Extent,distribution and origin of non-native forest tree species in Europe

ABSTRACT

The management of non-native tree species in European forests has a long history, but the information on the current number and geographic distribution of these species in European forests is incomplete and scattered across various datasets. This study aims to perform an inventory of the most frequent non-native tree species growing in European forests and analyse their current extent, geographic distribution and geographic origin. Our results show that at least 150 non-native tree species are currently growing in European forests and provenance trials. The genera represented by largest number of species are Eucalyptus, Pinus, Acacia and Abies. Species growing at the largest areas are Robinia pseudoacacia (2.44 million ha), Eucalyptus globulus (1.46 million ha), Picea sitchensis (1.16 million ha) and Pseudotsuga menziesii (0.83 million ha). In total, non-native tree species in Europe are found in an area of approximately 8.54 million ha, or 4.0% of the European forest area, and the five most abundant species account for up to 77% of this area. The largest number of these 150 species were introduced from North America (71), followed by Asia (45) and Australia (20). North American species occupy by far the largest area.     

吉林省林木引种成就及今后发展设想

本文从用材、绿化、经济树种等角度阐述了吉林省林木引种取得的成就,并对今后的引种工作提出了建议。     

Assisted tree migration in North America: policy legacies,enhanced forest policy integration and climate change adaptation

The weight of much expert forest management opinion is that issues such as climate change can be effectively addressed only if forest policy-making moves from a purely sectoral focus and undergoes a shift to a more integrated multi-issue, multi-sector policy-making process. This is because credible adaptation policies in the sector require greatly enhanced multi-sectoral policy integration if they are to succeed. But this requirement may be beyond the capacity of many countries to deliver. This article explores the integration challenges faced by forest policy-making in Canada and the United States and uses the case of assisted tree migration to probe the reasons for the failure of institutions in both countries to develop and manage better vertical and horizontal integration in a climate change-related forest policy area. The article emphasizes the importance of previous rounds of policy-making or “policy legacies”, which serve to constrain contemporary policy options. It argues that due to the presence of many such legacies, forest policy development will continue to feature incremental adjustments through policy layering and policy drift, processes which limit the prospects for greater integration and better climate change adaptation in this sector.     

Properties and flammability of major tree species in the Beijing area

In order to examine correlations among the properties of tree species and to quantify the relationships between these properties and flammability, the properties of 20 tree species, consisting of heat of combustion, extractive contents, ash content, moisture content and basic density, were measured via experimental methods. In the first instance, the results show that, there are significant correlations between heat of combustion and extractive contents, ash content and basic density. Second, heat of combustion can be presented effectively in terms of linear regression models with extractive contents and ash content as independent variables. Third, a flammable model was developed based on four properties of tree species as independent variables, i.e., heat of combustion, extractive contents, ash content and moisture content. Finally, the flammability of 20 tree species is compared, ordered and ranked based on this flammable model. The conclusion is that flammability can be predicted from properties of tree species, which are significantly correlated among themselves. __________ Translated from Forest Resources Management, 2008, 4: 83–88 [译自:林业资源管理]     

Determining the effect of tree size,bark-wood bond strength and tree form on the productivity of an excavator-based harvester in Acacia mearnsii in the KwaZulu-Natal forestry region of South Africa

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of tree size, bark-wood bond strength and tree form on the productivity of cut-to-length harvesting of Acacia mearnsii, using an excavator-based harvester with a SP Maskiner harvester head in the KwaZulu-Natal forestry region of South Africa. Tree diameter and height measurements were used to determine individual tree volumes, after which the trees were classified into different bark-wood bond strength and tree-form classes. Time studies were carried out to determine harvester productivity. The results showed that tree size plays a crucial role in the productivity of the harvester, but bark-wood bond strength and tree form also influence productivity. The harvester productivity varied from 5.5 m³ per productive machine hour (PMH) in 0.05 m³ trees to 16.9 m³ PMH^?1 in 0.25 m³ trees The bark-wood bond strength did not influence harvester productivity when handling small trees of less than 0.1 m³. In small trees, the productivity of the harvester was also not affected by different form classes, but as tree size increased, there was greater productivity variation between the different form classes.     

三峡地区高山乡土造林树种选择研究

自上世纪70年代以来,大老岭林场开展了北亚热带三峡地区高山造林树种生态调查[1]。依据调查结果:1981年选择玉兰、银鹊、鹅掌秋、鄂枫杨、漆树、大叶杨、山桐子、桦榛、白辛、檫木、珙桐、香椿、亮叶桦、水曲柳等阔叶乡土树种和油松、华山松、落叶松、柳杉等针叶乡土树种开展栽培试验研究。通过各树种成活率、保存率及生长量26 a(2004)调查表明:26 a(2004)生现实遗传增益银鹊比11个阔叶树种材积提高26.8%,比其它10个阔叶树种材积提高32.0%;日本柳杉比4个针叶树种材积提高36.5%,比其它3个针叶树种材积提高48.8%。银鹊,日本柳杉最适宜三峡山区生长,营造银鹊、日本柳杉工业用材林,可大力提高新造林分生产力,现实遗传增益15%以上,取得较好的经济、社会和生态效益。     

中国和澳大利亚的气候比较研究

针对区域尺度气候分类系统不兼容所导致的气候匹配失准问题,首先假设中国和澳大利亚的气候分类系统具有兼容性,利用中国气候分类系统对两地进行气候区划,根据结果与现有气候区划的差异验证两国的气候分类系统是否具有不兼容性.结果表明两国的气候分类系统互不兼容,因而根据两国各自系统生成的气候区划不具有类比匹配的合理性.特别是在澳大利亚被视为温带的大部分地区在中国普遍被划为亚热带地区,是导致引种时冻害的原因之一.为克服系统不兼容所带来的问题,提取两国气候数据库中所共有的气候因子的栅格数据集成为一个以气候因子为属性的点阵数组,通过聚类分析形成具有15个气候类型的综合兼容的数值气候分类模型.各类型的气候因子平均值经矩阵转换构成三维相似空间,分别以三原色的色调代表各气候类型在不同维上的相似距离,用GIS以合成色彩表示各气候类型的空间相似程度.综合区划确认澳大利亚气候在同纬度相对更加温暖.两国共有的气候类型在相对面积上均不平衡,但在最相近的气候类型下存在着资源丰富区和潜在引种区的互补关系.结论同时指出应当重视气候类型内不同雨型的影响.     

中国主要乔木树种生物量方程

森林生物量是评估区域森林碳储量的重要参数,也是森林固碳能力的重要标志,而生物量方程是估算森林生物量的主要途径。收集了自1996年至2012年在国内外正式出版的66篇文献中的乔木生物量方程,包括44个乔木树种、612个分量方程,涵盖了中国主要的乔木树种。通过对自变量的选择、方程的形式、样本数量的多少、决定系数的大小、样本采集地区等方面对收集到的生物量方程进行分析。结果表明:1)生物量方程多以胸径(D)、树高(H)或两者的组合作为自变量,方程决定系数(R^2)较高,方程均具有较高的拟合精度;2)树木生物量方程主要采用幂函数、对数函数、多项式函数以及指数方程的形式,其中以幂函数W=a(D2H)b形式的方程居多;3)建立方程的样木数量从3～399不等,样本数量在3～10株的方程数量最多;4)样本采集地区主要分布于中国森林植被丰富的东北地区与西南地区。     

安化县珍贵树种资源培育现状与建议

介绍了安化县近些年来珍贵树种资源现状及取得的成效,并从加强领导、政策配套、科技支撑、价值宣传、创新机制、优惠扶持等方面总结了安化县珍贵培育工作取得的经验,最后针对安化县珍贵树种发展过程中存在的一些问题提出相应建议。     

几种盆景树木扦插繁育试验

对种源少的盆景树木－－翠柏、罗汉松、侧柏、“一品红”、银杏等５个树种，选用不同基质、不同穗期进行生根处理，并进行了扦插繁育试验，试验结果，生根成苗率５８－１００％。     

Early seedling establishment of two tropical montane cloud forest tree species: The role of native and exotic grasses

Tropical montane cloud forest has been undergoing a drastic reduction because of its widespread conversion to pastures. Once these forests have been cleared exotic grasses are deliberately introduced for forage production. Exotic grass species commonly form monodominant stands and produce more biomass than native grass species, resulting in the inhibition of secondary succession and tree regeneration. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of native vs. exotic grass species on the early establishment of two native tree seedlings (Mexican alder, Alnus acuminata and Jalapa oak, Quercus xalapensis) on an abandoned farm in central Veracruz, Mexico. Seedling survival and growth were monitored (over 46 weeks) in relation to grass cover and height, and available photosynthetic active radiation (PAR). More seedlings survived in the presence of the native grass Panicum glutinosum than those growing with the exotic grass Cynodon plectostachyus (92% vs. 48%). The causes of seedling mortality varied between species; Q. xalapensis was affected by herbivory by voles but mainly in the exotic grass-dominated stands, whereas A. acuminata seedlings died due to competition with the exotic grass. A. acuminata seedlings increased more in height in the exotic grass-dominated stands (102 ± 7.8 cm) compared to native grass-dominated stands (51 ± 4.7 cm). Grass layer height, cover and available PAR were correlated (Pearson; p < 0.05). In the exotic grass dominated plots, grass layer height was correlated with the relative height growth rates of Q. xalapensis (Pearson; p < 0.05). These results indicate that the exotic grass may be affecting tree regeneration directly (grass competition) and indirectly (higher herbivory). Passive restoration may occur once P. glutinosum dominated pastures are abandoned. However, when C. plectostachyus dominates, introduction of early and mid successional tree seedlings protected against vole damage is needed.     

我国中亚热带国外松种子园主要害虫研究

文章报导了我国中亚热带地区湿地松、火炬松和晚松种子园和母树林中的害虫种类 ,共 3 4种 ,涉及 7目 1 8科。对种子园投产前期和投产期纵坑切梢小蠹 Tomicuspiniperda、微红梢斑螟 Dioryctria rubella和松实小卷蛾 Retinia cristata的危害情况和生物学特性作了叙述     

12个阔叶树种在广东云浮的生长表现

通过铺设米老排（Mytilaria laosensis）等12个阔叶树种的对比试验和调查其生长指标,评价6 a生多树种混交林分中各树种的生长表现。结果表明：除了土沉香（Aquilaria sinensis）的保存率仅为32.3%外,试验林其它11个树种6 a生时的保存率均在90%以上,表明了绝大多数树种对当地环境具有良好的适应性;不同树种的胸径和树高生长差异显著,其中西南桦（Betula alnoides）和米老排生长表现最好,胸径年均生长量为2.49和2.36 cm,树高年均生长量为1.79和1.47 m;而油楠（Sindora glabra）、土沉香和格木（Erythrophleum fordii）等珍贵树种,其胸径和树高的年均生长量均最低;通过聚类分析可知,西南桦和米老排属于速生型,红椎（Castanopsis hystrix）、山桂花（Paramichelia baillonii）、山杜英（Elaeocarpus sylvestris）以及灰木莲（Magnoliaceae glanca）属于较速生型,火力楠（Michelia macclurei）、红苞木（Rhodoleia championii）以及乐昌含笑（M. chapensis）属于中生型,油楠、土沉香和格木属于慢生型。基于上述分析,推荐米老排、西南桦、红椎、山桂花和灰木莲等5个较速生、适应性强且病虫害少的树种用于营建粤西地区的生态公益林。     

承德市城市绿化树种现状及其应用研究

采用实地调查和咨询的方法,对河北省承德市5大类(常绿针叶乔木、落叶阔叶乔木、落叶阔叶小乔木及灌木、竹类植物、藤本植物)76种绿化树种应用现状进行分析评价。结果表明:绿化树种种类少,景观单调,出现单层次现象。并进一步对现有绿化树种存在的问题提出了相关建议,为承德市及周边地区城市绿化树种选择及应用提供了一定的理论依据。     

不同树种幼林生长差异及对土壤营养的影响

通过调查不同树种新造林树高生长量及其林地土壤有机质和速效氮、磷、钾含量,研究其生长及对土壤营养的影响.结果为：光皮桦、四川桤木、楸树、栾树、湿地松6年生树高分别为8.2、7.7、7.4、7.0、5.3 m;不同树种造林后对土壤营养物质含量的提高有明显差异,5个树种造林后效果排序的先后次序为光皮桦、四川桤木、栾木、楸树、湿地松;新造林均表现为造林当年土壤营养含量明显下降,第2年起逐年增加,第3～5年超过造林前水平.     

哈尔滨市绿化树种生态功能研究(1)

文章以哈尔滨市绿化树种为研究点,从绿化树种的叶面积指数、固碳释氧、降温增湿等方面研究了49种生长良好的绿化树种的生态功能,通过研究得到银中杨、榆树、糖槭、杜松、野梨是平均叶面积指数前5位的乔木树种,珍珠梅、接骨木、绣线菊、金银忍冬、天目琼花是平均叶面积指数前5位的灌木树种;榆树、文冠果、火炬树、糖槭、银中杨为年固碳释氧量前5位的乔木树种,黄刺玫、紫丁香、接骨木、树锦鸡儿、榆叶梅为年固碳释氧量前5位的灌木树种;年释水量前5位的乔木树种是文冠果、银中杨、火炬树、榆树、山丁子,年释水量前5位的灌木树种是绣线菊、黄刺玫、毛樱桃、珍珠梅、榆叶梅。       

Carbon concentration variability of 10 Chinese temperate tree species

A mass-based carbon (C) concentration ([C]) of 50% in dry wood is widely accepted as a constant factor for conversion of biomass to C stock. However, the [C] varies with tree species, and few data on [C] are available for the Chinese temperate tree species. In this study, we examined inter- and intra-specific variations of [C] in biomass tissues for 10 co-occurring temperate tree species in northeastern China. The species were Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.), Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii Rupr.), Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica Fisch.), white birch (Betula platyphylla Suk.), Amur cork-tree (Phellodendron amurense Rupr.), Manchurian walnut (Juglans mandshurica Maxim.), Manchurian ash (Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr.), aspen (Populous davidiana Dode), Mono maple (Acer mono Maxim.), and Amur linden (Tilia amurensis Rupr.). The mean tissue [C] across the species varied from 47.1% in fine root to 51.4% in foliage. The mean stem [C] of the 10 species was 49.9 ± 1.3% (mean ± SE). The weighted mean C concentration (WMCC) for the species ranked as: Amur cork-tree (55.1%) > Amur linden (53.9%) > Korean pine (53.2%) > Manchurian ash (52.9%) > Manchurian walnut (52.4%) > Mongolian oak (47.6%) > Dahurian larch (46.9%) > Mono maple (46.4%) > white birch (46.1%) > aspen (43.7%). The WMCC of the dominant trees was negatively correlated to mean annual increment of biomass (MAI), suggesting that planting fast-growing tree species for C sequestration in afforestation and reforestation practices sacrifice some C gain from increasing MAI due to decreasing [C]. Failing to account for the inter- and intra-specific variations in [C] will introduce a relative error of −6.7% to +7.2% in estimates of biomass C stock from inventory data, of which >93% is attributed to ignoring the inter-specific variation in [C].     

基于遥感的塞罕坝机械林场树种分类研究

随着遥感应用的不断推广,各应用领域对遥感图象的监督分类结果的精度要求越来越高。在监督分类中有两个非常关键的问题:一是训练样本选取;二是分类器选择。本论文应用监督分类中的不同分类器对塞罕坝机械林场进行树种分类,对其结果进行分析比较,选择合适的分类器提高分类精度。     

不同树种生长适应性及其对土壤微生物数量的影响

通过调查不同树种新造林树高生长量、保存率及其土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量等,研究其生长、适应性及对土壤微生物数量的影响。结果表明：光皮桦、桤木、楸树、栾树、湿地松5年生树高分别为7．4、6．5、6．3、4．8、4．2m,保存率分别为92％、65％、82％、78％、90％;不同树种造林后对土壤微生物数量的提高有明显差异,5个树种造林后林分土壤微生物数量提高的效果排序为桤木〉光皮桦〉栾木〉楸树〉湿地松;新造林均表现为造林当年土壤微生物数量明显下降,一般下降35％～40％,第2年底回升并超过造林前水平,第3-5年逐年增加。     

基于隶属函数的杉木伴生树种的选择

根据生态相似度,采用隶属函数方法对6种不同类型的杉木伴生树种的选择开展分析,结果表明：木荷和毛竹是良好的杉木伴生树种,马尾松和虎皮楠是较好的伴生树种,而猴欢喜和厚皮香是较差的伴生树种。