaproteobacteria）、鞘脂杆菌纲（Sphingobacteria）和芽单胞菌纲（Gemmatimonadetes）四个纲。本研究说明不同栽培模式对土壤酶活性和土壤细菌群落结构均产生一定影响,改变了土壤环境,其中小麦与黄瓜伴生栽培模式效果较好。     

发酵床垫料栽培基质重复利用对辣椒生长和基质性状的影响

以发酵床垫料为主要原料的有机基质作为栽培基质,采用槽式栽培方式,研究其在辣椒种植上的应用效果以及种植不同茬次辣椒后基质理化和微生物学性状的变化情况;并研究该有机基质的重复利用效果。结果表明:基质栽培的辣椒与土壤对照相比,在株高、根长、整株鲜重和产量方面均无显著差异,且用完1茬的旧基质继续种植第2茬辣椒不影响其产量。种植第1茬辣椒后对基质理化性状影响最大,其中,EC值、速效氮和速效钾含量与新基质相比变化最为显著,分别降低了81.17%、92.15%和85.16%,种植2茬辣椒后基质理化性状与1茬时相比变化不显著。Real-Time PCR结果表明:连续种植2茬辣椒对基质中细菌数量影响不大,而真菌数量1茬后显著降低,2茬后真菌数量与1茬时相比差异不显著。PCR-DGGE结果表明种植第1茬辣椒明显改变了基质中细菌和真菌群落结构,并能明显提高真菌的群落多样性,但种植第2茬辣椒对基质中细菌和真菌多样性影响较小,细菌和真菌群落结构与1茬时相比变化不大。     

崇明西红花根际土壤和球茎微生物多样性分析

为研究崇明西红花栽培地根际土壤和球茎中微生物多样性,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对其微生物群落组成进行了比对分析。结果表明,西红花根际土壤和球茎中细菌和真菌在门类水平上菌群类别差异不显著,但在丰富度和多样性方面根际土壤明显高于球茎;在属和种水平上差异显著;在种水平上,根际土壤或球茎均有各自特有的细菌或真菌,且具有较高的相对丰度。西红花致病真菌瓶霉(Phialophora)和背芽突霉(Cadophora)在崇明西红花球茎大量存在。因此,推测西红花病害发生,除与土壤菌群相关外,与其内生细菌和真菌也紧密相关。本研究结果初步分析了崇明栽培地西红花根际土壤和球茎中微生物多样性及群落结构组成,为进一步筛选合适的崇明西红花栽培地土壤和种球杀菌剂提供了理论依据。     

大葱伴生甜瓜栽培对根际土壤酶活性和细菌群落的影响

为解决设施栽培土壤恶化引起的甜瓜产量持续下降问题,本研究以大葱与甜瓜进行伴生栽培试验,基于传统土壤农化、土壤酶分析和现代高通量测序技术分析,探究伴生对根际土壤农化、土壤酶、土壤细菌群落结构的影响.结果表明,伴生栽培甜瓜根际土壤细菌数量低于甜瓜单作处理,但差异不显著,而伴生处理的Shannon指数显著高于甜瓜单作处理,表...     

套作对黄瓜根际土壤细菌群落结构的多样性影响

以设施蔬菜中的主要栽培种类黄瓜为研究对象,以毛葱、蒜为套作作物,利用T-RFLP(末端限制性片段长度多态性,Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism)技术对套作黄瓜根际土壤细菌群落结构多样性进行了研究。结果表明:套作改变了黄瓜根际土壤细菌群落结构的多样性和优势菌群结构。套种毛葱的黄瓜根际土壤细菌群落结构多样性高于套种蒜的黄瓜根际土壤细菌群落结构多样性;在黄瓜定植前和拉秧期,套作处理的土壤细菌群落结构多样性有比对照高的趋势,而在根瓜期和盛瓜期套作处理的土壤细菌群落结构多样性有比对照低的趋势;毛葱的套作效果最佳,蒜套作次之。套作提高了黄瓜产量。     

不同林龄油松土壤微生物、酶活性和养分特征

对不同林龄油松林根际和非根际土壤养分、酶活性和微生物数量进行了研究。结果表明:(1)油松林的土壤pH处于偏弱酸性,根际和非根际土壤pH随着油松林龄的增长表现出先降低后增加趋势,在成熟林阶段达到最低,不同生长阶段油松根际土壤pH显著低于非根际土壤pH(p0.05)。(2)土壤中根际和非根际有机碳、全氮、有效磷和有效钾含量呈一致的变化趋势,随着油松林龄的增长表现出先增加后降低趋势,在成熟林阶段达到最大值,其中幼林、中林和成熟林根际有机碳、全氮、有效磷和有效钾含量显著高于非根际(p0.05),过熟林根际有机碳、全氮、有效钾和有效磷含量与非根际差异并不显著(p0.05)。(3)土壤中根际和非根际土壤酶活性(蔗糖酶活性、碱性磷酸酶活性、脲酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性)和微生物群落多样性(物种丰富度指数、均匀度指数、优势度指数、碳源利用指数)呈一致的变化趋势,随着油松林龄的增长表现出先增加后降低趋势,在成熟林阶段达到最大值,其中幼林、中林和成熟林根际土壤酶活性和微生物群落多样性显著高于非根际(p0.05),过熟林根际土壤酶活性和微生物群落多样性与非根际差异并不显著(p0.05)。(4)油松根际土壤微生物总数高于非根际,其中细菌数目所占比例最高,放线菌数目所占比例最低。(5)相关性分析表明,土壤pH与土壤微生物群落功能多样性各指标呈负相关,土壤有机碳和全氮、蔗糖酶活性、碱性磷酸酶活性、细菌数目、微生物总数与土壤微生物群落功能多样性各指标呈显著的相关性。由此可知,土壤pH对土壤微生物群落功能多样性贡献为负,土壤养分、土壤酶活性和微生物数量对土壤微生物群落功能多样性起到正调节作用,其中土壤有机碳和全氮、蔗糖酶活性、碱性磷酸酶活性、细菌数目和微生物总数是土壤微生物群落多样性的主要影响因子。     

黄土高原油松根际土壤酶活性及真菌群落多样性研究——以黄龙山林场为例

为了解黄土高原油松林根际土壤酶活性和真菌群落多样性,本研究分析了陕西黄龙县不同样区油松根际土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性,并采用巢式PCR-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术研究了油松根际土壤中真菌群落多样性。结果表明,该地区油松根际真菌群落相似性较高,但受坡向、海拔、土壤水分及人类扰动等诸多因素的影响,不同样区的真菌群落多样性和土壤酶活性存在差异。油松根际各土壤酶活性均表现出坡顶样地高于坡底样地,阴面样地高于阳面样地,林区路旁样地由于采样环境不同于林中样地,酶活性介于其他样地之间;丰富度(S)、Shannon-Wiener指数(H)、Simpson指数(D)、均匀度指数(EH)分析表明,该区域油松根际土壤真菌群落多样性分布特征与酶活性分布特征相一致。相关性分析表明,除过氧化氢酶外,其余酶活性之间、以及与真菌多样性均呈显著正相关(p0.05);土壤含水量与真菌多样性和土壤酶活性除多酚氧化酶外均呈显著正相关(p0.05);而土壤p H与各种酶活性之间均未达显著相关水平(p0.05)。土壤含水量是影响该地区真菌群落多样性与土壤酶活性主要因素之一。     

黄河三角洲刺槐根际与非根际细菌结构及多样性

为精确分析黄河三角洲刺槐根际与非根际土壤细菌群落定殖情况,本研究采用高通量测序方法对刺槐根际与非根际土壤细菌结构及多样性进行了研究。研究表明,根际土壤细菌共有36门214属,非根际土壤细菌共有33门153属。变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)细菌丰度超过15%,是根际与非根际土壤中的优势菌落。根际与非根际土壤中酸杆菌门、硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)丰度差异显著。根际土壤中红游动菌属(Rhodoplanes)、溶杆菌属(Lysobacter)、热单胞菌属(Thermomonas)、链霉菌属(Streptomyces)及非根际土壤中红游动菌属、溶杆菌属、链霉菌属、Kaistobacter细菌丰度超过4%。根际土壤中固氮菌丰度显著高于非根际土壤,解磷、解钾细菌丰度差异不显著。根际与非根际土壤细菌Chao丰富度分别为2 054、2 376,差异显著。根际与非根际土壤细菌之间的权重(Weighted Unifrac)距离在0.12~0.25之间。综上所述,黄河三角洲刺槐根际与非根际土壤细菌结构具有一定差异,多样性差异显著。     

玉米根际和非根际土壤细菌微多样性与土壤有机碳矿化的关系

[目的]运用高级别分类学分辨率揭示玉米根际和非根际土壤中细菌群落微多样性,并探讨微多样性与土壤有机碳矿化的关系,从更精细的分类学分辨率水平上为玉米根际土壤中微生物驱动的碳循环提供理论依据。[方法]以西北农林科技大学曹新庄试验农场为依托,采取田间生长条件下玉米根际和非根际两种土壤类型。利用高通量测序技术,比较OTUs和ASVs两种分类学分辨率水平上玉米根际和非根际土壤中的细菌群落结构,揭示细菌群落的微多样性。同时通过培养试验检测根际和非根际土壤的有机碳矿化特性。[结果]通过比较OTUs和ASVs两种分类学分辨率水平上的细菌群落,OTUs和ASVs两种方式显示出相似的细菌群落结构。在玉米根际和非根际土壤类型中,ASVs在更高分类学分辨率水平上描绘细菌群落组成,同时揭示了普遍存在于OTUs内的不同菌株或生态型。此外,两种不同生长策略(r-策略和K-策略)细菌物种的相对丰度差异是导致根际和非根际土壤细菌群落结构不同的主要因素。培养试验表明,根际土壤有机碳矿化量显著高于非根际土壤。3 a的连续采样分析结果表明,根系是田间成熟玉米根际和非根际土壤理化性质差异的主要因素而受时间(2019—2021年...     

黑土区大豆基因型的根际细菌群落结构时空动态变化

The dynamics of rhizosphere microbial communities is important for plant health and productivity, and can be influenced by soil type, plant species or genotype, and plant growth stage. A pot experiment was carried out to examine the dynamics of microbial communities in the rhizosphere of two soybean genotypes grown in a black soil in Northeast China with a long history of soybean cultivation. The two soybean genotypes, Beifeng 11 and Hai 9731, differing in productivity were grown in a mixture of black soil and siliceous sand. The bacterial communities were compared at three zone locations including rhizoplane, rhizosphere, and bulk soil at the third node (V3), early flowering (R1), and early pod (R3) stages using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) of 16S rDNA. The results of principal component analyses (PCA) showed that the bacterial community structure changed with growth stage. Spatially, the bacterial communities in the rhizoplane and rhizosphere were significantly different from those in the bulk soil. Nevertheless, the bacterial communities in the rhizoplane were distinct from those in the rhizosphere at the V3 stage, while no obvious differences were found at the R1 and R3 stages. For the two genotypes, the bacterial community structure was similar at the V3 stage, but differed at the R1 and R3 stages. In other words, some bacterial populations became dominant and some others recessive at the two later stages, which contributed to the variation of the bacterial community between the two genotypes. These results suggest that soybean plants can modify the rhizosphere bacterial communities in the black soil, and there existed genotype-specific bacterial populations in the rhizosphere, which may be related to soybean productivity.     

不同栽培年限人参根际土壤细菌群落与土壤理化性质和酶活性的相关性

[目的]微生物和土壤酶是土壤微环境构建的重要部分,土壤质量与微生物功能多样性及酶活性等生物学指标密切相关,人参根际土壤的理化性质、微生物群落及酶活性对人参的产量和品质均有很大影响,研究不同栽培年限人参根际土壤细菌群落与土壤理化指标及酶活性的相关性,为人参的栽培管理提供科学依据.[方法]于人参红果期分别采集种植3、4和5...     

Analysis of bacterial communities in soil by PCR-DGGE targeting protease genes

We studied the effects of the application of organic (OM) and inorganic fertilizer (CF) on soil protease activity and proteolytic bacterial communities in rhizosphere and bulk soil on an experimental lettuce field in Hokkaido, Japan. The protease activity always was higher in soils of the OM than with the CF treatment, and also higher in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil. We analyzed proteolytic bacterial communities by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of the alkaline metalloprotease (apr) and neutral metalloprotease (npr) genes. Most apr forms detected were closely related to apr of Pseudomonas fluorescens, and all npr variants closely resembled the gene of Bacillus megaterium. These results were consistent with findings from tests using cultured bacterial communities, indicating a high specificity of our PCR-DGGE for amplifying apr and npr genes. The community compositions of proteolytic bacteria were assessed by principal component analysis of the DGGE profiles. There were significant differences in the effects of CF and OM on the community compositions of apr- and npr-expressing bacteria, and the communities of the two types of bacteria played different roles in rhizosphere and bulk soil. We found significant correlations between the protease activity and the communities of the two types of bacteria. The results indicate that different proteolytic bacteria release different amounts or activities of protease, and that the composition of proteolytic bacterial communities may play a major role in determining overall soil protease activity.     

间作分蘖洋葱对番茄氮素吸收和根际土壤微生物多样性的影响

  【目的】  间作分蘖洋葱能缓解番茄连作障碍,提高番茄养分吸收。本研究通过解析间作分蘖洋葱条件下番茄根际土壤中氮吸收和微生物多样性的变化,旨在揭示间作对番茄氮营养改善的生物学机制。  【方法】  设计田间和盆栽两个试验,田间试验设番茄单作、分蘖洋葱(农安)与番茄间作和分蘖洋葱(五常)与番茄间作共3个处理,测定番茄的生长指标、氮吸收量及产量,阐明间作对番茄养分吸收、分配及产量的影响。盆栽试验设番茄单作、分蘖洋葱(五常)单作、分蘖洋葱与番茄间作及无苗对照等4个处理。对番茄及分蘖洋葱的根际土壤中铵态氮、硝态氮含量及土壤酶活性测定,并采用Miseq高通量测序技术分析土壤细菌和真菌多样性变化,旨在阐明间作对根际土壤养分环境的影响。  【结果】  1) 间作后,番茄株高显著增加,番茄产量提高了8.49%～16.92%。2) 间作分蘖洋葱两品种番茄各测定指标表现为相似的变化规律。间作60天,番茄干重显著增加,间作后番茄干物质向根分配指数降低,而向地上分配指数增加,其中向茎叶分配指数降低,而向果分配指数增加。间作90天,均显著提高了氮养分向根和茎分配,而降低了氮养分向叶中分配。3) 间作37天后,番茄根际土壤中铵态氮含量显著增加,硝态氮含量显著降低,间作改变土壤铵态氮和硝态氮比例,促进了番茄的氮吸收。番茄根际土壤中脲酶和脱氢酶活性显著高于单作和无苗对照,间作分蘖洋葱根际土壤脱氢酶活性显著高于单作和无苗对照。4)间作分蘖洋葱处理提高了放线菌纲、拟杆菌纲 、黄杆菌纲、绿菌纲、绿弯菌纲、厌氧绳菌纲、异常球菌纲、芽孢杆菌纲、梭菌纲、柔膜菌纲、浮霉菌纲、α-变形菌纲、丰佑菌纲的丰度,其中间作分蘖洋葱提高了番茄根际土壤芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)等细菌的相对丰度。间作提高了番茄根际土壤青霉菌属(Penicillium)、曲霉菌属(Aspergillus)和毛壳菌属(Chaetomium)等真菌的丰度,但却降低了散囊菌属(Eurotium)和梭孢壳属(Thielavia)的丰度。间作番茄根际土壤微生物菌群结构的改变可能是促进番茄氮养分吸收的关键因素之一。  【结论】  间作两种分蘖洋葱均增加了番茄株高和干重,间作提高了番茄的氮吸收量和产量,降低了氮养分向叶中分配,而升高了氮养分向根和花果中分配,提高氮的利用。同时,间作分蘖洋葱通过改变番茄根际土壤细菌和真菌菌群结构,改善了土壤氮有效性,促进了番茄的氮吸收,为番茄产量的提高奠定了营养基础。     

Structure and function of microbial communities in the rhizosphere of Scots pine after tree-felling

We evaluated changes occurring in the rhizosphere microbial communities of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) due to tree-felling and decrease of the photosynthetic C flow into the soil under field conditions over one growing season. Samples were taken from tree rhizospheres, freshly felled stump rhizospheres and bulk soil. We used culture dependent (CFU counts, community level physiological profiles, CLPPs) and independent methods (fluorogenic MUF-substrates, PLFA pattern and PCR-DGGE) to monitor the microbial communities in soil samples. The numbers of cultivable bacteria and amounts of phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere of trees were significantly higher compared with those in the bulk soil. The organic C consuming community measured by CLPP was stimulated directly after the tree-felling in stump rhizospheres; utilization of the disintegration components of cellulose, hemicellulose and chitin increased. Furthermore, bacterial and fungal biomass as well as chitin decomposers (CFU) increased in the stump rhizosphere. After 11 weeks of tree-felling the stump rhizosphere soluble PO₄-P and NH₄-N as well as amounts of total C and N began to resemble the concentrations measured in the bulk soil. However, the stump rhizosphere community structure detected by PLFA and PCR-DGGE still resembled that of the tree rhizosphere.     

间作对分蘖洋葱与番茄根际土壤磷转化强度及磷细菌群落结构的影响

【目的】间作分蘖洋葱能缓解番茄连作障碍,提高番茄养分吸收。本试验主要研究间作后分蘖洋葱和番茄根际土壤中磷细菌群落结构及活性的变化,以揭示该间作体系磷细菌改善作物磷营养的生物学机制。【方法】盆栽试验选用茄科连作8年的设施土壤,番茄品种为‘东农708’,分蘖洋葱品种为‘五常红旗社’。设番茄单作、分蘖洋葱单作、分蘖洋葱与番茄间作及无苗对照等4个处理。在定植23 d、30 d和37 d取样,测定植株干重及磷浓度。同时用抖根法取番茄和分蘖洋葱根际土,测定土壤中磷细菌数量及磷细菌的转化强度。采用PCRDGGE方法测定磷细菌的群落结构。【结果】1)间作后,番茄地上和地下干重增加,分蘖洋葱地上和地下干重减少,在37 d差异达到显著水平。2)间作后,番茄根际土壤中无机磷和有机磷细菌的数量增加,在23 d和37d差异达到显著水平;分蘖洋葱根际土壤中无机磷细菌数量在23 d时显著降低,有机磷细菌数量在间作37 d时显著升高。间作期间分蘖洋葱和番茄根际土壤中无机磷和有机磷细菌的数量均显著高于无苗对照。间作23d时,番茄根际土壤中无机磷和有机磷细菌的转化强度均显著升高,分蘖洋葱根际土壤中无机磷和有机磷细菌的转化强度均显著降低;而间作37 d时,分蘖洋葱根际土壤中无机磷和有机磷细菌的转化强度均显著升高,且间作期间番茄和分蘖洋葱根际土壤中无机磷和有机磷细菌的转化强度均显著高于无苗对照。3)间作37 d番茄和分蘖洋葱根际土壤pH显著升高,EC值显著降低,且各处理土壤pH均高于无苗对照,土壤EC值均低于无苗对照。间作30 d时番茄根际土壤中速效磷含量显著升高,间作37 d时显著低于单作。间作期间分蘖洋葱根际土壤速效磷含量变化不显著,番茄根际土壤速效磷含量均低于无苗对照,而分蘖洋葱均高于无苗对照。间作后番茄植株磷浓度和磷吸收量显著高于单作处理,分蘖洋葱植株磷浓度显著高于单作处理,而磷吸收量显著低于单作处理。4)间作后番茄根际土壤中无机磷细菌的条带数、香农多样性指数和均匀度指数显著高于其单作处理,而间作分蘖洋葱显著低于其单作处理。间作后番茄根际土壤中有机磷细菌的条带数、香农多样性指数和均匀度指数前期显著高于单作番茄,后期显著低于单作。而间作分蘖洋葱与对应单作比较差异不显著。【结论】间作分蘖洋葱通过改变番茄根际土壤中磷细菌数量和群落结构,提高了磷细菌的转化强度,增加了番茄根际土壤中速效磷含量,促进植株磷浓度和磷吸收量增加,改善了番茄磷营养。     

负压灌溉提高紫叶生菜的水分利用效率和根际微生物多样性

【目的】针对目前设施农业中常用的灌溉方式容易造成土表水分蒸发和水肥流失,且不能按照作物所需自动供水供肥的现状,本研究探讨了负压灌溉提高紫叶生菜的产量和品质,以及水分利用效率和土壤微生物群落多样性的机理。【方法】在温室内进行盆栽试验,以紫叶生菜(Lactuca sativa L.)为试验材料,设置3个灌溉处理:常规灌溉、滴灌和负压灌溉。收获后,测定了紫叶生菜的产量,分析了品质(维生素C、可溶性糖、花青素和硝酸盐含量),植株的养分(氮、磷和钾)浓度和吸收量,监测了土壤水分含量动态的变化,计算了水分消耗量和水分利用效率,分析了根际土壤微生物的多样性指数和细菌在门分类上的群落结构组成。【结果】负压灌溉下显著提高紫叶生菜的产量和品质,负压灌溉比常规和滴灌处理的产量分别显著提高了68.1%和29.0%,也提高了维生素C、可溶性糖和花青素的含量,减少了硝酸盐含量。与常规灌溉相比负压灌溉显著提高了紫叶生菜氮、磷、钾的浓度和含量,分别提高13.0%、14.4%、38.4%和90.2%、92.6%、135.5%。紫叶生菜在负压灌溉下耗水量最少,为9900 cm3,比常规和滴灌处理分别减少了23.8%和23.8%;负压下水分利用效率比常规和滴灌分别显著提高了122.2%和70.5%。同时负压灌溉处理下动态的土壤含水量处于10.3%~11.3%之间,变异范围低于常规和滴灌处理9.2%~11.6%。通过高通量测序紫叶生菜根际土壤微生物群落发现,负压灌溉处理下微生物多样性指数最高,表现为OTU、Chao1和Shannon指标的数值显著高于常规和滴灌处理,其数值分别为1808、2437和8.48,分别比常规灌溉处理显著提高了15.2%、15.7%和3.16%。同时也改变了细菌在门分类水平上组成的相对丰度,在负压灌溉处理下比常规和滴灌处理分别提高了放线菌门(Actinobacteria),绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi),疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)在细菌门分类上的相对丰度。【结论】本试验证明了负压灌溉系统通过土壤水肥平稳供应机制,实现了紫叶生菜高产优质且高效利用水分的目标。因此,负压灌溉系统相比常规和滴灌,显著提高了紫叶生菜的产量和品质、水分利用效率和根际微生物群落的多样性,为设施农业的可持续性发展提供科学依据。     

Rhizosphere bacterial community composition in natural stands of Carex arenaria (sand sedge) is determined by bulk soil community composition

The relative importance of specific plant properties versus soil characteristics in shaping the bacterial community structure of the rhizosphere is a topic of considerable debate. Here, we report the results of a study on the bacterial composition of the rhizosphere of the wild plant Carex arenaria (sand sedge) growing at 10 natural sites in The Netherlands. The soil properties of the sandy soils at these sites were highly disparate, most notably in pH, chloride and organic matter content. Rhizosphere and bulk soil bacterial communities were examined by culture-independent means, namely, 16S rDNA-directed PCR-DGGE profiling. Large differences were observed between the bacterial communities of the different sites for both bulk and rhizosphere soil. Cluster analysis of bacterial profiles revealed that the rhizosphere community of each site was generally more closely related to the bulk soil community of that site rather than to rhizosphere communities of other sites. Hence, bacterial community structure within the rhizosphere of C. arenaria appeared to be determined to a large extent by the bulk soil community composition. This conclusion was supported by a reciprocal planting experiment, where C. arenaria shoots of different sites yielded highly similar rhizosphere communities when planted in the same soil.     

Soil fumigation and compost amendment alter soil microbial community composition but do not improve tree growth or yield in an apple replant site

Apple replant disease (ARD) is a disease complex that reduces survival, growth and yield of replanted trees, and is often encountered in establishing new orchards on old sites. Methyl bromide (MB) has been the fumigant used most widely to control ARD, but alternatives to MB and cultural methods of control are needed. In this experiment, we evaluated the response of soil microbial communities and tree growth and yield to three pre-plant soil treatments (compost amendment, soil treatment with a broad-spectrum fumigant, and untreated controls), and use of five clonal rootstock genotypes (M.7, M.26, CG.6210, G.30 and G.16), in an apple replant site in Ithaca, New York. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)—denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis was used to assess changes in the community composition of bacteria and fungi in the bulk soil 8, 10, 18 and 22 months after trees were replanted. PCR-DGGE was also used to compare the community composition of bacteria, fungi and pseudomonads in untreated rhizosphere soil of the five rootstock genotypes 31 months after planting. Tree caliper and extension growth were measured annually in November from 2002 to 2004. Apple yield data were recorded in 2004, the first fruiting year after planting. Trees on CG.6210 rootstocks had the most growth and highest yield, while trees on M.26 rootstocks had the least growth and lowest yield. Tree growth and yield were not affected by pre-plant soil treatment except for lateral extension growth, which was longer in trees growing in compost-treated soil in 2003 as compared to those in the fumigation treatment. Bulk soil bacterial PCR-DGGE fingerprints differed strongly among the different soil treatments 1 year after their application, with the fingerprints derived from each pre-plant soil treatment clustering separately in a hierarchical cluster analysis. However, the differences in bacterial communities between the soil treatments diminished during the second year after planting. Soil fungal communities converged more rapidly than bacterial communities, with no discernable pattern related to pre-plant soil treatments 10 months after replanting. Changes in bulk soil bacterial and fungal communities in response to soil treatments had no obvious correlation with tree performance. On the other hand, rootstock genotypes modified their rhizosphere environments which differed significantly in their bacterial, pseudomonad, fungal and oomycete communities. Cluster analysis of PCR-DGGE fingerprints of fungal and pseudomonad rhizosphere community DNA revealed two distinct clusters. For both analyses, soil sampled from the rhizosphere of the two higher yielding rootstock genotypes clustered together, while the lower yielding rootstock genotypes also clustered together. These results suggest that the fungal and pseudomonad communities that have developed in the rhizosphere of the different rootstock genotypes may be one factor influencing tree growth and yield at this apple replant site.