磷素水平对大豆氮素积累及产量的影响

利用砂培方法和15N示踪技术研究了磷素水平对大豆氮素积累、根瘤固氮和产量的影响。结果表明:大豆植株氮素积累、根瘤固氮和产量均随磷素营养水平的提高而呈单峰曲线变化,营养液磷素浓度31mg/L左右时达到峰值,当营养液磷素浓度达11mg/L时,再提高磷素浓度对大豆根瘤固氮率无明显促进作用;而对于大豆植株氮素积累、根瘤固氮量和产量,只有当营养液磷素浓度达到21mg/L时,再提高磷素浓度才无明显促进所用,表明满足根瘤固氮的磷素营养水平较产量形成的水平要求低。     

不同施肥条件下红壤旱地磷素形态及有效性分析

磷素是红壤地区农业生产的最重要的限制因素，因此红壤磷素形态与转化问题的研究，对红壤地区农业生产具有重要意义。用Hedley方法对不同施肥条件下红壤旱地土壤磷素形态进行了研究，结果表明：施磷肥能明显增加红壤各形态无机磷含量和大多数形态有机磷含量；红壤中，对植物最有效的树脂磷和碳酸氢钠磷含量很少，铁铝结合态磷和残留磷含量很多；对有效磷（Bray磷）贡献最大的磷素形态是碳酸氢钠无机磷、铁铝结合态无机磷和存在于土壤团聚体内表面的有机磷。这对于了解不同施肥条件对红壤旱地磷素有效性的影响、探索磷素消长规律、指导红壤旱地磷素管理等都有一定的理论和实践意义。     

施磷量对不同磷效率小麦氮、磷、钾积累与分配的影响

在土培盆栽条件下,以磷高效小麦(CD1158-7、省A3宜03-4)和磷低效小麦(渝02321)为材料,研究了不施磷、施磷(P)10、20和30mg/kg对小麦不同生育时期生物量、籽粒产量及氮、磷、钾的积累与分配的影响。结果表明:(1)随施磷量的减少,不同磷效率品种小麦籽粒产量和生物量均减少;同一施磷处理,磷高效品种籽粒产量和生物产量高于磷低效基因型。不施磷、施磷10mg/kg,高效品种CD1158-7、省A3宜03-4的籽粒产量为低效品种渝02321 的1.84 倍和1.74倍、1.64倍和1.27倍。(2)低磷处理,磷高效品种小麦植株能够积累较多的氮素;扬花期之前,磷高效品种氮素积累量占小麦全生育期积累量的比例高于低效品种。拔节期、孕穗期氮素分配比例为叶>茎>根,扬花期为叶>茎>穗>根,而成熟期为籽粒、颖壳>茎>叶>根。拔节期和孕穗期磷高效品种根的氮素分配比例高于低效品种,而扬花期和成熟期磷高效品种穗(籽粒)氮素分配比例较高。(3)小麦植株磷素积累量主要集中在拔节期以后的生育时期,占全生育期的82.32%~94.23%。低磷处理,高效品种在拔节期和孕穗期磷素积累量高于低效品种,孕穗期尤为突出。扬花期之前,不施磷处理下,磷高效品种根的磷素分配比例较高。(4)不同施磷处理下,拔节期、孕穗期及扬花期,磷高效品种小麦的钾积累量高于低效品种。不同器官钾素分配比例拔节期和孕穗期均为叶>茎>根,扬花期为茎>叶>穗>根,成熟期为茎>叶>籽粒、颖壳>根。磷高效品种在颖壳和籽粒的钾素分配比例高于低效品种。     

硫对烤烟中镁吸收与积累的影响

通过液培试验研究了不同浓度硫（0.01、2、4、8、16和32mmol/L）处理对烤烟根、茎、叶及全株镁吸收及积累的影响。结果表明,2mmol/L处理显著提高了烤烟根系镁含量（0.6005%）,促进了镁的吸收与积累量,4～32mmol/L处理的镁含量、积累量及吸收速率随硫浓度增加而降低,且显著低于0.01mmol/L处...     

EFFECT OF SALINIZATION OF SOIL ON GROWTH,WATER STATUS AND NUTRIENT ACCUMULATION IN SEEDLINGS OF ACACIA AURICULIFORMIS (FABACEAE)

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to assess the effects of salinization of soil on emergence, growth, water status, proline content, and mineral accumulation of seedlings of Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. (Fabaceae). Sodium chloride (NaCl) was added to the soil and salinity was maintained at 0.3, 3.9, 6.0, 7.9, 10.0, 12.1, and 13.9 dS m^?1. Salinity caused reduction in water potential of tissues, which resulted in internal water deficit to plants. Consequently, seedling growth significantly decreased with increase in soil salinity. Proline content in tissues increased with increase in salinity. Potassium and sodium content significantly increased in tissues as salinity increased. Nitrogen content significantly increased in tissues with salinization of soil. Phosphorus, calcium and magnesium content significantly decreased as salinity increased. Changes in tissues and whole-plant accumulation patterns of other nutrients, as well as possible mechanisms for avoidance of sodium toxicity in this tree species in response to salinity, are discussed.     

菌根真菌对茶树吸收磷、钾素的影响

以辐照灭菌的酸性黄壤为供试土，种植有性繁殖的茶苗并接种ＶＡ菌根真菌，以不接种菌根真菌为对照，分别追施３２Ｐ－过磷酸钙和＾８６Ｒｂ－氯化铷，试验结果表明：菌根侵染率，＾３２Ｐ组合合为５２．６０％，＾８６Ｒｂ组合为５６．７０％，茶树株高分别对照的２．１０倍和２．５０倍，对磷、钾元素的吸收量分别比对照增加４．６０和３．１０倍，磷肥利用率提高１４．１０％，钾肥利用率提高１７．１３％。     

受精液中肝素和咖啡因的组合对牛卵母细胞体外受精的影响

采用２种肝素浓度（１０，３０ｍｇ／Ｌ）与３种咖啡因浓度（２．５，５，１０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）的交叉组合，以３０ｍｇ／Ｌ肝素的受精液为对照，探讨肝素和咖啡因对牛卵母细胞体外受精的影响，并确定受精后将卵母细胞移至单层细胞的合适时间。结果表明，当卵母细胞在受精后５ｈ移至单层细胞时，１０ｍｇ／Ｌ肝素加５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ咖啡因或３０ｍｇ／Ｌ肝素加２．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ咖啡因的体外受精效果最好，二者的囊胚率和囊胚孵化率分别为５６．９％±７．０，８１．１％±１２．７及５６．９％±７．０，７８．９％±９．８。     

FERTILIZER RATE EFFECTS ON FORAGE YIELD STABILITY AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE OF MIDLAND BERMUDAGRASS

Our objectives were to document effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizer rates on forage yields and uptake of N, P, and K by Midland bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] on a Minco fine, sandy loam in southern Oklahoma. After six years of this long-term experiment, forage yield responses to fertilization were mixed and depended on year. Stability analysis indicated forage yields responded positively to N fertilization during favorable weather conditions but negatively during poor weather conditions. Application of 112 kg N ha^?1 provided the best yield stability and mean annual forage yield among treatments, 11.5 Mg ha^?1, across years. In years with near-average weather conditions, uptake of N, P, and K increased linearly with N application rate. Limited water holding capacity of the soil and high soil P and K may have contributed to the limited yield responses to fertilization in this semi-arid environment.     

施肥方式对旱地土壤酶活性和养分含量的影响

为了明确不同施肥方式下旱地土壤酶活性与养分间的相互关系,以30年(1979-2008)肥料长期定位试验地为基础,研究了不同施肥方式下旱地小麦田耕层(0~20cm)土壤酶活性与养分的变化趋势及其相关性。结果表明,相比单施氮肥和氮磷配施,小麦秸秆与氮磷配施的土壤蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活性以及土壤中全氮、全磷和有机质含量提高,但全钾含量降低。相关分析表明:土壤中的蔗糖酶活性与磷酸酶和过氧化物酶的活性,磷酸酶与过氧化物酶活性之间相关显著,相关系数依次为0.6747、0.5878、0.6414(n=9),其余酶活性之间相关不显著。土壤蔗糖酶、过氧化物酶活性与土壤全氮含量,土壤磷酸酶活性与土壤全磷和有机质含量高度正相关,相关系数分别为0.9969、0.9997、0.9998、0.9863(n=9);多酚氧化酶活性与土壤中的全磷和有机质含量密切负相关,相关系数分别为0.9945、0.9587(n=9),而蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活性与土壤中的全钾含量相关性较低。     

水肥状况对土壤剖面中锰的移动和水稻吸锰的影响

水旱轮作条件下水麦缺锰是四川冲积性水稻土上主要的养分胁迫问题,为了深入探讨这一问题,作者利用模拟土柱试验研究了不同水肥状况对四川两种典型冲积土中锰的迁移,转化及其对水稻吸锰的影响。     

施肥深度对大豆氮磷钾吸收及产量的影响

采用分层施肥和15N示踪方法,研究施肥深度对大豆氮磷钾吸收及产量的影响,为大豆合理施肥深度的确定提供理论依据。研究表明,施肥深度对大豆前、中期植株干物质、氮磷钾的积累影响较大,而对植株成熟期影响较小;大豆苗期(V3)与种子同层施肥处理植株干物质和氮磷钾的积累量最大;盛花期(R2)以种下6cm处理效果最明显。施肥深度对大豆产量的影响也表现为种下6cm处理最高,但与种子同层施肥、种下12、18和24cm施肥处理差异不显著;施于种子同层至种下6cm最有利于大豆苗期氮肥吸收,表层施肥、种下24cm施肥处理氮肥吸收效果不好。     

不同施肥处理对旱地红壤团聚体中有机碳含量及其组分的影响

借助筛分、浮选等物理分组和化学分析方法研究了不同施肥处理下旱地红壤团聚体中不同有机碳组分的差异.结果表明：长期施肥显著地提高了土壤中总有机碳含量（TOC）和团聚体中轻组有机碳（LF-C）、团聚体内粗颗粒有机碳（CF-C）、团聚体内细颗粒有机碳（FF-C）和矿物结合态有机碳（mSOC）的含量,且各有机碳组分与TOC均呈极显著相关;团聚体中有机碳含量随团聚体的粒级减小而降低,厩肥处理的促进效果最明显;团聚体中有机碳主要以mSOC形式存在.有机肥的施入降低了大团聚体的周转,秸秆处理对团聚体的形成和稳定效果优于厩肥处理;在红壤地区有机无机肥配施使得有机碳在团聚体形成及稳定方面的作用得以加强.     

长期施肥对黑垆土无机磷形态的影响研究

对黄土高原旱地黑垆土进行25年长期定位肥料试验,对土壤无机P形态、数量和对作物的有效性进行了研究。结果表明,石灰性土壤无机P的组成以Ca10-P占绝对优势,约占无机P总量的57.7%,其次是闭蓄态P(O-P),占17.9%,而Al-P、Fe-P、Ca8-P分别占5.9%、5.7%、10.1%,最少的为Ca2-P,只有2.8%。所有施肥处理中,各形态无机P均以土粪 NP含量最高;Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P以N处理最低,而Fe-P、O-P、Ca10-P以CK处理最低;长期施肥对无机P各组分相对含量也有影响,耗P处理主要是Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P的降低,而施P处理是Ca10-P的降解和Ca2-P的积累。与1990年比较,CK处理均有下降;N处理除O-P、Ca10-P有增加外,其他各组分含量均下降;而NP、秸杆. NP、土粪、土粪. NP处理均呈增加趋势。不同处理对土壤有效P和缓效态P均有不同程度的影响,而与无效态P关系不大。同时做了各形态无机P与作物产量的相关性分析,在各级无机P与产量的相关性中,Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P都达到了极显著水平,其中以Ca8-P与产量的相关性最高,而Fe-P、O-P、Ca10-P也都达到了显著水平。     

不同施肥条件下旱地红壤磷素固定及影响因素的研究

以Langmuir曲线测出的Xm值（最大吸磷量）为指标，对不同施肥条件下红壤旱地土壤的吸磷能力变化特征及影响磷素吸附的主要因素进行了研究。结果表明：施用磷肥能显著降低土壤的最大吸磷量，其中。施用厩肥的土壤Xm值最小。有机质是影响土壤吸磷能力的一个重要因素，随着有机质含量的升高，土壤吸磷能力减小；活性铝也是影响磷素吸附的重要因素，随活性铝含量增加，磷素吸附能力增加；活性铁的影响不显著；pH对红壤旱地吸磷能力影响也不显著。通过因子分析得到，有机质含量对土壤吸附磷素的能力影响最大。在生产上，磷素最大吸附量Xm值可以作为初步判断土壤需施磷肥量大小的依据。这些可为红壤地及的褴毒施用研有档供理论依据和实践指导。     

黄土高原旱地长期施肥条件下土壤有机磷的变化

采用Bowman和Cole提出的有机P分组方法,对长期施肥条件下土壤有机P的组成变化以及有机P及其组分与有机质、速效P的关系进行研究。结果表明,活性、中等活性、中等稳定性、高等稳定性有机P分别占有机P总量的 80.2%、9.8%、9.0 %、和2.0 %。有机无机肥配施可明显增加土壤有机P及活性、中等活性有机P、中等稳定性有机P含量,减少高等稳定性有机P含量。施肥对有机P各组分剖面分布规律影响不大。活性、中等活性有机P与速效P、有机质、有机P总量呈显著正相关,中等稳定性、高等稳定性有机P与速效P、有机质不相关。     

NUTRIENT UPTAKE KINETICS OF CLOUDBERRY

Mineral fertilization of cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus) has been inconclusive so far. Nutrient absorption of cloudberry was studied by solution depletion 1) to characterize its nutrient uptake kinetics and 2) to determine its preferred nitrogen (N) form. Two accessions, ‘Fjordgull’ (a female cultivar from Norway) and a local wild clonal selection from ‘Baie-Comeau’ (Canada) were tested. Ammonium (NH₄) and phosphorus (P) absorption presented a two-component kinetic while nitrate (NO₃), potassium (K), and glycine absorption was better fitted with the Michaelis-Menten equation alone. Cloudberry preferences for nitrogen form were in the order: NH₄-N, glycine, NO₃-N. ‘Fjordgull’ exhibited much higher K_m and J_max for P uptake than the ‘Baie-Comeau’ accession, but they exhibited similar NH₄-N uptake kinetics. However, K_m values for all nutrients tested except NH₄-N were higher than reported for other species. Cloudberry does not appear to have evolved efficient absorption kinetics to compensate for the overall very low abundance of nutrients of peatlands.     

漳州低产香蕉园养分状况与平衡施肥研究

51个低产香蕉园土样测试结果表明,漳州低产香蕉园土壤酸性较强,有机质、全N、碱解N、缓效K、速效K含量偏低,有效P、Zn、S含量较丰富,有效Ca、Mg、B含量较缺。51个叶片样品养分含量N、P、K元素平均值大部分都在适宜范围,Zn含量丰富,Ca、Mg、S、B含量多属低量水平。2年田间定位试验表明,N、K效应差异显著,提高N、K施用量对低产香蕉园香蕉产量影响明显,调节土壤酸度,补充Ca、Mg营养也是重要的增产措施。     

EFFECT OF ORGANIC FERTILIZATION ON FIG LEAF NUTRIENTS AND FRUIT QUALITY

Turkish dried fig (Ficus carica L.) production plays a major role in the world trade due to its volume and quality. The production is generally realized from orchards on steep slopes under rain-fed conditions. Birgi-?rima?z? in Ödemi? has peculiarities in respect to dried fig production. In this region, colluvial soils require additional late-winter irrigation by flooding especially in years because of inadequate winter rainfall. Organic dried fig production has gained importance since mid 1980s. The research work aimed at testing the effect of sheep and cow manure mixtures (at two different ratios: 1:1 and 2:1) on leaf and fruit nutrient contents, vigor, and fruit quality. The results proved that tree vigor and fruit quality were improved with the applied rates of farmyard manure, where as the effect on nutrient content of the leaf was not marked.     

RELATIVE RESPONSE OF FORAGE AND SEED YIELD OF ALFALFA TO SULFUR,PHOSPHORUS, AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZATION

A field experiment was conducted from 2000 to 2007 on three-year old alfalfa stand near Star City in northeastern Saskatchewan to determine the influence of balanced application of sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), or potassium (K) fertilizers on forage dry matter yield (DMY) and seed yield, protein concentration (PC) in forage, concentration and uptake of total nitrogen (N), P, K, S, and boron (B) in forage and seed, and residual soil extractable P, exchangeable K and sulfate-S. Appropriate application of S, P, or K fertilizer nutrients was required to obtain optimum yield, PC, and nutrient concentration and uptake, especially when alfalfa was grown for hay production. Yield response to fertilization was much more frequent and much higher when alfalfa was managed as hay compared to when managed for seed production. The results suggest the importance of proper fertilization in increasing longevity of alfalfa stands. Under both hay and seed plots, there was only a small increase in residual sulfate-S from S fertilization, but significant accumulation of extractable P mainly in the 0–15 soil layer from P application. There was relatively higher concentration of exchangeable K in soil in the seed plots than in hay plots. In hay plots, concentrations of residual exchangeable K in soil were negatively related to DMY, especially in 2007. The findings suggest that when a soil is testing low (or deficient) in a nutrient and alfalfa growth is reduced, then alfalfa producers should consider applying fertilizers to supply adequate amounts of nutrients that are lacking in the soil, especially for optimum forage production. However, it is still difficult to predict accurately if a profitable alfalfa seed yield response to fertilization would occur, particularly when soils are testing marginal in some nutrient levels and yields are negatively affected by abnormal weather conditions (drought soil moisture conditions reducing plant growth, wet, cloudy and cool weather conditions decreasing pollination activity and late summer and/or early autumn frost damage to seed formation) that often occur in the growing season in this region.     

NITROGEN,PHOSPHORUS, AND POTASSIUM NUTRIENT EFFECTS ON GRAIN FILLING AND YIELD OF HIGH-YIELDING SUMMER CORN

A three-site-year field experiment was conducted to determine nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizer effects on grain filling dynamics and yield formation of high-yielding summer corn (Zea mays L.) in a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-corn double crop cropping system. Application of combined NPK fertilizers resulted in the greatest grain yield, largest grain number and grain weight when compared with the treatments receiving N, NP, or NK. Grain filling rate and duration, grain volume, and grain yield increased with NPK rates; however, doubling the rate of 180 kg N ha^?1, 40 kg P ha^?1, and 75 kg K ha^?1 fertilizer only led to minimal increases in grain filling rate (0.8%), grain filling duration (1.6%), grain volume (1.3%) and grain yield (0.4%). Our results suggested that for the high-yielding summer corn, a combined NPK fertilization is required to enhance grain filling and yield, and that under well-fertilized circumstances, limited increases in both grain filling and sink capacity might be the main factor restricting further yield improvement.