驯鹿主要周围免疫器官的组织学研究

应用HE染色法对驯鹿主要周围免疫器官－－脾及淋巴结作组织学观察，脾脏表面覆盖有浆膜，浆膜下是一层较厚的致密的结缔组织，构成被膜，被膜与实质内的脾小梁相连，实质由白髓和红髓两部分组成，白髓和红髓是相间排列，二之间的分界不明显，白髓主要由脾小结构成，脾小结由中型淋巴细胞组成，且有生发中心，脾小结中有1－2条有2－3个皱襞的中央动脉，偏于脾小结的一侧有动脉周围淋巴鞘，在白髓的外周有边缘区，边缘区内有1－2个鞘动脉。红髓由脾索和脾窦组成，脾索成索状，由网状细胞及中，小型淋巴细胞组成，脾窦不规则，其内皮细胞扁平状，核呈长梭形，脾窦内可见大量的红细胞存在。淋巴结是由被膜，实质中的皮质和髓质构成，淋巴结表面覆有薄层结缔组织被膜，皮质由淋巴小结，皮质淋已窦和副皮质区构成，髓质由髓索和髓窦构成。     

生猪屠宰检疫中的淋巴结检验

<正>1淋巴构成和功能淋巴组织是猪机体的重要组成部分，由淋巴结、胸腺、淋巴管和脾脏组成。淋巴结为大小不一的椭圆形或蚕豆形淋巴组织体，新鲜时呈灰红色，主要由淋巴组织和淋巴窦组成，其外层覆盖着致密的结缔组织，结缔组织与淋巴管相连。包膜延伸至淋巴结内，形成许多间隙或小梁，构成淋巴结的网络支架。     

中华竹鼠肝脏的组织结构

通过探究中华竹鼠肝脏的显微组织结构与特征,为中华竹鼠的人工养殖以及野生保护提供理论依据。试验采用常规解剖方法、石蜡制片和H-E染色技术,在光镜下对中华竹鼠的肝脏进行组织学研究。结果表明:中华竹鼠肝脏分为被膜和实质两部分。被膜覆盖在肝脏表面,由外层较薄的结缔组织和内层的单层扁平细胞构成。实质内肝小叶分界不明显,小叶内无清晰肝细胞索状结构;肝血窦内存在枯否氏细胞;中央静脉大小不一,分布不均匀;肝细胞呈多边形,有1～2个胞核;门管区明显可见,且有丰富的淋巴丛;小叶间静脉大小差异较大,小叶间动脉大小形状与小叶间胆管相似,部分门管区两者都不易找到。     

一岁龄犬淋巴器官的组织学和组织化学研究

对４只１岁龄犬的胸腺、淋巴结和脾进行了组织学和组织化学研究，并以酸性α－醋酸萘酯酶法显示Ｔ淋巴细胞的分布。结果表明：１岁龄犬胸腺发达；ＡＮＡＥ阳性淋巴细胞主要分布在胸腺小叶的皮质部；髓质内淋巴细胞数量较少，但分布有胸腺小体。淋巴结内分布有生发中心的次级淋巴小结，ＡＮＡＥ阳性反应的淋巴细胞分布在淋巴小结周围的套层及淋巴结的副皮质区。脾脏被膜和小梁发达，白髓以典型的脾小结和动脉周围淋巴鞘的形式散布在红     

艾鼬脾脏组织结构及T淋巴细胞分布规律的研究

采用酸性。α－醋酸萘醋酶（ＡＮＡＥ）反应标记淋巴细胞的细胞化学方法，石蜡连续切片，分别做ＡＮＡＥ染色和Ｈ·Ｅ、Ｗｉｌｄｅｒ法染色，对艾鼬脾脏进行组织结构及Ｔ淋巴细胞分布的研究。结果表明：艾鼬脾脏被膜较薄，被膜下淋巴组织呈弥散性分布．脾小梁不发达：白髓是以中央动脉周围淋巴鞘和脾小结的形式散布在红髓之间；牌小结未见生发中心；边缘区不发达，淋巴细胞排列疏松，在边缘区内分布有较多椭球，椭球体积较小；红髓发达，脾窦宽大。ＡＮＡＥ阳性反应淋巴细胞主要分布在中央动脉周围淋巴鞘、脾小结、边缘区和椭球内也有少量分布。     

果子狸脾脏和淋巴结的大体解剖及组织形态学研究

通过研究发现 ,果子狸的脾脏和淋巴结在大体解剖和组织结构上有着不同的特征。果子狸淋巴结的被膜较厚 ,皮质部位于淋巴结的中央 ,髓质部位于淋巴结的四周 ,淋巴小结的生发中心明显。脾脏的脾窦相对发达 ,脾小梁丰富 ,脾小体生发中心明显 ,脾脏的被膜及被膜内平滑肌发达。     

中华竹鼠肺脏的组织结构

探究中华竹鼠肺脏的组织结构,掌握其组织学特征,为中华竹鼠的人工养殖和野生保护提供理论依据。采用常规解剖方法、石蜡制片和H-E染色技术,对中华竹鼠的肺脏进行组织学研究。结果表明:中华竹鼠的肺脏由被膜、实质和间质构成。被膜由外层的间皮和间皮内侧的嗜酸性较强的弹性纤维构成。实质由肺内小支气管的各级分支及终末大量的肺泡构成,其中各级小支气管均无软骨片;从小支气管到终末细支气管,黏膜上皮逐渐变薄,杯状细胞、血管、腺体逐渐减少,平滑肌相对增加。间质包括结缔组织、血管和淋巴管等,竹鼠肺间质大部分较发达,肺内小动脉管壁的平滑肌含量较少。     

海狸鼠淋巴结的解剖及组织形态结构的初步研究

通过对健康成年海狸鼠淋巴结的初步研究发现 :海狸鼠的淋巴结被膜较薄 ,小梁不发达 ;淋巴小结数量较多 ,呈椭圆形 ,细胞排列密集 ,胞核染色较深 ,生发中心不明显 ,皮窦和髓窦相对发达。     

大鲵精巢的解剖及组织形态结构研究

对 3只成年不同时期的大鲵精巢进行大体解剖及组织形态结构观察 ,结果表明 ,大鲵精巢由被膜和实质构成。被膜由外层的腹膜和内层的白膜构成 ,白膜从精巢头部向实质伸入形成隔膜 ,把精巢实质分成许多形状和大小不同的精小叶 ;大鲵精巢实质由皮质部和髓质部两部分构成 ,皮质部主要由精小叶和少量的间质组织构成 ,精小叶内分布有生殖细胞聚集而成的精小囊和壶腹。雄性大鲵的生殖细胞的整个发育过程都是在精小囊和壶腹中进行 ,不同时期的精巢内的生殖细胞发育有一定的规律 ;髓质部主要由丰富的血窦、毛细淋巴管和结缔组织构成。     

家禽的一些解剖生理特征(三)

除了水禽有两对淋巴结外，其他禽类没有真正的淋巴结，而是以壁淋巴小结存在于所有淋巴管的壁内，或以单独的淋巴小结存在于所有的实质器官（胰、肝、肺、肾等）和它们的导管内，或以集合淋巴小结存在于消化道的壁，如盲肠扁桃体。家禽的脾脏是一个圆形的小体，位于腺胃的右侧，在组织学上与哺乳动物的相似，但在功能上则与哺乳动物不同：家禽的脾脏不是一个重要的血液贮存库。家禽的胸腺是由３～８个淡红色、扁平、形状不规则的叶状物组成，紧靠颈静脉，排列成一串。在性成熟时，其体积达到最大，之后逐渐退化萎缩。在组织学上与哺乳动物相…     

The parotid, mandibular and lateral retropharyngeal lymph nodes of the camel (Camelus dromedarius)

The parotid, mandibular and lateral retropharyngeal lymph nodes of the dromedary camel were examined using both light and electron microscopy. All three lymph nodes were lobulated. They did not show the characteristic medulla, cortex and paracortex of typical lymph nodes. Instead, they contained lymphatic nodules, dense anodular lymphoid tissue and diffuse lymphoid tissue dispersed throughout the lymph node. Networks of sinuses were present in the diffuse lymphoid tissue. The diffuse lymphoid tissue in the periphery of all lymph nodes examined was characterized by numerous erythrocytes within and around its network of sinuses. The nodal sinuses were contiguous with the septal vessels, which are considered the possible source of erythrocytes seen in this study. The lymph nodes that were seen in this study resembled the haemolymph nodes of other mammals with regard to their content of erythrocytes but were unique in being located in sites that were typical of ordinary lymph nodes. Morphometric analysis has shown that the percentage volume densities of the stroma and the various parenchymal components were similar in the three lymph nodes.     

Histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical study of the haemal nodes of the dromedary camel

Haemal nodes are lymphoid organs found in various mammals and some birds. The structure of haemal nodes has been described in a number of species but not yet in the camel. Therefore, haemal nodes from 10 camels were studied histologically and tested for CD3, CD22, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II/DR, alpha-smooth muscle actin and for the demonstration of acid and alkaline phosphatases. The haemal nodes were of spherical or kidney shape with one or two hili and had a capsule and trabeculae of connective tissue and smooth muscles. The main parenchyma was composed of a cortex and a medulla. The cortex was formed from lymphoid follicles and diffuse interfollicular lymphocytes. The medulla consisted of lymphoid cords separated by medullary sinuses. The interfollicular lymphocytes and those in the medullary cord were CD3-positive. The lymphoid follicles showed CD22-positive cells. MHC class II/DR was expressed by most cells of the parenchyma. There were also subcapsular, peritrabecular and medullary blood sinuses. Afferent and efferent lymphatics and lymphatic sinuses were also found. Acid phosphatase-positive cells were localized mainly in the marginal, the interfollicular zone and in the medullary cord. Alkaline phosphatase positivity was observed in the endothelium of the sinuses and in the lymphoid follicles. The morphology of these organs in the camel allows a classification as haemolymph nodes and suggests involvement in blood and lymph filtration.     

Morphology of the lymph nodes in bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) from the Adriatic Sea

Morphology of the lymph nodes was examined in six bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and three striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) from the Adriatic Sea. All animals had been found dead in nature. One group of the nodes was taken from the tracheal branching area and was marked as bifurcational lymph node, and the other group was taken from the mesenteric root and was marked as mesenteric lymph node. Microscopic analysis showed that the lymph nodes in both dolphin species were surrounded by a connective tissue capsule comprising smooth muscle cells. The parenchyma of the mesenteric and bifurcational lymph nodes in bottlenose dolphin was divided into the peripherally situated cortex with the lymphatic nodules and diffuse lymphatic tissue, and the centrally situated medulla structured of the medullary cords separated by the medullary sinuses. These lymph nodes structurally correspond to the lymph nodes in the majority of terrestrial mammals. The mesenteric lymph node of striped dolphin also had a peripherally situated cortex and a centrally positioned medulla as the majority of terrestrial mammals. In the bifurcational lymph nodes of striped dolphin, there was a central dense lymphatic tissue with the lymphatic nodules and a peripheral less dense lymphatic tissue structured of the cell cords and sinuses. The bifurcational lymph node in striped dolphin resembled porcine lymph nodes and belonged to the inverse lymph nodes.     

Morphological and immunological characteristics of the bovine temporal lymph node and hemal node

Anatomical dissection of the temporal regions of 62 cattle demonstrated that lymph nodes and hemal nodes are present in 89% of the animals (bilaterally in 65% and unilaterally in 24% of the cases). Lymph nodes accounted for 60% and hemal nodes for 40% of all examined nodes. They are nearly always round with diameters ranging from 1 to 9mm. Injections of India ink showed that their drainage area consists of the forehead, the upper eyelid, the base of the horn and the temporal muscle. Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry revealed that the distribution and percentages of the different cell populations in the lymph nodes and hemal nodes are similar to other cranial lymph nodes. Based on its anatomical location the name temporal lymph node (lymphonodus temporalis) is proposed.     

Morphologic features of lymph vessels in caprine hemal nodes

The distribution and characteristics of lymph vessels in caprine hemal nodes were studied after glutaraldehyde fixation and epoxy resin embedding. Histologically, the lymph vessels were characterized by thin walls and wide lumens containing inspissated lymph in which a few cells were suspended. The lymph vessels contrasted sharply with adjacent blood sinuses that were filled with elements of circulating blood. A circumferential lymph vessel in the cortex joined radial branches in the medulla that met at the hilum to drain through a large efferent lymph channel. Ultrastructurally, the lymph vessel wall comprised endothelial cells supported by a continuous basal lamina, collagen fibrils, and adventitial reticular cells. The cytoplasm of endothelial cells had fenestrations, plasmalemma-associated vesicles, vacuoles, and focal splits that enclosed large compartments. Many compartments contained erythrocytes and lymphocytes. Modifications of the endothelial cells signified their endowment with features that favored transendothelial transport. The distribution of lymph vessels and the finding of only efferent lymph channels are related to the roles of hemal nodes in blood storage by hemoconcentration and in immune defense mechanisms.     

Histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical study of the lymph nodes of the one humped camel (Camelus dromedarius)

Prescapular, femoral, mesenteric, mediastinal and splenic lymph nodes from nine camels of one to 12 years of age were studied. There were no obvious structural differences between these different lymph nodes or between the ages. The lymph nodes were surrounded by a capsule formed of two layers, an outer thicker layer of connective tissue and an inner thinner layer mainly of smooth muscles. Trabeculae extended from the inner layer of the capsule dividing the parenchyma characteristically into incomplete lobules. Subcapsular and trabecular lymphatic sinuses were supported by a reticular fiber network. The parenchyma was uniquely different from that of other species, as it was arranged in the form of lymphoid follicles and interfollicular lymphoid tissue. The lymphoid follicles of CD22 positive lymphocytes were supported by a reticular fiber network. This fine network of α-smooth muscle actin positive cells enclosed the lymphoid follicles. The interfollicular tissue was mainly made up of diffusely distributed CD3 positive lymphocytes. MHC class II: DR was expressed by most lymphocytes of the follicles and interfollicular tissue. Lymphatic sinuses and high endothelial venules were found in the interfollicular zone. The lymphatic sinuses were lined by discontinuous endothelial cells. The wall of the high endothelial venules was infiltrated by several lymphocytes and enclosed in a layer of α-smooth muscle actin positive cells. Acid phosphatase positive cells were evenly distributed in the interfollicular zone. A few cells were localized in the lymph follicles. Alkaline phosphatase was observed in the endothelium of the lymphatic sinuses and in the lymphoid follicles.     

双峰驼奶对2型糖尿病大鼠肾组织结构及其细胞凋亡的影响

观察双峰驼奶对2型糖尿病大鼠肾组织结构及其细胞凋亡的影响,为临床预防和治疗糖尿病及其并发症提供理论参考。通过链脲佐菌素（streptozotocin,STZ）结合高糖高脂饮食诱导构建2型糖尿病（type 2diabetes mellitus,T2DM）大鼠模型,糖尿病大鼠随机分为糖尿病模型组（diabetes model control,DMC）、低剂量骆驼奶组（2ml/d）（low camel milk,LCM）、高剂量骆驼奶组（5ml/d）（high camel milk,HCM）和盐酸二甲双胍组（200mg/kg）（metformin hydrochloride,MTH）,每组12只,另设正常对照组（control group,C）。建模成功后,试验组处理4周后检测大鼠空腹血糖（FPG）浓度变化;采用苏木精-伊红（HE）染色方法检查肾脏组织的病理变化;采用荧光定量Real time-PCR法检测Bax（Bcl2-associated X protein,Bax）、Bcl-2（B cell lymphoma/lewkmia-2,Bcl-2）、细胞凋亡蛋白酶3（cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 3,Caspase 3）和核转录因子（nuclear factor-kappa B,NF-κB）mRNA的表达丰度;采用免疫组织化学染色法和免疫印迹法观察肾脏组织凋亡相关蛋白Bax和Bcl-2的表达变化。结果显示,与DMC组相比,LCM、HCM、MTH组大鼠FPG浓度均显著下降（P〈0.01）,LCM组大鼠胰岛素敏感性指数（ISI）显著升高（P〈0.01）;HE染色显示DMC组肾小球体积增大,囊腔变小,肾小球内出血严重,而LCM、HCM、MTH组肾小球体积、囊腔间隙较正常,肾小球出血明显减少;Bax mRNA和NF-κB mRNA在DMC组中表达量最高,Bcl-2mRNA和Caspase 3mRNA分别在LCM组和HCM组有较高的表达量;与DMC组相比,LCM、HCM、MTH组大鼠肾脏细胞Bax蛋白表达减低,Bcl-2蛋白表达升高。结果表明,双峰驼奶能显著降低糖尿病大鼠肾脏损伤,抑制其细胞凋亡,对糖尿病及其并发症的治疗发挥有效作用。     

不同环境温度条件下双峰驼血浆蛋白质组学差异

根据不同环境温度条件下双峰驼血浆中蛋白表达的差异,探讨环境高温对双峰驼的差异蛋白在环境适应性中的作用机制。采用二维凝胶电泳（2-DE）结合MADIL-TOF-TOF串联质谱的方法对环境高温双峰驼的血浆进行蛋白质组分析鉴定。结果显示,4种蛋白的表达上调,分别是免疫球蛋白重链的恒定区,结合珠蛋白,载脂蛋白AIV,纤维蛋白原β链前体。1种蛋白的表达下调即血清白蛋白。结果表明,环境高温引起内分泌系统变化,从而使一些蛋白的表达发生变化。这些蛋白主要与机体急性期应答、免疫反应、物质运输及物质代谢等相关。     

双峰驼荐髂关节骨连接的过渡类型

采用大体解剖学方法，对８例成年双峰驼的荐髂关节进行了形态结构研究。结果发现，双峰驼之荐髂关节较其他动物具有以下显著特征：（１）没有围绕两骨接触面边缘附着的荐髂关节囊；（２）没有完整的耳状面；（３）髂骨翼和荐骨翼间无活动性，属不动关节；（４）两骨间的连接以纤维束为主，有２例还伴有骨性融合现象。纤维束中散在着几个关节小区，有的小区有关节囊、关节面、关节腔等关节基本结构，有的小区则不完全具备上述结构。这是一种既具有纤维关节特征同时又具有滑膜关节特征的混合关节，在骨连接分类方面属直接连接和间接连接的过渡类型。