硒锌钼对黄土高原马铃薯和小白菜产量及营养元素与硒镉含量的影响

黄土高原旱地土壤微量元素硒锌钼潜在缺乏,不仅影响农作物产量,还降低农产品的矿物营养品质,研究施用硒锌钼肥料对该地区作物生长及可食部分营养元素含量的影响具有重要意义。通过田间试验,研究了硒锌钼肥单独土施、硒锌肥配施、硒锌钼肥配施对马铃薯和小白菜产量及营养元素和硒镉含量的影响。结果表明：硒肥提高了马铃薯块茎和小白菜叶片硒含量,分别由对照的0.02mg.kg-1和0.09mg.kg-1提高到1.51～2.15mg.kg-1和13.03～19.44mg.kg-1,钼肥提高了马铃薯块茎和小白菜叶片钼含量,分别由对照的0.43mg.kg-1和2.3mg.kg-1提高到1.03～1.16mg.kg-1和17.7～19.9mg.kg-1,单施与配施处理间无显著差异。锌肥土施或锌与硒、钼肥配合土施不但使小白菜叶片中的锌含量由对照的21.0mg.kg-1显著提高到48.1～68.4mg.kg-1,还使镉含量显著降低50%以上;施锌对马铃薯块茎的锌含量无显著影响。硒锌钼肥单施或配施均对马铃薯和小白菜产量及氮、磷、钾、硫、钙、镁、铁、锰、铜、硼含量无显著影响。因此,在黄土高原旱地,硒钼配合土施可同时提高马铃薯块茎的硒钼含量,硒锌钼配合土施可同时提高小白菜叶片的硒锌钼含量。     

结球甘蓝转录调控肿瘤蛋白基因（TCTP）的分离与表达特性初步分析

TCTP（translationally controlled tumor protein）是许多动物肿瘤细胞中存在的一类较丰富的蛋白（Yenofsky et al.1983），目前为止，有关TCTP的确切功能还不是很清楚，推测TCTP可能是属于对热较为稳定的钙结合蛋白（Kim et al．，2000），能够结合微管蛋白（Gachet et al．，1999），诱导细胞内的信号传递（MacDonald et al．,1995），同时细胞增殖有关（Bohm et al.,1989）。     

与大白菜TuMV抗病基因TuRBCS01紧密连锁的分子标记开发

分子标记辅助选择可大大加快育种进程,然而由于大白菜抗病毒病遗传规律的复杂性,目前所定位的基因和筛选的连锁标记远不能满足育种需要,为了更好地对抗病毒病白菜(Brassica campestris ssp.pekinensis)进行分子标记辅助选择,本研究筛选了与大白菜抗芜菁花叶病毒(Turnip mosaic virus,TuMV)抗性基因TuRBCS01紧密连锁的分子标记.本研究在对该基因进行定位的基础上,利用回交1代(backcross1,BC1)分离群体,采用分离群体分组分析法(bulked segregation analysis,BSA)、简单重复序列(simple sequence repeats,SSR)和序列特异引物(sequence specific primer,SSP)标记技术,筛选与该基因紧密连锁的分子标记.通过对13对SSP引物和16对SSR引物的分析表明,有8对引物在两亲本间表现多态性,有5对引物扩增出的标记与基因TuRBCS01紧密连锁或共分离,分别为mBr4072、Bra025493-1、Bra025493-2、Bra025467-4和Bra025467-5.筛选出与大白菜TuMV抗性基因TuRBCS01紧密连锁的分子标记2个,分别为SAAS_mBr4072_240 (1.5 cM)和Bra025493-1(1.0 cM),另有3个标记与基因TuRBCS01共分离,分别为SAAS—Bra025493-2_749、SAAS_ Bra025467-4—780和SAAS—Bra025467-5_ 956.上述标记丰富了大白菜抗TuMV分子标记的数量和种类,有望用于大白菜抗病毒病分子标记辅助选择.     

Catalysis of Dissolved and Adsorbed Iron in Soil Suspension for Chromium（Ⅵ） Reduction by Sulfide

The kinetics of Cr（Ⅵ） reduction by sulfide in soil suspensions with various pHs, soil compositions, and Fe（Ⅱ） concentrations was examined using batch anaeroblc experimental systems at constant temperature. The results showed that the reaction rate of Cr（Ⅵ） reduction was in the order of red soil 〈 yellow-brown soil 〈 chernozem and was proportional to the concentration of HCl-extractable iron in the soils. Dissolved and adsorbed iron in soil suspensions played an important role in accelerating Cr（Ⅵ） reduction. The reaction involved in the Cr（Ⅵ） reduction by Fe（Ⅱ） to produce Fe（ⅡI）, which was reduced to Fe（Ⅱ） again by sulfide, could represent the catalytic pathway until about 70% of the initially present Cr（Ⅵ） was reduced. The catalysis occurred because the one-step reduction of Cr（Ⅵ） by sulfide was slower than the two-step process consisting of rapid Cr（Ⅵ） reduction by Fe（Ⅱ） followed by Fe（Ⅲ） reduction by sulfide. In essence, Fe（Ⅱ）/Fe（Ⅲ） species shuttle electrons from sulfide to Cr（Ⅵ）, facilitating the reaction. The effect of iron, however, could be completely blocked by adding a strong Fe（Ⅱ）-complexing ligand, 1,10-phenanthroline, to the soil suspensions. In all the experiments, initial sulfide concentration was much higher than initial Cr（Ⅵ） concentration. The plots of In e[Cr（Ⅵ）] versus reaction time were linear up to approximately 70% of Cr（Ⅵ） reduction, suggesting a first-order reaction kinetics with respect to Cr（Ⅵ）. Elemental sulfur, the product of sulfide oxidation, was found to accelerate Cr（Ⅵ） reduction at a later stage of the reaction, resulting in deviation from linearity for the In c[Cr（Ⅵ）] versus time plots.     

外源硒与不同物料配施对水稻硒素营养及硒利用率的影响

施用外源硒是提高水稻硒含量的重要方法之一。通过盆栽试验,设置常规化肥(F)、化肥+有机肥(FO)和化肥+生物质炭(FC)3种肥料管理模式,0(Se0)、0.2(Se1)、0.4(Se2)和0.6mg/kg(Se3)4个硒(Ⅳ)添加水平,研究在不同物料施用条件下,土施亚硒酸钠对水稻生长及硒吸收、转移和累积的影响。结果表明:施用适量外源硒对水稻产量及生物量影响不显著,但显著提高水稻各部位硒的含量,并促进硒向籽粒转移。施用有机肥和生物质炭降低了水稻根系对硒的吸收系数(RAI)。施用有机肥不利于硒由稻秆向糙米和精米中转移,但适当的外源硒与生物质炭配施有利于提高硒由稻秆向糙米和精米转移系数。总之,有机肥与生物质炭的施用不能有效地提高水稻地上部,特别是籽粒的硒含量,但因施用有机肥能显著提高作物产量,从而增加水稻硒的总累积量,而生物质炭的添加则不能。水稻对外源硒的吸收利用率不超过5%。     

The relative efficiency of ionic iron(III) and iron(II) utilization by the rice plant

Uptake of iron by rice plants was equally rapid when supplied as ionic iron(II) or iron(III) at pH 3 and 4. Iron(III) uptake was reduced at pH 5 and uptake of iron when supplied as FeEDTA was relatively low at all three pH levels.

At pH 4 in the presence of plant roots, reduction of iron(III) to iron(II) occurred as indicated by Fe²⁺ BPDS formation. BPDS in a 3:1 ratio to iron(III) suppressed iron uptake by about 70%. The reduction was observed to be located in the endodermis of young roots and exodermis of older roots.

A capacity to oxidize iron(II) at the root surface was also observed under local anaerobic and relatively high pH conditions.

The significance of these two counteracting processes in affecting the oxidation state of iron at the root surface is discussed.     

Determination of photosynthetic parameters Vcmax and Jmax for a C3 plant (spring hulless barley) at two altitudes on the Tibetan Plateau

On the Tibetan Plateau, the unique alpine climate factors of low air pressure, low CO₂ partial pressure and low air temperature have significant but non-explicit influences on the photosynthetic capacity of plants. To evaluate these influences, we measured the net photosynthetic rates for spring hulless barley leaves at two altitudes of 3688 m (the low altitude) and 4333 m (the high altitude), respectively. Two photosynthetic parameters—Vc_max, the maximum rate of Rubisco carboxylase activity, and J_max, the maximum rate of photosynthetic electron transport—were determined. The net photosynthetic rate and the photosynthetic parameters Vc_max and J_max were higher for leaves from plants grown at the high altitude than for those at the low altitude. Vc_max and J_max were approximately 24% and 22% greater, respectively, for leaves from plants grown at the high altitude. The CO₂ and air temperature at the high altitude were lower than those at the low altitude. As a consequence, plants exposed to lower CO₂ partial pressure and lower air temperature have a higher photosynthetic capacity on the Tibetan Plateau. The optimal temperatures for Vc_max and J_max were approximately 6.5% and 3.5% higher, respectively, in leaves from plants grown at the high altitude than those grown at the low altitude, and the ratio of J_max to Vc_max was 12.7% lower at the low altitude. Simulation analyses revealed that the photosynthetic capacities of plants decreased after long-term increases in CO₂ partial pressure and temperature associated with global climate change on the Tibetan Plateau.     

The Significance of Inoculum Standardization and Cell Density on the Cr(VI) Removal by Environmental Yeast Isolates

The influence of inoculum preparation and cell density on the efficiency of Cr(VI) removal was assessed with two chromate-resistant yeasts, Pichia jadinii M9 and Pichia anomala M10, isolated from textile wastewaters. Batch cultures in yeast nitrogen base (YNB)′ liquid medium (YNB without amino acids and ammonium sulfate plus sucrose and ammonium sulfate) containing 1-mM initial Cr(VI) concentrations revealed that heavy metal removal in both isolates was substantially affected by the inoculation procedure. Inocula with high initial density or pregrown in a nutritionally rich medium (Malt Czapek) were found to be key factors in order to achieve successful Cr(VI) decontamination. In contrast, low-density inocula and/or synthetic media-precultured cells were shown to negatively influence Cr(VI) disappearance, either by increasing the time for complete degradation or by reducing the percentage of heavy metal removed. These results emphasized the relevance of the selection of an appropriate inoculum culture medium and the positive influence of increasing one order of magnitude inoculum cell density in order to achieve successful and rapid Cr(VI) removal. Under these considerations, the selected yeasts, P. jadinii M9 and P. anomala M10, exhibited a remarkable ability to tolerate and completely remove Cr(VI) concentrations up to 1 mM, thus being candidates for potential applications in bioremediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated environments.     

Methodology for Comparing Soil Maps of Different Dates with the Aim to Reveal and Describe Changes in the Soil Cover (by the Example of Soil Salinization Monitoring)

A methodology for comparing soil map of different dates in order to reveal changes in the soil cover is discussed. The analysis of a set of the maps of soil salinization on one of the farms in the Golodnaya Steppe region of Uzbekistan is used as an example. It is shown that traditional methods of comparing two maps developed in different years (normally, with an interval of five years and more) are low informative for the assessment of soil salinization dynamics. The suggested methodology assumes simultaneous analysis of several maps in order to reveal the trends in soil salinization. However, even in this case, the obtained results do not adequately characterize the dynamics of soil salinization on irrigated fields. It is argued that the direction of soil salinization–desalinization processes is an improper characteristic in this case. In order to understand the dynamics of soil salinization, the maps showing the dynamism of soil salinity and the maximum changes in the degree of salinity can be applied. A series of the compared maps make it possible to describe the changes in the soil cover related to salinization–desalinization processes. The high dynamism of these processes against the background of a virtually stable pool of soluble salts in the 1-m-deep soil layer is shown for the considered farm.     

抗亚洲玉米螟、抗草甘膦转基因玉米的培育

5-烯醇式丙酮酸莽草酸-3-磷酸合酶基因(5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase,epsps)是一个高抗草甘膦的基因,苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)的杀虫蛋白基因(Bt基因)cry1Ac M是一个能在单子叶植物中高效表达的抗亚洲玉米螟基因。为了获得具有抗虫、抗除草剂优良复合性状的转基因玉米,本研究构建出质粒p CAMBIA1302-P35S::epsps-Tnos-Pubi::cry1Ac M-Tnos,通过农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefacien)介导的玉米(Zea mays)茎尖遗传转化法将目标基因转入玉米。通过分子检测、草甘膦抗性筛选和田间接种亚洲玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée))试验筛选出转基因株系,在此基础上进行了转基因植株室内抗亚洲玉米螟试验和田间草甘膦抗性分析,并采用RT-PCR检测和Western blot方法确定了抗虫蛋白在转基因植株中稳定表达。从大量转基因株系中优选出6个遗传稳定且抗亚洲玉米螟、抗除草剂草甘膦的转基因玉米株系,这些株系的抗亚洲玉米螟、抗草甘膦特性完全满足大田应用的需求。综上所述,将改造后的Bt抗虫基因cry1Ac M和抗草甘膦基因epsps一同转入玉米,赋予两种玉米骨干自交系植株抗玉米螟、抗草甘膦特性,为我国抗亚洲玉米螟抗草甘膦转基因玉米的大面积推广培育出了优良自交系。     

Biochemical and physiological adaptations of the halophyte Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L., (Aizoaceae) to salinity

Sesuvium portulacastrum is a dicotyledonous halophyte. The responses of different clones of Sesuvium to salinity were analysed by measuring changes in growth, biomass accumulation, water content, osmolytes accumulation, oxidative damage, antioxidant enzymes and inorganic ions. In addition, microscopic observations were made to discern any changes in the stem anatomy of Sesuvium under salt stress. Reduced growth, biomass accumulation and tissue water content correlated with an increase in NaCl concentrations (200–800 mM), except at 200 mM NaCl, where an improvement in the parameters was observed among all clones, specifically in MH1 (Maharashtra). Increased osmolytes (proline, glycine betaine and total soluble sugars) and the accumulation of Na⁺ ions, without affecting K⁺content, were recorded in all clones. Higher malondialdehyde content and greater relative electrolyte leakage were evident in addition to increased catalase and superoxide dismutase activities under salt stress. Increased cortical cell size and cortex diameter of the stem were observed upon 200–400 mM NaCl stress; decreased thickness was seen at higher NaCl concentrations. This study suggests the differential behaviour of Sesuvium clones which might be useful in the rapid selection of a potent clone (such as MH1) for the restoration of wetlands and desalination of saline soils.     

Airborne Contamination of Immature Soil (Lusatian Mining District) by Lignite-Derived Materials: Its Detection and Contribution to the Soil Organic Matter Budget

Large areas in eastern Germany have been subjected to substantial airborne contamination by fly ash, soot and lignite dust. The objective of the study was to detect the input of lignite-derived airborne contamination into forest soils and to examine the chemical and structural characteristics of the soil organic matter, consisting of natural humic material and lignite-derived carbon in reforested immature mine soils. The mine soil developed on sandy overburden material that was excavated in open-cast lignite mines and had been relocated and deposited at a spoil bank. Samples were taken from the forest floor (L, Oh), the humic surface horizon (Ai), and the parent substrate (Cv) of an immature mine soil under a 25-year-old red oak (Quercus rubra), situated close to a briquette factory. The conceptual approach includes analyses of bulk soil as well as particle-size fractions for C and N contents, magnetic susceptibility, radiocarbon age and chemical structure by using 13C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy. High magnetic susceptibility of the Oh and Ai horizon is the result of airborne contamination by lignite-derived ash. Fly ash contamination consisting of ferrimagnetic minerals contributes mainly to the <20 μm fractions. In the Oh and Ai horizon, 44% and 46% of the C was found to be of anthropogenic origin. Structural information indicates that lignite-derived dust and/or soot are present in the coarse particle size fractions (6.3-200 μm). Anthropogenic C increased the C content as well as the contribution of alkyl and aromatic C species in the organic matter.     

还原态蒙脱石结构Fe（Ⅱ）催化水铁矿转化特性及影响因素

还原条件下土壤中Fe(Ⅱ)催化水铁矿转化在调控营养元素和污染物的生物地球化学过程中具有重要作用。然而,作为土壤中Fe(Ⅱ)存在的主要形态之一,蒙脱石结构中Fe(Ⅱ)催化水铁矿转化的特性及其影响因素目前尚不清楚。以化学还原的蒙脱石为研究对象,探究还原态蒙脱石(rSWy-2)结构中Fe(Ⅱ)催化水铁矿转化的特性及其影响因素。结果表明,贫铁的蒙脱石结构中Fe(Ⅱ)可催化水铁矿向纤铁矿转化,反应96 h后水铁矿转化量达到83.3%。X射线衍射(XRD)、高分辨透射(HRTEM)、球差电镜(STEM)和表面吸附态Fe(Ⅱ)含量分析表明,rSWy-2结构Fe(Ⅱ)催化水铁矿转化主要经历矿物间固相吸附、电子传递和水铁矿转化三个阶段,形成的纤铁矿呈板状纳米片,尺寸大小为100～200 nm。溶液中Na+和Cl–离子对rSWy-2催化水铁矿转化影响较弱,而Ca²⁺、SO₄^2-、有机质和As(Ⅲ)均对水铁矿转化具有明显的抑制作用。     

粉煤灰中重金属Pb/Cr/Cu在土壤——小白菜中的迁移与形态转化

以两种粒径粉煤灰与莱西棕壤按不同比例混匀后连续进行了四批次小白菜生长周期试验,采用欧共体标准物质局提出的三步提取法(简称BCR法)研究施灰土壤中铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)和铜(Cu)四种化学形态的转化特征,并通过计算小白菜对重金属的富集系数和转移系数,分析土壤重金属在小白菜中的迁移特性与生物利用率。结果表明:在小白菜种植的整个周期,各处理施灰土壤中Pb、Cr和Cu均以残渣态为主,含量随种植批次增加而减少;Pb、Cr的可提取态含量占15%以上,乙酸溶解态含量随种植批次增加而增加,Cu的可提取态含量占55%以上,乙酸溶解态含量随种植批次增加而减少。小白菜对三种重金属的富集能力表现为:CuCrPb,且均小于临界值1,因此,相较Pb和Cr,Cu的生物利用性更强。小白菜由根部向地上可食部分转移系数大于1,转移能力表现为:CrCuPb,因此Cr在小白菜中迁移能力更强。     

Morphological,Anatomical, and Physiological Assessment of Ramie [<Emphasis Type="Italic">Boehmeria Nivea</Emphasis> (L.) Gaud.] Tolerance to Soil Drought

Fiber yield is reduced when ramie [Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud.] is produced under drought stress. Responses in Leaf morphology, root development and stem anatomy, and physiology of six cultivars, varying in tolerance to drought stress, were measured to identify plant characteristics for adaptation to drought stress. Ramie plants, established from 10-cm sections of shoots, were grown in pots with soil. When plants were 60 cm tall (about 40 days), moisture content in the medium was maintained at 55% of water-holding capacity for 28 days by weighing the pots and sparingly watering. Medium was maintained at 80–85% of water-holding capacity for the control. Drought-tolerant cultivars of ramie had more fine hairs on abaxial leaf surfaces, produced thicker leaf cuticles, better preserved leaf shape, and erectness, lost fewer leaves. They also generated longer roots with larger root masses and more storage organs, preserved higher root-to-shoot ratios, produced larger diameter stem vessels, and better conserved cell integrity than drought-sensitive cultivars of ramie when plants were grown under drought stress. Fiber yield was better in drought tolerant cultivars of ramie, because these cultivars had adapted root systems, leaf responses, cellular responses, and biochemical activities to allow plants to continue higher levels of photosynthesis and carbon deposition under more stressful environments than the less drought tolerant cultivars. Cultivars ‘Huangketong’ and ‘Qingkezi’ were best adapted to drought tolerance in the study.     

Relationships between the Ratio of Plant-Available Phosphorus (P-AL) to Total Phosphorus and Soil Properties

Abstract

The relationships between the ratio of plant-available phosphorus (P-AL) to total P and soil properties were examined in 52 samples of mineral soils collected from different parts of Norway. The ratio P-AL/total P in the soils was used as a measurement of a soil's capacity to bind P in sparsely soluble forms and of the possibility for plants to utilize added P. Simple regression analysis showed that the ratio P-AL/total P was correlated with clay (r= ?0.60???, significant at the 0.1% probability level), Tamm acid oxalate extractable Fe (r= ?0.63???), and Tamm acid oxalate extractable Al (r-= ?0.44???), but not with organic C and pH. Variation of Fe, Al and clay content could explain 50% of the variation of the ratio of P-Al/total P. Partial correlation coefficients showed that Fe was the most important factor explaining the variation of the ratio of P-AL/total P.