绿肥间作和滴灌对苹果园土壤肥力和果实品质的影响

  目的  研究绿肥间作和水肥一体化技术对苹果园土壤肥力和果树生产的影响。   方法  于2018 ~ 2020年设常规施肥 + 自然生草（CF）、滴灌 + 常规施肥 + 自然生草（SF）、常规施肥 + 绿肥（GF）、滴灌 + 常规施肥 + 绿肥（SGF）和滴灌 + 追肥氮磷钾用量较常规施肥减少20% + 绿肥（80%SGF）5个处理,在苹果园进行小区水肥试验,研究毛叶苕子与果树间作、滴灌施肥对果园土壤肥力及苹果果实品质的影响。  结果  两年的研究结果表明:所有处理中,以SGF处理土壤的微生物数量最多,土壤养分含量最高,苹果的果实品质最好。与CF处理相比,SF处理土壤碱解氮和速效钾含量平均增加了8.46%和10.06%,苹果的可溶性固形物和VC含量平均增加了11.01%和4.37%,土壤放线菌数量、脲酶和磷酸酶活性显著增加,GF处理土壤碱解氮含量平均增加了8.09%,苹果的可溶性固形物和VC含量平均增加了14.86%和9.25%,土壤的微生物数量和土壤的脲酶、磷酸酶活性显著增加;与SF处理相比,SGF处理土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷含量显著增加,苹果可溶性固形物和VC含量平均增加了7.74%和8.80%,可滴定酸含量降低了11.12%;与GF处理相比,SGF处理土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量显著增加,可溶性固形物和VC含量显著增加。  结论  绿肥间作和水肥一体化技术应用于果树生产,能够显著提高土壤肥力、改善果实品质,其中以滴灌 + 常规施肥 + 绿肥间作处理效果最好。     

Effect of gas environment and sorbate addition on flavor characteristics of irradiated apple cider during storage

Apple cider, with (0.1%) and without potassium sorbate, was packaged in polystyrene containers and exposed to three different gas environments: oxygen flush, nitrogen flush, and atmospheric air. To evaluate the effects of irradiation (2 kGy) and storage on flavor and microbial quality, these irradiated apple cider samples were compared to a control, unirradiated sample exposed to atmospheric air. Volatile compounds, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and microbiological counts were determined weekly throughout 7 weeks of refrigerated (4 degrees C) storage. Cider irradiated and stored in atmospheric air or nitrogen-flush environments had lower rates of loss for characteristic flavor volatiles compared to unirradiated apple cider and cider irradiated and stored in an oxygen-flush environment. The addition of potassium sorbate to the apple cider resulted in lower counts of yeasts and aerobic microorganisms, reduced fermentation of sugars to organic acids, and improved retention of volatile compounds characteristic of apple cider.     

落叶松人工林根际与非根际土壤养分特征及酸度研究

采用对比分析方法,揭示了不同发育阶段落叶松人工林根际与非根际土壤有机氮、水解氮、全磷、有效磷、有效钾和酸度的变化规律。结果表明:不同发育阶段落叶松人工林根际与非根际土壤酸性氨基酸、碱性氨基酸、游离氨基酸总量和水解氮,以及根际土壤中性氨基酸、速效钾、全磷和有效磷从幼龄林到中龄林增加,中龄林以后降低。根际活性酸、非根际土壤速效钾随林龄增加呈显著下降趋势,根际与非根际土壤交换性酸、交换性铝、非根际活性酸则相反,随林龄的增大呈明显增加趋势。     

Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (Pgpr) Increase Yield,Growth And Nutrition Of Strawberry Under High-Calcareous Soil Conditions

Plant growth promoting effects of Alcaligenes 637Ca, Staphylococcus MFDCa-1, MFDCa-2, Agrobacterium A18, Pantoea FF1 and Bacillus M3 were tested on strawberry cv. ‘Aromas’ based on yield, number, and weight of fruit, leaf area, vitamin C, total soluble solids (TSS), acidity and ionic composition of leaves under calcareous soil conditions. The results demonstrated that all of bacterial treatments significantly affected all parameters tested. The best result was obtained from 637Ca treatment, which significantly increased fruit yield, number and weight about 47.5, 34.7, and 9.4%, respectively, compared to control. Except for magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) in the leaf, the concentrations of all plant tissue nutrients [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), boron (B)] were significantly increased by bacterial treatments tested. The data in the present study showed that all bacterial treatments including Alcaligenes 637Ca, Staphylococcus MFDCa-1, MFDCa-2, Agrobacterium A18, Pantoea FF1, and Bacillus M3 to strawberry plants can ameliorative the deleterious effect of high lime on fruit yield, growth and nutrition. These results suggested that plant growth-promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) treatments could be offer an economic and simple means to increased plant resistance for high calcareous soil conditions.     

Influence of intercropping systems on soil health,productivity and quality of guava (Psidium guajava l.) in Eastern India

A guava based intercropping systems comprising of nine intercrops such as mango ginger, turmeric, tomato, cowpea, frenchbean, ragi, niger, upland paddy and control (without intercrop) was conducted to study the influence of various intercropping systems on plant and soil health of guava orchard. The results revealed that guava + cowpea system showed significant improvement in bulk density, electrical conductivity, water holding capacity, organic carbon content and pH of orchard soil. The guava + cowpea system also recorded significantly maximum available nitrogen and potassium content in the soil, whereas the maximum available phosphorus content were obtained in guava + mango ginger system. The nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (N, P and K) content of guava leaf were found to be maximum under the guava + cowpea system. The fruit yield of guava was recorded highest in guava +cowpea intercropping system. However, the total soluble solids (TSS) and acidity of fruits were not affected by the intercropping systems.     

Fruit Quality at Harvest of “Jonathan” Apple Treated with Foliarly-Applied Calcium Chloride

Abstract

The response of “Jonathan” apple trees (Malus domestica, Borkh.) grafted on EMLA 111 to frequent application of calcium chloride (CaCl₂) was studied at Topeka, Emporia, and Conway Springs, Kansas, orchards in 2002. Trees were sprayed one to eight times with foliar applications of calcium chloride at the rate of 8.971 kg ha^?1. First spray was made when fruits were 1.4, 0.9, and 1.6 cm diameter at Topeka, Emporia, and Conway Springs, respectively. More than six applications of CaCl₂ improved fruit quality at harvest. Improvement included an increase in fruit weight, size, appearance, skin redness, and reduction of scald incidents. Although CaCl₂ applications had no effect on percent of soluble solids, the ratio of soluble solid content to titratable acidity was increased by frequent CaCl₂ application. Fruit skin redness was the most improved quality of “Jonathan” apple as the result of CaCl₂ applications. No symptoms of fruit russetting or leaf scalding resulting from frequent CaCl₂ application were observed. Increase in fruit quality was attributed to a linear increase in Ca concentrations in fruit and leaf tissues. Increase in Ca concentrations in fruit and leaf tissues of treated trees coincided with increases in potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), and nitrogen (N) concentrations compared with untreated control trees. Potassium, Mg, P, and N were correlated with fruit quality as much as, or in some cases more than, Ca. This information suggests that changes in mineral balance with CaCl₂ applications contributed to improvement of fruit quality and is evidence that frequent Ca application improved “Jonathan” apple quality in Kansas.     

Effects of substrate hydroponic systems and different N and K ratios on yield and quality of tomato fruit

The present study was carried out to determine the influence of wick and drip substrate hydroponic systems and different ratios of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) in the nutrient solution on fruit yield and quality (titratable acidity, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid, total soluble sugars, firmness, lycopene, carotenoids) in tomato. Summer and winter tomato crop was raised under two substrate hydroponic systems. Four nutrient solutions (N:K ratios in four combinations) were tested in both the growing seasons at vegetative and reproductive stages of plant development. Among the different nutrient solutions, the solution containing N and K in the ratio of 1.4:3 at vegetative and 1.7:3.5 at reproductive stage increased the total fruit yield and quality of tomato irrespective of hydroponic system or season. Among the hydroponic systems, wick system produced higher fruit yield and better quality in terms of firmness, ascorbic acid, and total soluble sugars in winter crop.     

氨基酸发酵尾液在水溶肥料中的应用及其效果

采用田间试验方法,以普通水溶肥料(18-10-26)为对照,研究了添加氨基酸发酵尾液后水溶肥料对设施番茄产量、果实品质和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,施用添加氨基酸发酵尾液的水溶肥料可显著提高番茄产量,改善果实品质;与普通水溶肥料相比,平均增产幅度达9%以上,果实可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、Vc含量和糖酸比分别提高14.61%~19.28%、10.15%~16.54%、16.32%~17.73%和35.38%~36.01%,可滴定酸度含量降低7.84%~16.00%。添加氨基酸发酵尾液的水溶肥料能提高土壤全氮、有效磷和微生物生物量碳含量以及蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和脲酶等功能性酶活性;与普通水溶肥料相比,土壤全氮含量增加4.32%~6.79%,土壤有效磷含量提高1.88%~5.73%,土壤微生物生物量碳含量提高27.77%~36.23%,土壤蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和脲酶活性分别提高34.46%~38.39%、10.59%~16.47%和10.74%~22.15%。可见,氨基酸发酵尾液对水溶肥料具有良好的改性增效作用,值得推广应用。     

Relating Leaf Nutrient Status to Fruit Quality Attributes in Litchi cv. ‘Mauritius’

Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) ‘Mauritius’ is a popular export cultivar due to its attractive red color and excellent fruit quality. Three orchards were selected based on planting distance and routine pruning practices followed by each growing season. Orchards A and B are essentially similar regarding these production practices, whereas orchard C had overlapping canopies due to lack of routine pruning practices after each growing season and short planting distance. Canonical variate analysis was used as a statistical tool to compare fruit quality attributes from different orchards (A, B, and C) in terms of physical, chemical and sensory parameters and correlating to leaf nutrient status. The correlations and plot of loadings of the variates indicated that skin color (visual), color values (chroma and hue angle, h°), fruit weight, firmness, and consumer acceptability were the main factors that discriminated orchard C from the other two orchards. The soluble solids concentrations, titratable acidity and fruit taste were the quality attributes discriminating orchard A from orchard B. The relationship between the leaf nutrients and fruit quality attributes showed positive relationships between leaf potassium (K) and anthocyanin content and titratable acidity (TA); leaf phosphorus (P) and pericarp h°, leaf nitrogen (N) and fruit weight; leaf calcium (Ca) and fruit firmness.     

Relationships between leaf and fruit minerals and fruit quality attributes of apples grown under northern conditions

Field experiments were conducted during 1994–1995 in seven apple (Malus spp.) orchards located in the southwest of Finland (the mainland and the Åland Islands). The cultivars were ‘Transparente Blanche’, ‘Samo’, ‘Melba’, ‘Raike’, ‘Red Atlas’, ‘Åkerö’, ‘Aroma’, and ‘Lobo’. Leaf samples from branches bearing fruits (BF) and not‐bearing fruits (BNF) were collected two times during the growing seasons. Fruit samples were picked about one week before commercial maturity. Macronutrient concentrations in fruits and leaves, fruit diameter and juice pH, titratable acidity (TA) and soluble solids concentrations (SSC) were determined. Leaf nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) were higher, but calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) were lower in BNF. Branch types (BF and BNF) were closely related in leaf N, P, and Ca, but not in leaf K and Mg at the first sampling time. Fruit N, P, K, and Mg were closely related to each other but not to fruit Ca. Mean fruit N and Ca and leaf P and Mg were low compared with the recommended levels. Relationships between fruit and leaf nutrient concentrations were found only in P and Mg. Fruit diameter increased and juice SSC decreased with increasing leaf N concentration. Fruit P declined with increasing fruit diameter and juice TA increased and SSC/TA decreased with increasing leaf P and Ca concentrations.     

氮磷减量施肥对琯溪蜜柚果实产量和品质的影响

【目的】 针对当前福建省平和县琯溪蜜柚施肥过量问题,研究分析了氮磷减量施肥对琯溪蜜柚果实产量和品质的影响,对提高琯溪蜜柚果实产量和品质,促进当地琯溪蜜柚产业绿色高效发展具有重要意义。 【方法】 采用田间试验方法, 以酸柚砧木白肉琯溪蜜柚为试验材料,以前期问卷调查结果为依据设置氮磷最高施肥量:N 1.60 kg/(plant·a),P₂O₅ 1.30 kg/(plant·a),结合当地土壤养分状况和琯溪蜜柚需肥特性,以30%梯度递减氮肥用量,分别为高氮 (N1)、中氮 (N2) 和低氮 (N3),以35%梯度递减磷肥用量,分别为高磷 (P1)、中磷 (P2) 和低磷 (P3),采用双因素交互设计设置N1P1、N1P2、N1P3、N2P1、N2P2、N2P3、N3P1、N3P2、N3P3共9个处理。分别于促花期 (3月上中旬)、稳果期 (5月中旬)、壮果期 (7月下旬或8月上旬) 和越冬期 (11月中下旬) 将氮磷钾肥以不同配比施入土壤,于3月上中旬在树冠滴水线范围内撒施钙镁肥。 【结果】 减少氮磷肥用量不仅没有引起琯溪蜜柚产量的显著降低,反而使其有不同程度的增产,且氮肥减量的增产幅度大于磷肥减量。氮磷减量施肥可以提高果实可食率、可溶性固形物、固酸比和维生素C含量,并降低纵横比、单果重、果皮厚和可滴定酸含量,尤其以中氮中磷 (N2P2) 处理的果实品质整体较好。随着施氮水平的降低,果皮厚和可滴定酸含量表现出持续减少趋势,中氮水平 (N2) 的可食率、可溶性固形物和维生素C含量与高氮水平 (N1) 相比均显著增加;随着施磷水平的降低,中磷水平 (P2) 的果实纵横比和维生素C含量较高磷水平 (P1) 显著减少,低磷水平 (P3) 的可食率较高磷水平 (P1) 显著增加。氮磷交互作用对单果重、可溶性固形物有极显著影响,对果皮厚、出汁率、可食率和维生素C含量有显著影响。主成分分析和聚类分析结果表明,中氮中磷 (N2P2) 处理果实主成分综合得分最高,达2.20分,高出第二名中氮低磷 (N2P3) 处理167.06%,其果实内外品质整体较好。 【结论】 在当前的氮磷施肥量下,减少氮磷用量不会导致琯溪蜜柚减产,反而具有增产和明显改善果实品质的效果。其中以氮肥减量30%,磷肥减量35%,即施纯N 1.12 kg/(plant·a),P₂O₅ 0.85 kg/(plant·a) 时产量、品质俱佳。      

Impact of Biofertilizers on Mineral Status and Fruit Quality of Yellow Passion Fruit in Brazil

Biofertilizers, liquid cattle manure obtained from anaerobic processes, have emerged as an important component of the integrated nutrient supply system. Thus, an experiment was carried out from May 2002 to February 2004 to evaluate the fruit quality and macronutrient foliar contents of biofertilized yellow passion plants in Brazil. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with treatments distributed in a factorial arrangement (2?×?5) referring to two biofertilizers [one simple and another enriched with macro- and micronutrients] and five doses of each biofertilizer (0.0, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, and 2.4 L plant^?1). Fruit quality and nutritional status of yellow passion fruit are affected by biofertilizer doses applied. Fruit length, width, pulp percentage, skin diameter, mass, soluble solids, and titratable acidity were improved with biofertilizer application. Simple biofertilizer promotes optimum supplies of potassium, calcium, and sulfur, while enriched biofertilizer promotes optimum supplies of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium.     

“风味2号”甜瓜果实成熟过程中的品质变化

以60Coγ射线育出甜瓜新品种"风味2号"为材料,研究其果实发育和品质形成的动态变化。结果表明,从授粉后第5天开始果实快速膨大,第30天时鲜重达最大。从授粉后第29天开始,果肉可溶性糖含量迅速增加,其后保持稳定,至第34天显著降低。可滴定酸含量随果实的发育逐渐增加,糖酸比的高峰出现在授粉后第30-34天。气相色谱表明,"风味2号"果实中主要可溶性糖为果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖,有机酸为苹果酸和柠檬酸,其中柠檬酸是主要有机酸。气相色谱-质谱联用分析显示:果实有35种挥发性物质,其中酯类占35.24%,酸类占19.21%,醇类为14.28%,醛类为11.71%。     

苯嗪草酮疏果剂对苹果边果营养与激素含量的影响

为明确苯嗪草酮疏果剂对苹果边果的疏除作用,以9年生天红2号/SH38/八棱海棠为试材,在最大边果直径6 mm左右时喷300 mg/kg苯嗪草酮2次,清水为对照,生理落果后调查坐果率及坐果比例;喷药后7、9、11、17、29 d采集处理和对照边果,测定氮磷钾矿质营养,淀粉、葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖和山梨醇碳水化合物,可溶性蛋白质含量以及玉米素(Z)、赤霉素(GA_3)、生长素(IAA)和脱落酸(ABA)激素含量。结果显示,苯嗪草酮处理后,花序坐果率和花朵坐果率较对照降低17.95%和27.63%,坐单果比例显著提高,坐三果及三果以上的比例显著降低(P0.01);处理总体上提高了边果无机营养含量,显著降低了可溶性蛋白质含量(P0.05);淀粉含量较对照提高了5.57%～37.20%,但不同程度地降低了蔗糖、葡糖糖、果糖及山梨醇含量,从而使可溶性碳水化合物含量较对照降低了9.55%～52.60%;处理后脱落酸含量显著升高(P0.05),(Z+GA_3+IAA)/ABA比值显著降低。说明苯嗪草酮在苹果上具有较好的疏除边果作用,其疏除作用与可溶性蛋白质含量降低,可溶性碳水化合物供应不足,以及ABA含量升高及生长型激素/抑制型激素比值降低有关。     

辽西北沙地苹果-花生间作系统土壤养分空间分布特征及间作效应

[目的] 研究辽西北沙地农林复合系统土壤养分的空间分布及其效应,从土壤养分角度探讨果农间作系统中果树和农作物对土壤养分的相互作用关系,为该区农林复合系统的可持续经营提供科学合理的依据。[方法] 以苹果与花生间作、花生单作、苹果单作为研究对象,对0-60 cm土层深度,0-300 cm水平距离范围内土壤养分含量进行测定和分析。[结果] 沙地间作系统中土壤有机质、速效钾极缺乏,全氮、碱解氮很缺乏,全磷缺乏,有效磷含量中等;间作系统在水平方向上,苹果树和花生植株对总养分有机质、氮、磷的竞争激烈位点位于果树带区,对有效养分氮、磷、钾的竞争激烈位点位于近果树作物区;在垂直方向上,各养分总体表现出了表聚性,间作系统对有机质、有效磷的竞争主要位于深土层,对全磷、速效钾的竞争主要位于表土层,对全氮、碱解氮表现为合作效应,表土层效应更高;与苹果单作、花生单作相比较,间作系统速效钾和有效磷含量呈现负效应。[结论] 沙地苹果-花生间作系统土壤养分贫瘠,应在果树带区施用有机肥、磷肥,作物区施入钾肥,以减轻养分竞争,提高养分效应。     

施氮水平对富士苹果果实钙形态及品质的影响

[目的]钙是影响苹果果实品质最重要的元素之一,施氮量影响树体对钙的吸收.探究不同施氮量对果实品质、钙形态以及二者之间的关系的影响,以期为通过科学施肥改善苹果果实品质提供参考.[方法]本研究选择5年生盆栽富士(基砧为组培山定子,中间砧为SH38)为试材,共设6个施氮水平:0(N0)、50(N50)、100(N100)、2...     

Calcium sprays,time of harvest,and duration in cold storage affects fruit quality of d'Anjou pears in a critical year

Calcium chloride (CaCl₂) sprays increased calcium (Ca) concentrations in d'Anjou fruit (Pyrus communis L.), reduced the incidence of cork spot and improved shelf‐life by increasing fruit firmness in a critical year that had lower fruit Ca concentrations due to record high spring and late season temperatures. The third and final harvest in late September resulted in larger fruit size, lower fruit Ca concentrations, higher incidence of cork spot, more extractable juice and yellow fruit skin color, higher soluble solids and sucrose concentrations, but lower acidity than earlier harvested fruits. Fruit held longer in cold storage (145 days) had higher concentrations of fruit Ca, lower concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and ethylene (C₂H₄), less fruit firmness, soluble solids and acidity, lower concentrations of sucrose, glucose and fructose, and less green color of fruit skin than short term storage (45 days). Shelf‐life of CaCl₂‐sprayed fruit was improved because of higher concentrations of fruit Ca that resulted in a lower incidence of cork spot and brown core, fruit firmness was higher, levels of CO₂ and C₂H₄ were lower, and soluble solids, acidity, and extractable juices were affected less for ripened fruit.     

INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON NICKEL ACCUMULATION AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COFFEE PLANTS DURING FRUIT DEVELOPMENT

Nutritional and physiological significance of micronutrients in coffee plants, especially with regard to nickel (Ni) is still unknown. The dynamics of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and Ni accumulation in coffee fruits, as well as their relationships with total soluble protein, amino acids, reducing sugars, and starch content during coffee fruit development (green, ripe, and dry fruits), were investigated. Coffee trees received three N fertilizer rates (0, 150, and 300 kg of N ha^?1) as ammonium sulfate split into three applications per year. Nitrogen fertilization increased reducing sugars and starch concentrations in ripe fruits. In contrast, green fruits showed the highest amino acid and Ni concentrations. Fruit Ni concentration decreased in both green and ripe fruits as N rates increased; thus, indicating the possibility of either a N-associated dilution effect on Ni concentration or that Ni uptake by roots and/or transport to developing fruit was limiting. Plant nutritional status and fruit development stage influenced the coffee grain chemical composition. Furthermore, the variation in reducing sugars and starch content was more closely linked to the stage of fruit development than to N supply. A supposed relationship among the decreased of caffeine, starch, amino acids, and proteins with Ni content during green fruit development suggests a fundamental role for Ni in coffee fruit ripening. The interaction between N and Ni metabolism during fruit ripening might influence the chemical parameters involved in the coffee grain quality. This is the first report documenting changes in Ni concentrations of coffee fruit as a function of N fertilization rates and the development stage, but further research is needed to better understand the significance of N-Ni interaction in developing coffee fruit.     

RESPONSE OF ‘GRANNY SMITH’ APPLE TREES TO FOLIAR TITANIUM SPRAYS UNDER CONDITIONS OF LOW SOIL AVAILABILITY OF IRON,MANGANESE, AND ZINC

The aim of the study was to examine impact of foliar titanium (Ti) sprays on vegetative and reproductive response of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees under conditions of low soil availability of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn). The experiment was conducted during 2005–2006 at a Experimental Station in Isparta region, Turkey, on mature ‘Granny Smith’ apple trees/M.9, planted at a spacing of 3.5 × 1.5 m, on fine-textured soil with neutral reaction, medium status of organic matter, high amounts of available phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg), and low availability of Fe, Mn, and Zn. The trees were sprayed with Ti-ascorbate at the green and pink bud stage, petal fall, and 3, 6, and 9 weeks after full bloom, at a rate of 3 g Ti ha^?1 per spray. The efficiency of Ti sprays was compared to combined sprays of Fe, Mn, and Zn [chelated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)], applied at the same terms as Ti sprays, at rate of 36 g, 36 g and 24 g per spray, respectively. Trees unsprayed with Ti, Fe, Mn, and Zn served as the control. It was shown that summer leaf Ti concentrations of the trees untreated with Ti were high, varying from 34 to 36 mg kg^?1 dry matter. Foliar Ti sprays increased leaf status of this nutrient but they had no effect on nutrition of essential macro- and microelements, tree vigor, and fruit yield. Mean apple weight, coloring, firmness, soluble solids concentration, and titratable acidity of fruit were not also influenced by Ti sprays. Foliar sprays of Fe, Mn, and Zn improved leaf status of nitrogen (N), Mg, Fe, Mn, and Zn; leaves of the trees sprayed with those micronutrients were also greener, and contained more Fe²⁺ than those of the control plants. Combined sprays of Fe, Mn, and Zn improved tree vigor and fruit yield.     

施氮水平对旱塬覆沙苹果园土壤酶活性及果实品质的影响

研究土壤酶活性及果实品质在不同氮肥水平下的变化规律,探讨氮肥施用量对土壤酶活性与果实品质相关性的影响,为旱塬覆沙苹果园合理施氮、提高氮素利用率及降低土壤环境污染建立科学依据。通过田间试验,以‘长富2号’为试验材料,设置5个氮素水平(对照0、165、330、495和660kg/hm~2,分别简写为CK、N1、N2、N3和N4),并于2017年测定土壤全氮含量、土壤酶活性与果实品质。结果表明:土壤全氮随着施氮量增加而升高;0～20和 20～40 cm土层中脲酶和磷酸酶活性在N2处理下均达到最大值,而蔗糖酶活性则于N3处理下最高;40～60 cm土层中过氧化氢酶活性随氮肥增施呈上升趋势。在330～495 kg/hm~2施氮范围内,与对照相比,增施氮肥能够显著提高果实横径、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C及总糖含量(P0.05)。随着施氮量增加,果实产量呈先降后升趋势。土壤过氧化氢酶(除 20～40 cm土层)、蔗糖酶活性与果实可溶性固形物含量具有极显著相关性(P0.01),与可滴定酸和 40～60 cm土层中维生素C含量具有显著相关性(P0.05)。综合分析认为,330～495kg/hm~2为旱塬覆沙苹果园合理施氮范围,对提高土壤酶活性及氮肥利用率效果显著,并有利于改善果实品质。