连年翻压绿肥对植烟土壤微生物量及酶活性的影响

通过3年田间定位试验,研究连年翻压绿肥对植烟土壤微生物量碳、氮及酶活性的影响。结果表明,连年翻压绿肥能提高土壤微生物量碳、氮及土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶的活性,且随翻压年限的增加而增加。整个生育期,翻压3年绿肥的处理与对照相比微生物量碳、氮分别提高31.0%~67.1%、23.0%~145.1%;土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性分别提高34.4%~51.9%、11.0%~18.6%、58.0%~172.7%、24.0%~50.0%,表明翻压绿肥后土壤生物过程活跃,利于有机物质的转化和烤烟正常生长所需的营养供应。动态变化特征表明,翻压绿肥1、2、3年的各处理微生物量碳、氮均在团棵期出现峰值,土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶均在旺长期出现峰值。在出现峰值时翻压3年的处理与对照相比微生物量碳、氮分别提高67.1%、60.7%;土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性分别提高51.9%、14.2%、30.6%。此时正值生育旺期,利于烟株生长发育,说明连年翻压绿肥后培肥土壤效果显著。土壤微生物量C、N和酶活性能灵敏反映土壤肥力的变化,可作为评价土壤质量的生物学指标。     

连年翻压绿肥对植烟土壤物理及生物性状的影响

【目的】土壤的生物性状可作为评价土壤生态环境质量的指标,而土壤的物理性状对土壤的水、 肥、 气、 热等因素具有调控作用。绿肥是一种养分全面的优质生物肥源,翻压的绿肥种类以及绿肥和化肥的配施比例会影响土壤微生物的种群数量以及土壤酶活性,并对土壤的物理、 化学和生物性质以及生产力产生重要影响。本文研究连年翻压绿肥后土壤中微生物种群数量、 微生物量碳、 土壤酶的年际变化及其对植烟土壤团粒结构和土壤紧实度影响,旨在为烟区土壤改良和特色烟叶开发提供理论依据。【方法】利用3年田间定位试验,研究了连年翻压绿肥对植烟土壤物理及生物性状的影响; 将鲜土样过2 mm筛后,利用平板涂布法以及氯仿熏蒸培养法测定了连年翻压绿肥后土壤中细菌、 真菌和放线菌数量以及微生物量碳的含量; 将土样风干并过1 mm 筛后测定了土壤脲酶、 酸性磷酸酶以及过氧化氢酶的活性。土壤紧实度采用CP40Ⅱ数显式土壤紧实度仪对不同处理的土壤进行原位测定; 而土壤团聚体结构采用沙维诺夫法进行,采集的原状土样采用干筛法进行分级,然后计算出不同粒级团聚体的百分含量以及平均重量直径和几何平均直径。 【结果】连年翻压绿肥显著降低了10 cm土层处的土壤紧实度,且以翻压高量绿肥处理（30000 kg/hm2+85%化肥,GMH）的土壤紧实度最低,其土壤紧实度较常规施肥 (F) 和不施肥 (CK) 处理分别降低了25.4%和29.9%; 翻压绿肥增加了土壤中大于7 mm 的机械团聚体含量,但降低了小于1 mm 机械团聚体的含量。随着翻压绿肥年限的增加,翻压绿肥土壤中细菌、 真菌和放线菌的数量以及土壤微生物量碳均呈增加的趋势,翻压3 年绿肥后,GMH处理的土壤细菌、 真菌和放线菌的数量以及土壤微生物量碳含量较F处理分别提高了49.0%、 47.8%、 35.4%和40.7%; 与常规施肥相比,翻压低量绿肥 （15000 kg/hm2+85%化肥,GML）降低了土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶的活性,但翻压高量绿肥能够恢复和提高其活性。【结论】连年翻压绿肥能够降低土壤紧实度,增强土壤团聚结构的稳定性,提高土壤中细菌、 真菌和放线菌的数量以及土壤微生物量碳的含量; 翻压高量的绿肥有利于土壤中脲酶、 过氧化氢酶和酸性磷酸酶活性的提高。     

绿肥和凹凸棒添加对黄河故道潮土土壤结构和碳氮含量的影响

[目的]探究绿肥秸秆和凹凸棒添加对黄河故道潮土壤结构和碳氮含量的影响,为科学评价凹凸棒对农田土壤健康的可持续发展和绿肥秸秆的资源化利用提供理论参考。[方法]设置6个处理:对照(CK)、蚕豆秸秆10 g/kg(B)、黑麦草秸秆10 g/kg(R)、凹凸棒土16 g/kg(A)、凹凸棒配施蚕豆秸秆(AB)、凹凸棒配施黑麦草秸秆(AR),采用SPSS统计、Origin整合进行数据分析。[结果]经过120 d室内培养发现:添加绿肥秸秆和凹凸棒均能改善土壤结构、增加碳氮含量,其中A,AB处理主要增加大团聚体(0.25 mm)含量,而AR处理主要增加微团聚体(0.053～0.25 mm)含量,与CK相比,A,AB,AR处理降低土壤三相结构距离50.8%～55.6%,增加了土壤持水量16.0%～19.2%。单施绿肥秸秆和单施凹凸棒对土壤有机碳、全氮的增量为0.38～1.99 g/kg和0.12～0.49 g/kg,二者配施对土壤有机碳、全氮和微生物量氮的增量比单施绿肥分别高0.86～3.23 g/kg,0.29～0.44 g/kg和0.3～21.6 mg/kg,且蚕豆配施效果优于黑麦草配施。[结论]配施可以结合秸秆易分解、养分丰富和凹凸棒土较大比表面积的优势,在改良土壤结构,缓解养分释放,增强土壤固存养分能力等方面具有较大优势,其中蚕豆秸秆10 g/kg配施凹凸棒16 g/kg对改良黄河故道土壤砂性结构,提高土壤碳氮含量效果最佳。     

旱地不同绿肥品种和种植方式提高土壤肥力的效果

【目的】黄土高原旱地土壤贫瘠,夏闲期雨热资源难以被充分利用。本研究通过田间试验研究不同夏季绿肥品种及其种植方式对绿肥鲜重、绿肥养分还田量、土壤养分含量、土壤酶活性、土壤水溶性有机碳和微生物量碳含量的影响,旨在筛选出适宜当地夏闲期种植的绿肥品种及种植方式,为促进黄土高原地区农业可持续发展提供理论依据和技术支持。 【方法】本研究采用随机区组设计,以夏季裸地休闲为对照,设绿肥 (绿豆、长武怀豆、毛叶苕子、油菜) 和绿肥种植方式 (麦后播种、麦田套种) 为研究因素,共 9 个处理。绿肥盛花期全区齐地收割地上部并称重计鲜草产量,分析绿肥地上部氮磷钾含量;每个小区采集 50 株绿肥下长、宽、深均为 20 cm 的土体中的根系,称重并进行分析;绿肥收获翻压 20 天后,于各小区采集 0—20 cm 土壤样品,测定土壤养分含量,土壤微生物量碳,土壤水溶性有机碳含量以及主要酶含量。【结果】绿肥麦后播种生物量要高于麦田套种;麦后播种以怀豆和油菜生物量较高,套种以油菜生物量显著高于其他处理。不同种植方式下绿肥总养分还田量与生物量规律类似;麦后播种长武怀豆显著提高了氮素和磷素还田量,麦后播种油菜显著提高了磷素和钾素还田量;套种时氮、磷和钾还田量由高到低顺序为油菜 > 毛叶苕子 > 绿豆 > 长武怀豆,不同绿肥间差异达到显著水平。翻压油菜土壤有机质、速效磷及速效钾含量都要显著高于休闲处理;麦后播种长武怀豆并翻压 2 年后,0—20 cm 土壤有机质、总氮、矿质氮、速效磷及速效钾含量较休闲分别提高了 12.4%、22.2%、95.9%、28.6% 和 11.2%。种植绿肥与休闲相比,土壤水溶性有机碳和微生物量碳含量均有所提高,其中套种油菜增加达显著水平,麦后播种各绿肥间土壤微生物量碳含量差异不显著,但都显著高于休闲。与休闲相比,麦后播种绿肥均提高了土壤酶活性;套种绿肥除绿豆处理的脲酶和过氧化氢酶低于休闲外,其他处理均提高了土壤酶活性。土壤各测定指标与绿肥生物量之间均有显著或极显著的正相关关系,表明土壤肥力的提高主要取决于还田绿肥的生物量。【结论】长武怀豆和油菜翻压入土后,能够增加土壤的养分含量和酶活性,培肥效果优于绿豆和毛叶苕子。麦后播种绿肥的生物量、养分还田量显著高于套种,土壤养分含量及土壤酶活性也较高。所以在黄土旱塬地区可选择麦后播种长武怀豆和油菜可有效改善土壤肥力。     

红壤水稻土累积酶活性及养分对长期不同施肥处理的响应

本研究基于鹰潭农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站24年的长期定位试验,揭示对照(不施肥,CK)、有机肥(C)、化学氮磷钾肥(NPK)、化学氮磷钾肥+有机肥(NPKC)等不同施肥处理对红壤水稻土酶活性及土壤养分的影响。于晚稻收获后采集各小区耕层土壤,测定红壤水稻土中转化酶、脲酶活性(测定时并设加0.5 ml甲苯与不加甲苯处理)及转化酶动力学特征,同时测定土壤养分含量及微生物生物量碳,分析酶活性与养分含量及微生物生物量碳间的关系,明确土壤中累积酶活性及土壤养分对长期不同施肥处理的响应。结果发现,与对照相比,施肥处理下土壤转化酶活性显著提高了31.3%~131.7%,微生物生物量碳显著提高了84.9%~125.1%;在没有甲苯抑制微生物活性下,施肥处理的转化酶底物蔗糖转化速率增加量提高了89.5%~153.7%,脲酶底物尿素转化增加量提高了59.2%~98.9%,表明微生物显著影响两种累积酶表观酶活性;转化酶活性、脲酶活性与微生物生物量碳呈显著正相关。与对照处理相比,施肥处理显著增加了土壤有机碳(30.1%~36.3%)、全磷(28.6%~102.9%)、速效磷(62.2%~445.0%)、碱解氮(35.9%~56.4%)含量;统计分析显示,转化酶活性、脲酶活性均与碱解氮、有机碳含量显著正相关。与对照相比,各施肥处理土壤的转化酶米氏常数(Km)差异并不显著,而转化酶表观活性(Vmax)及转化系数(Vmax/Km)均显著增加。长期施肥处理增加了土壤养分含量和微生物生物量碳,提高了土壤中累积酶的活性。     

Effects of long-term treatments of different organic fertilizers complemented with chemical N fertilizer on the chemical and biological properties of soils

Continuous cultivation has been known to decrease soil organic matter content. Application of organic matter to cultivated soil is an important practice from the point of view of maintaining an adequate amount of soil organic matter. Soil organic matter content significantly affects soil microbial activity, which is an important index of soil quality. In this study, a field experiment was conducted to examine the long-term effects of different kinds of organic matter in combination with inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizer on chemical and biological properties of soils. There were seven treatments, namely (1) CK (without fertilization), (2) Chem-N (applying chemical N fertilizer only), (3) Comp (applying compost with the same rate of N as the Chem-N treatment), (4) Comp + l/3 N (applying compost complemented with 33% of the chemical N fertilizer of the Chem-N treatment), (5) Comp + 2/3 N (applying compost complemented with 66% of the chemical N fertilizer of the Chem-N treatment), (6) GM + 1/3 N (applying green manure complemented with 33% of the chemical N fertilizer of the Chem-N treatment) and (7) Peat + 1/3 N (applying peat complemented with 33% of the chemical N fertilizer of the Chem-N treatment). After continuous treatment for 12 years and with cultivation of 24 crops on the same area, soils were sampled for analyses of chemical and biological properties, enzymatic activities and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles. The results showed that compared with CK and Chem-N treatments, applications of compost and peat increased soil organic carbon (SOC) content and altered microbial activities and microbial community structure. However, application of green manure for 12 years had no effect on SOC content. Both microbial activities and PLFA profiles were clearly dependent on the characteristics of the applied organic amendments. In summary, a peat application led to the highest increase in SOC content compared to compost and green manure; however, compost-treated soil had a higher microbial population and higher microbial and enzyme activities, while the effects of both green manure and chemical N fertilizer on soil properties were similar.     

不同类型粪肥还田对土壤酶活性及微生物群落的影响

畜禽粪便作为有机肥还田可以维持和提高土壤有机质、改良土壤,有利于农业可持续发展。不同类型粪肥还田后对土壤生物学性状的影响不同,为探究这一问题,在内蒙古乌兰察布市设置田间试验,包括化肥(F)、羊粪(GM)、猪粪(PM)、牛粪(CM)4个处理,研究其对土壤养分、酶活性及微生物群落的影响。结果表明,施用粪肥较化肥具有增加土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、铵态氮等养分含量的趋势。不同粪肥较化肥处理的土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性最高增幅分别为32.4%、150.4%、26.8%和30.1%。牛粪处理的土壤微生物生物量碳氮显著提高,分别较化肥增加33.2%和33.4%。不同处理在细菌门水平上的优势种群较一致,放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)是优势种群。本试验条件下,牛粪处理更能提高土壤微生物生物量碳氮,短期内施用不同粪肥对于提高土壤微生物群落多样性差异不显著,土壤pH、有效磷、铵态氮是影响土壤微生物群落结构的主要环境因子。     

Long-Term Effect of Fertilizers and Amendments on Different Fractions of Organic Matter in an Acid Alfisol

The effect of fertilizers and amendments on organic matter dynamics in an acid Alfisol was studied in a long-term field experiment initiated during 1972 at experimental farm of Department of Soil Science, CSK HPKV, Palampur (India). Continuous application of chemical fertilizers either alone or in combination with farmyard manure (FYM) or lime for 42 years significantly influenced water-soluble organic carbon (WS-OC), water-soluble carbohydrate (WS-CHO), soil microbial biomass carbon, soil microbial biomass nitrogen, soil microbial biomass phosphorus, soil microbial biomass sulfur, humic acid (HA), and fulvic acid (FA). Continuous cropping without fertilization resulted in depletion to the order of 17, 21, 24, 23, 22, 26, 12, and 18% in WS-OC, WS-CHO, microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen, microbial biomass phosphorus, microbial biomass sulfur, HA, and FA, respectively. Different fractions of soil organic matter were found to be positively and significantly correlated with grain and straw/stover yield of wheat and maize crops.     

秸秆还田配合施肥措施对玉米产量及耕层土壤质量的影响

通过分析不同施肥措施玉米耕层土壤碳、氮含量及相关关键酶活性和产量特征,探讨秸秆全量还田条件下不同施肥措施玉米产量差异的形成原因,为进一步提升黑龙江省第一积温带玉米耕层土壤生产能力提供理论和技术支持。试验以黑龙江省第一积温带主栽品种京农科728为试验材料,采用大区对比试验设计,设置掺混肥+尿素(NHF)、碳基肥+尿素(TJF)和控释肥(KSF)3个施肥措施,研究了秸秆还田配合施肥措施对玉米耕层土壤碳、氮含量及相关关键酶活性和产量的影响,分析了秸秆还田配合施肥措施玉米耕层土壤有机碳、微生物量碳、铵态氮、硝态氮、碱解氮、微生物量氮含量和土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、纤维素酶、蔗糖酶活性的变化规律。结果表明,与NHF相比,灌浆期TJF土壤有机碳、土壤微生物量碳含量分别提高了7.67%、7.29%,土壤铵态氮、土壤硝态氮、土壤碱解氮、土壤微生物量氮含量分别提高了1.97%、7.77%、7.29%、6.28%,土壤脲酶、土壤过氧化氢酶、土壤纤维素酶、土壤蔗糖酶活性分别提高了23.29%、5.92%、7.97%、15.70%;KSF土壤有机碳、土壤微生物量碳含量分别提高了10.80%、10.86%,土壤铵态氮、土壤硝态氮、土壤碱解氮、土壤微生物量氮含量分别提高了21.39%、12.30%、31.97%、21.08%,土壤脲酶、土壤过氧化氢酶、土壤纤维素酶、土壤蔗糖酶活性分别提高了25.81%、24.35%、12.76%、18.93%。与NHF相比,TJF、KSF产量分别提高了1.99%和13.24%。本研究推荐,秸秆全量还田条件下黑龙江省第一积温带玉米生产适宜施肥模式为70 cm宽行+40 cm窄行大垄双行种植,配施控释肥600 kg/hm²。     

长期冬种绿肥对红壤性水稻土微生物特性及酶活性的影响

以农业部衡阳红壤环境重点野外科学观测基地长期冬种绿肥稻田为平台,研究了双季稻种植区长期冬种绿肥下红壤性水稻土微生物特性及酶活性与土壤质量的关系,阐明了长期冬种绿肥翻压下土壤健康的微生物指标功能。研究分析了26年冬种不同绿肥的红壤性水稻土微生物学参数之间的差异及其提升土壤肥力的作用,结果表明,与冬季休闲处理相比,长期冬种绿肥翻压处理的微生物种群数量、微生物生物量碳(SMBC)、微生物生物量氮(SMBN)、土壤呼吸、脲酶、转化酶和脱氢酶活性都有所提高,代谢熵(qCO2)降低,以长期冬种紫云英翻压处理效果最明显。微生物种群数量、SMBC、脲酶、脱氢酶与土壤总有机碳(TOC)、全氮(TN)、速效氮(AN)、缓效钾(SLK)和速效钾(AK)呈显著或极显著相关;TOC,TN,AN,SLK,AK,微生物种群数量,脲酶、转化酶、脱氢酶活性与水稻产量呈显著正相关关系。长期冬种绿肥翻压能明显地改善红壤性水稻土的微生物特性与酶活性,提高土壤肥力。     

Response of Soil Microbial Biomass and Enzyme Activity to Soil Fertilization in an Eroded Farmland of Chinese Mollisols

The aims of this study were to examine interrelationships between microbial biomass and enzyme activities of soil quality and to determine their suitability for differentiating areas. The study included five simulated erosion soil depths (0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 cm), which had received contrasting fertilizer treatments over a 5-year period in an eroded black soil of northeastern China. Our results indicated that soil microbial carbon, nitrogen, urease, phosphatase, and invertase activities declined as the erosion depth increased. On the five erosion depths, soil microbial carbon, phosphatase, and invertase variation ranged as follows: 35.4–53.3, 39.8–45.2, and 55.9–67.1%, respectively. In the fertilizer + manure treatment, soil microbial carbon, nitrogen, urease, phosphatase, and invertase activities were significantly greater (P < 0.05) than those of fertilizer treatment in all five different erosion depths. Overall, this study may be considered as the foundation for soil quality evaluation and fertility restoration in northeastern China and similar regions.     

秸秆还田与氮肥运筹对土壤水碳氮耦合及作物产量的影响

探究全覆膜双垄沟播栽培下玉米秸秆还田与氮肥运筹对土壤水、碳、氮及作物产量的影响,为内蒙古黄土高原秸秆还田氮肥合理施用和节氮、高效秸秆还田技术研发提供科学依据。对比分析了氮肥习惯施用(FN)、氮肥习惯施用配合秸秆还田(FNS)、氮肥高量施用配合秸秆还田(HNS)、氮肥后肥前移施用(RN)、氮肥后肥前移施用配合秸秆还田(RNS)5种不同耕作措施对玉米农田土壤水分、土壤碳氮、酶活性、微生物量及玉米籽粒产量的影响,并通过相关分析和通径分析进一步揭示土壤理化性质和生物学性质变化规律及其耦合效应,明确秸秆还田玉米田不同氮肥运筹方式下土壤水碳氮演变特征。结果表明,与不还田相比,秸秆还田可显著提高0～100 cm土层土壤水分含量,且玉米秸秆还田与全膜垄沟栽培结合后(FNS、HNS、RNS),二者的协同效应较单一地膜覆盖(FN、RN)增强了土壤纳雨增墒能力,为秸秆的正常腐解提供了适宜水热环境；秸秆还田下不同氮肥运筹处理较对照FN均可显著提高土壤有机质和全氮含量,其中以氮肥后肥前移施用配合秸秆还田和氮肥高量施用配合秸秆还田提升效果最显著,土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性以及微生物量碳、氮明显增加,表现为0～20 cm土层大于20～40 cm土层,秸秆不还田氮肥习惯施用和氮肥后肥前移施用无显著性差异；土壤微生物量碳、氮与土壤酶活性和土壤碳氮呈显著或极显著正相关关系,且土壤微生物量碳、氮对土壤有机质、蔗糖酶、全氮和过氧化氢酶变化较敏感,对土壤性质变化具有一定指示作用。在产量方面,还田处理FNS、HNS、RNS较对照FN分别提高5.30%、10.93%、11.41%,且氮肥的常量投入即可获得较高的氮肥偏生产力。综合土壤因子、玉米产量和氮素利用率来看,秸秆还田条件下可通过调整氮肥的后肥前移平衡土壤碳氮收支,实现节本增产增效,同时提高氮肥利用率,是内蒙古黄土高原地区一种节氮、稳产、增效秸秆还田技术模式。     

不同烤烟种植模式对贵州土壤养分、酶活性及细菌群落结构的影响

贵州是我国第二大烤烟种植省份,为获得更高的经济效益,烟区常采用连作的种植模式。本研究采取大田试验,通过设置4个处理:烤烟连作(T)、白菜-烤烟轮作(C-T)、豌豆-烤烟轮作(P-T)、绿肥-烤烟轮作(GM-T),分析不同烤烟种植模式对贵州土壤养分、酶活性及细菌群落结构的影响。结果表明,烤烟轮作使土壤有机质(SOM)、阳离子交换量(CEC)、全氮(TN)、微生物量碳(MBC)、微生物量氮(MBN)和微生物量磷(MBP)分别提高了0.77%~12.44%、10.78%~38.51%、11.76%~17.65%、10.65%~20.67%、36.58%~160.36%和14.66%~36.21%;土壤中铵态氮(AN)、硝态氮(NN)、有效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)含量分别降低了1.01%~71.67%、19.29%~24.32%、23.09%~52.21%和6.18%~10.09%。与T处理相比,烤烟轮作提高了土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性,提升幅度为12.38%~42.96%和4.00%~22.67%,以GM-T处理效果最佳。同时,烤烟轮作提高了细菌OTU数量,并改变了细菌群落的相对丰度,但未对细菌群落组成产生影响。此外,轮作还增加了土壤中有益细菌类群数量,尤其是杆菌类细菌。冗余分析(RDA)结果显示,MBP是驱动群落变异的主要因子,且与黄杆菌属和褚氏杆菌属呈正相关关系。综上所述,通过烤烟轮作可以均衡土壤养分、改善土壤微环境,以GM-T处理效果最佳。本研究结果可为贵州省烤烟的种植提供理论参考,为解决烤烟连作问题提供技术支撑。     

鸡粪与化肥不同配比对杨树苗根际土壤酶和微生物量碳、氮变化的影响

为比较鸡粪有机肥与化肥以不同比例配施对杨树苗根际土壤环境的作用效果,通过盆栽试验,研究了N100（尿素提供100%的氮）、 M10N90（鸡粪和尿素分别提供10%和90%的氮)、 M30N70（鸡粪和尿素分别提供30%和70%的氮）和M50N50（鸡粪和尿素各提供50%的氮）等处理对一年生杨树苗根际土壤酶活性、 微生物量碳（SMBC）和微生物量氮（SMBN）的影响。结果表明, 同N100处理相比,M30N70处理的杨树苗根际土壤脲酶、 碱性磷酸酶、 过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性分别提高14.41%~26.49%、 13.87%~27.93%、 12.07%~27.08%和29.17%~46.43%; 根际SMBC、 SMBN含量分别提高63.00%~76.62%、 40.01%~90.38%。在杨树苗的年生长过程中,根际土壤脲酶、 碱性磷酸酶、 过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性均在施肥后120 d 最高; 而根际SMBC和SMBN含量分别在施肥后90 d和30 d达到最大值。随着杨树苗的生长发育,SMBN含量逐渐降低,而在落叶期有一定的回升。与M30N70处理相比,M10N90和M50N50处理对杨树苗根际土壤酶和微生物量碳、 氮的影响较小。综合分析认为,鸡粪有机肥与化肥以3∶7比例配施对杨树苗根际区域生态环境的改善效果最佳。     

Effects of fallow or planting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and fertilizing P or fertilizing P and N practices on soil carbon and nitrogen in a low-organic-matter soil

Soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) are important for maintaining soil fertility, and they are considerably affected by soil use and management. In the present study, we conducted an 8-year ?eld experiment on loessial dryland soil (Eum-Orthic Anthrosol, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)) in the southern Loess Plateau, China. We tested four soil management regimes—i.e., winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivation with phosphorus (P) fertilization (WP), winter wheat cultivation with N and P fertilization (WNP), natural fallow (NF) and bare fallow (BF)—to evaluate their effects on soil C and N fractions. After 8 years, compared with the WNP treatment, the total soil organic nitrogen (SON) in the WP treatment decreased by 14.6% and 36.8%, and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) by 35.6% and 61.1%, at 0–20 and 20–40 cm soil depths, respectively. The soil heavy fraction nitrogen (HFN) and light fraction nitrogen (LFN) in the WP treatment also decreased by 36.6% and 39.4%, respectively. Furthermore, BF treatment decreased total soil organic carbon (SOC), heavy fraction carbon (HFC), LFN and MBN at both soil depths with average reductions of 43.4%. The NF treatment decreased light fraction carbon (LFC) by 17.0% at 0–20 cm soil depth, as well as MBN by 24.8% and 71.2%, and inorganic C by 29.1% and 23.8%, at 0–20 and 20–40 cm soil depths, respectively. There was no significant difference of microbial biomass C concentration among the WP, NF and BF treatments. These results confirmed that a lack of N fertilization decreased SON, BF reduced both SOC and SON, and NF decreased soil inorganic C. Therefore, the managements of a recommended rate of N fertilizer application and shortened time of bare fallow are critical for maintaining or increasing SON fraction sequestration, and natural fallow management is not a useful method for maintaining soil fertility in dryland in the Loess Plateau in China.

Abbreviations: HFC: heavy fraction carbon; HFN: heavy fraction nitrogen; LFC: light fraction carbon; LFN: light fraction nitrogen; MBC: microbial biomass carbon; MBN: microbial biomass nitrogen; SOC: soil organic carbon; SON: soil organic nitrogen     

天津地区不同冬绿肥培肥土壤的效果

  【目的】  研究天津地区长期冬绿肥–春玉米轮作体系对土壤性质的影响,探讨该模式对土壤综合肥力的贡献。  【方法】  田间定位试验于2012—2019年在天津进行,供试作物为春玉米,冬绿肥处理包括冬绿肥二月兰(Orychophragmus violaceus L.)、毛叶苕子(Vicia villosa Roth L.)、黑麦(Secale cereale L.)、黑麦草(Lolium L.)、毛叶苕子二月兰混播、毛叶苕子黑麦混播及冬闲对照,共7个处理。测定土壤理化性质及酶活性,并通过主成分分析方法分析种植不同冬绿肥及其组合对土壤综合肥力的贡献。  【结果】  冬绿肥–春玉米轮作均显著增加了土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、有效磷、速效钾、微生物量碳、微生物量氮含量,同时增加了土壤饱和持水量,降低了土壤EC值。与冬闲–春玉米处理相比,冬绿肥–春玉米轮作土壤细菌数量、真菌数量、放线菌数量分别提高26.67%～75.89%、61.9%～97.9%和51.4%～92.1%,土壤脲酶活性显著增加6.59%～20.47%。毛叶苕子黑麦混播、毛叶苕子、黑麦处理显著提高土壤磷酸酶活性,黑麦、黑麦草处理显著提高土壤蔗糖酶活性,毛叶苕子二月兰混播、毛叶苕子处理显著提高土壤过氧化氢酶活性,毛叶苕子、黑麦草、二月兰和黑麦处理显著提高土壤多酚氧化酶活性。主成分分析结果表明冬绿肥种植显著提高土壤综合肥力,特别是冬绿肥混播种植,提升效果从高到低排序为毛叶苕子二月兰混播>毛叶苕子黑麦混播>毛叶苕子>二月兰>黑麦草>黑麦。  【结论】  华北春玉米种植区,长期冬绿肥种植显著改善了土壤理化性质和生物学性质,提高了土壤综合肥力水平,冬绿肥混播处理对土壤综合肥力贡献高于冬绿肥单播处理。     

Temporal responses of soil biological characteristics to organic inputs and mineral fertilizers under wheat cultivation in inceptisol

A 2-year field experiment was conducted in wheat ecosystem to assess the key soil biological characteristics in inceptisols of northeastern region of India. Nine treatments using organic inputs (farmyard manure and vermicompost) and mineral fertilizers were applied by modulating the doses of organics and mineral N fertilizer. Soil enzymes (urease, phosphatase, dehydrogenase, fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and arylsulphatase), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), bacteria and fungi populations were measured before seed sowing (GS₁), at flowering stage (GS₂) and after harvest (GS₃) of wheat, whereas total organic carbon (TOC) was studied at GS₃. GS₂ recorded significantly higher soil enzyme activities, except FDA, which increased considerably at GS₃. Enzyme activities, available N and TOC significantly (p ≤ 0.05) enhanced with application of organic inputs even with reduced (50%) mineral N. Except urease and phosphatase, other enzymes did not respond significantly to mineral fertilization. Vermicompost application increased mean enzyme activities, MBC, microbial growth and TOC fractions (particulate organic carbon, humic acid and fulvic acid carbon) than farmyard manure. Significant (p ≤ 0.05) positive correlations (r = 0.61–0.87) were obtained between TOC and its fractions with studied soil enzymes. Thus, in conclusion, 5 t ha^–1 organics incorporation (especially vermicompost) in wheat fertility programme can uphold soil biological health, reduce (50%) N application and would be a sustainable option for wheat grown in inceptisols of northeastern region of India.     

长期冬种绿肥改变红壤稻田土壤微生物生物量特性

以进行了31年的双季稻-冬绿肥长期定位试验的红壤性水稻土为对象,研究了长期冬种绿肥条件下土壤微生物生物量特性的季节变化,为阐释冬绿肥措施在稻田生态系统土壤碳氮转化中的作用机制提供理论基础。试验包括双季稻-紫云英(RRV)、双季稻-冬油菜(RRP)、双季稻-黑麦草(RRG)及双季稻-冬闲(RRF)4个处理,在典型时期(绿肥盛花期、绿肥翻压后、早稻成熟期、晚稻收获后)采集土壤样品,分析土壤微生物生物量碳氮及微生物商等方面的变化。结果表明,3种冬绿肥均提高了土壤微生物生物量碳(SMBC)、微生物生物量氮(SMBN)和微生物商,在土壤性质相对稳定的晚稻收获后均显著高于对照处理,全年平均值也多显著高于对照处理。豆科绿肥紫云英对SMBC和SMBN的提高作用最显著,晚稻收获后相对冬闲分别提高了21.12%和98.45%,全年平均值分别提高了15.92%和36.49%。取样时期对SMBC、SMBN和微生物商有较大的影响,但变化趋势基本一致,即绿肥翻压前后无明显变化,早稻成熟期降至最低,至晚稻收获后再次上升。SMBC/SMBN比值在不同绿肥处理间差异不大,但有明显的季节变化,早稻成熟期较高而晚稻收获后降低。因此,南方稻田冬种绿肥后土壤微生物特性明显改善,冬种绿肥是提升稻田土壤肥力的高效措施。     

Water Use and Soil Fertility under Rice–Wheat Cropping System in Response to Green Manuring and Zinc Nutrition

ABSTRACT

Soil fertility and water use are two important aspects that influence rice productivity. This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of in-situ (sesbania and rice bean) and ex-situ (subabul) green manuring along with zinc fertilization on water productivity and soil fertility in rice under rice–wheat cropping system at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India. Sesbania incorporation recorded higher total water productivity (2.20 and 3.24 kg ha^?1 mm^?1), available soil nutrients, organic carbon, alkaline phosphatase activity, microbial biomass carbon and increased soil dehydrogenase activity by 39.6 and 26.8% over subabul and rice bean respectively. Among interaction of green manures and zinc fertilization, subabul × foliar application of chelated zinc-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid at 20, 40, 60 and 80 days after transplanting recorded highest total water productivity (2.56 and 3.79 kg ha^?1 mm^?1). Foliar application of chelated Zn-EDTA at 20, 40, 60 and 80 days after transplanting recorded significantly higher water productivity than other Zn treatments, however it was statistically similar with foliar application of zinc at active tillering + flowering + grain filling. Sesbania × 5 kg Zn ha^?1 through chelated Zn-EDTA, recorded highest available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, manganese, copper and iron than other green manure and Zn fertilization interactions, although it was statistically similar with rice bean × 5 kg Zn ha^?1 through chelated Zn-EDTA as soil application. Sesbania × foliar application of 5 kg Zn ha^?1 through chelated Zn-EDTA as soil application recorded highest soil enzymatic activities and microbial biomass carbon.     

长期有机培肥提高红壤性水稻土生物学特性及水稻产量的微生物学机制

  【目的】  依托位于江西红壤研究所的有机肥长期定位试验,探究长期施用紫云英、猪粪和秸秆还田对土壤微生物量、酶活性和产量的影响,阐明土壤微生物学特性对土壤肥力的生物指示功能,揭示影响作物产量和微生物学特性的关键环境因子。  【方法】  长期定位试验始于1981年,选取的6个处理分别为:CK (不施肥)、NPK (单施化肥)、M1 (早稻施绿肥)、M2 (早稻加倍施绿肥)、M3 (早稻施绿肥+晚稻施猪粪) 和M4 (早稻施绿肥+晚稻秸秆还田),此外,有机处理 (M1、M2、M3和M4) 在施用有机物料的基础上,每季还补充一定量化肥（N 69 kg/hm2、P₂O₅ 30 kg/hm2、K₂O 67.5 kg/hm2）。于每季收获后测定水稻产量。2018 年早稻收获后,采集耕层 (0—20 cm)土壤,测定土壤化学指标、微生物量碳氮、脲酶及其他参与土壤碳、氮、磷和硫循环的胞外酶活性。  【结果】  1) 2009—2018年间,长期施肥处理明显提高了水稻产量,其中M3处理的产量最高,其次为M2处理,二者均明显高于NPK处理;2) 土壤微生物量及酶活性均以有机处理 (M1、M2、M3和M4) 较高,其中M3处理土壤微生物量碳含量及各类土壤酶活性最高,M2处理土壤微生物量氮含量最高。有机处理较CK和NPK处理提高了土壤微生物熵。此外,微生物量碳氮和土壤酶活性与有机碳、全氮间存在显著或极显著相关关系;3) 有机碳与土壤微生物量 (0.895)、碳循环相关酶活性 (0.903)、氮循环相关酶活性 (0.854) 及水稻产量 (0.827) 呈显著正影响 (P < 0.05);土壤pH与土壤碳循环相关酶活性 (0.378) 和氮循环相关酶活性 (0.365) 呈显著正影响 (P < 0.05),对水稻产量 (0.211) 也表现为正影响,但不显著 (P > 0.05)。相较于pH,土壤有机碳含量在提高水稻产量、改善土壤微生物学特性上发挥了更为重要的作用。  【结论】  土壤微生物量碳氮和参与土壤碳、氮、磷和硫循环的胞外酶活性均可作为土壤微生物学指标表征土壤肥力的变化。土壤有机碳含量是提高作物产量、调控土壤微生物量和酶活性的关键因子。在供试条件下,长期实行早稻施绿肥+晚稻施猪粪的有机培肥,是提高土壤微生物量及酶活性并提高水稻产量的最佳选择。