Effect of Drip Fertigation With and Without Mulch on Soil Hydrothermal Regimes,Growth, Yield,and Quality of Apple (Malus domestica Borkh)

Studies were undertaken to investigate the effect of drip fertigation and conventional fertilizations with and without mulch on the productivity of apple. Soil moisture under fertigation remained greater in the upper 0–30 cm of soil, whereas under conventional surface irrigation, deeper layers registered greater values. Mulch application resulted in 2–4% greater moisture and raised the minimum but lowered the maximum soil temperatures, especially during later growth periods. Available nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) contents under fertigation closely followed the moisture distribution pattern. Irrespective of treatments, available phosphorus (P) remained confined within upper 0- to 20-cm soil depth. Fertigation resulted in 35% greater growth and yield over conventional fertilization with irrigations besides saving 25% in irrigation water. Joint use of fertigation and mulch resulted in comparable growth and yield as unmulched condition and saved 20% in fertilizers and 15% in irrigation water.     

渭北旱塬矮化苹果园滴灌下土壤剖面水分和

通过采集渭北旱塬矮化果园4个不同时间点（4月2日,5月1日,5月30日,8月13日）的土壤剖面样品,分析滴灌施肥下土壤剖面水分和养分时空分布的特征。结果表明：（1）前期土壤剖面水分集中分布在滴灌点附近,水平迁移距离20 cm,垂直迁移距离100 cm;后期滴灌和降雨增多,导致在60—100 cm深土层出现较高的土壤水分含量,土壤水分在水平方向上有明显的分布差异。（2）土壤硝态氮表现出明显的随水移动规律,且集中分布在水分湿润区边缘附近,垂直迁移距离大于水平距离。（3）土壤速效磷、速效钾在土壤剖面呈现出表聚现象,速效磷主要分布在水平方向0—20 cm,垂直方向0—30 cm区域,速效钾主要分布在水平方向0—40 cm,垂直方向0—40 cm;均表现滴灌点区域含量高,远离滴灌点含量相对较低,具有明显的空间分布差异。在水平方向20—40,0—40 cm深土层速效钾含量相对较低,出现较明显的低值区域,后期该区域出现水平方向远离。（4）建议减少灌溉量,水分入渗深度应控制在0—40 cm,从而减少氮素淋溶流失;合理调整滴灌点与树干的距离,保证当年新生根系能吸收到充足氮、磷、钾养分。     

Effect of Drip Boron Fertigation on Yield and Fruit Quality in a High-Density Apple Orchard

ABSTRACT

This study was carried out in 2001–2003 at the Experimental Orchard of the Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture, Skierniewice, Poland, on mature ‘Jonagold’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees (M.26 EMLA) planted at 4 × 2.5 m spacing on a sandy loam soil with low boron (B) availability. The trees were drip fertigated with B at rates of 0.5, 1, or 1.5 g tree^{? 1} over 4 weeks at 3-d intervals beginning at the stage of bud break. Plants that did not receive B via drip irrigation system served as a control. Drip B fertigation effectively increased water-soluble B concentrations in the soil and the status of this microelement in leaves of current season shoots. However, the B fertigation had no effect on tree vigor. In 2 out of 3 years, the drip B fertigation improved flower B status, fruit set, and yield. The efficiency of the drip B fertigation was not influenced by B rate. In all growing seasons, the drip B fertigation increased B level and a soluble solids concentration in the fruit flesh, but had no effect on mean fruit weight, color, titratable acidity, and fruit firmness. It was concluded that on coarse-textured soils with low B availability, the drip B fertigation of mature apple trees in high-density orchards can be recommended from the stage of bud burst to petal fall at a rate of 0.5 g tree^{? 1}.     

地表覆盖及生理生态因子对苹果树光合特性的影响

以9年生长枝富士苹果树为研究对象,利用LI-6400便携式光合测定系统监测不同地表覆盖模式下盛果期苹果树净光合速率、蒸腾速率日变化,并对与净光合速率和蒸腾速率相关的环境因子及生理子的相互关系进行分析.结果表明,清耕和生草处理的净光合速率(Pn)日变化为双峰型,地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖和砂石覆盖的净光合速率(Pn)日变化进程为单峰型;蒸腾速率(Tr)日变化均为单峰型.净光合速率(Pn)与光合有效辐射(PAR)、气温(Ta)、叶温(Tl)均呈二次曲线关系;与大气相对湿度(RH)、气孔导度(Gs)呈显著正相关;与胞间CO2浓度(Ci)呈显著负相关.蒸腾速率(Tr)与光合有效辐射(PAR)为幂指数关系;与大气相对湿度(RH)呈二次曲线关系;与气温(Ta)、叶温(Tl)、气孔导度(Gs)呈显著正相关;与胞间CO2浓度(Gi)显著负相关.砂石覆盖和秸秆覆盖的净光合速率最大,不同覆盖模式下蒸腾速率日均值差异不显著,不同覆盖模式下苹果树的光合特性与各项环境因子和生理因子密切相关.     

Effect of Drip Fertigation on Yield,Water Use Efficiency,and Nutrients Availability in Banana in West Bengal,India

Field studies were conducted during 2008–2009 and 2009–2010 at the Gangetic alluvial plains of West Bengal, India, to assess the different levels of drip fertigation at variable evaporation replenishment compared to surface irrigation and conventional soil fertilization on yield, water use efficiency, and nutrients availability in plant and ratoon crop of banana. The experiment was laid in an Augmented Factorial Complete Block Design with three replications having three drip irrigation schedules at 50%, 60%, and 70% of cumulative pan evaporation (CPE) and three drip fertigation schedules at 50%, 60%, and 80% of recommended nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizers with inclusion of conventional surface irrigation at 100% of IW/CPE. The results showed that fruit yield of plant and ratoon crop increased progressively with increasing levels of irrigation water (up to 60% CPE) and NPK fertigation through the drip system. However, maximum fruit yield and water use efficiency of crops was obtained with drip irrigation at 60% CPE with NPK fertigation at 80% of recommended dose. Drip irrigation, as a whole, registered higher fruit yields and water use efficiency with savings of 38.3–41.5% of water compared to surface irrigation. Availability of N, P, and K in soil at vegetative, shooting, and harvesting stages for plant and ratoon crop consistently increased with increasing rate of irrigation water and NPK fertigation through the drip system. Higher availability of macronutrients in soil was recorded with drip irrigation at 70% CPE with 80% of recommended drip NPK fertigation. Overall drip fertigation system improved the available plant nutrients in the soil as compared with traditional surface irrigation.     

滴灌施肥时机对设施蔬菜产量品质与氮肥利用效率的影响

为了提高设施蔬菜滴灌水肥利用效率,在日光温室内开展了为期15个月不同滴灌施肥时机对设施蔬菜产量品质、土壤-蔬菜系统中氮素分布、氮素平衡和氮素利用效率的研究。结果表明:滴灌施肥时机对果实产量、全氮和硝酸盐含量有显著影响,灌水中前期施肥处理产量、全氮和硝酸盐含量均较高,随着施肥时段向后推移,蔬菜吸收氮素先增大后减小;灌水后期施肥处理在收获后各层土壤硝态氮含量最低且消耗量最高,灌水中期施肥处理土壤-蔬菜系统表观损失和氮盈余小,较其他处理低15.35%~59.13%;灌水中期施肥处理氮肥偏生产力和氮肥表观利用率高于前后期施肥处理,3茬平均氮肥表观利用率T2处理高于其他处理7.09%,7.41%,11.48%。施肥时机对土壤-蔬菜系统产量品质和氮素分布等综合影响明显,推荐滴灌施肥过程中尽量使施肥时机保持在灌水过程的中期。     

膜下滴灌不同灌水定额对玉米根系生长的影响

玉米根系的分布特征受多种因素的制约,其中影响最大的有土壤水分和生育期阶段等,通过分析不同灌水处理条件下,不同生育期,土壤深度与根长密度和根重密度的关系,研究膜下滴灌玉米各生育期根系在不同灌水定额处理下的分布规律,利用大田代表植株挖根试验得到的实测数据进行根长密度和根重密度计算。结果表明:根长在表层土壤中,随着水分的胁迫减轻,呈现增大趋势,深层反之,而且最大根深出现在80 cm处,在大喇叭期,处理1在20 cm土层根长密度最小（77.27 mm/cm³）,处理9最大（143.31 mm/cm³）,在40 cm土层,处理8的根长密度最小（16.11 mm/cm³）,处理1最大（24.89 mm/cm³）。根重密度与根长密度的规律基本一致,水分胁迫能促进根系向下伸长,在玉米拔节期,处理1在20 cm以上土层根干重仅占总根干重的67.9%,而处理9在20 cm则达到了90.2%。随着生育期的推进,表层根重密度随灌水量增大而增大,在大喇叭期,处理1的根重密度为8.16×10^-4 g/cm³,处理7为2.358×10^-3 g/cm³ 。水分胁迫使得根系深扎吸取水分来补偿亏缺,并且根变得较细较小,这说明根系自身会做出水分适应性环境调整,以达到重要机制的平衡。     

棉花膜下滴灌毛管布置方式的试验研究

根据2000年5～8月在新疆石河子121团土壤改良实验站进行了大田棉花膜下滴灌毛管布置形式的试验研究,毛管间距110cm基本能满足外行棉花对水分的需求。通过对3种不同毛管间距条件下棉花株高、叶面积、根长、产量和品质的比较,毛管间距110cm,一条毛管灌溉4行棉花的布置方式较好。它比常规布置方式可节省毛管用量1/3左右,可以大幅度降低膜下滴灌系统的投资     

膜下滴灌棉花的土壤干旱诊断指标与灌水决策

通过利用烘干法和中子仪法对膜下滴灌棉花和常规沟灌棉花的土壤干旱情况进行诊断试验,该文对所选的两种干旱诊断指标—作物适宜土壤含水率和作物缺水指标CWSI的特点进行了研究。试验和分析表明,两种灌水方式下的棉花生长对土壤水分环境的要求是一致的。另外,两种指标所反映出的规律也基本相同。但是,因膜下滴灌棉花的耐旱性弱,受旱风险大,在生产中进行灌水决策时,其干旱诊断指标应比常规灌时灌水量稍大     

灌溉定额对膜下滴灌玉米生理性状及产量的影响

通过不同灌溉定额对膜下滴灌套播玉米生理性状及产量指标影响的研究,为套播玉米膜下滴灌栽培技术的应用和推广提供科学依据。在田间试验条件下,设置不同灌溉定额处理3 000 m³/hm²（D1）,4 500 m³/hm²（D2）,5 250 m³/hm²（D3）,6 000 m³/hm²（D4）和6 750 m³/hm²（D5）和常规地面灌（CK）处理,采用随机区组试验设计,研究不同灌溉定额对套播玉米生理性状和产量指标的影响。不同灌溉定额下套播玉米茎粗、株高、叶面积和SPAD值随灌溉定额的增加而增大,表现出D5 > D4 > D3 > D2 > D1,玉米整个生育期高灌溉定额（D5）比低灌溉定额（D1）分别平均提高21.74%,17.36%,18.73%,18.50%;产量及产量构成在一定灌溉定额下（3 000~6 000 m³/hm²）随灌溉定额的增加而增大,超过一定的灌溉定额（> 6 000 m³/hm²）对玉米的产量及产量构成无显著提高。膜下滴灌条件下,南疆套播玉米灌溉定额在5 250~6 000 m³/hm²内比较合适。     

西北干旱区戈壁葡萄膜下滴灌需水量和灌溉制度

为了取得高产、实现高水分利用率及达到节水的目的,通过野外定位试验在西北干旱荒漠气候区进行葡萄覆膜与不覆膜滴灌的灌溉制度的试验研究。结果表明,膜下滴灌第一种处理T1（240mm）比不覆膜常规滴灌CK（360mm）节水33%,生育期内浆果生长期日耗水量最大,为需水关键期。在当地气候、土壤及试验研究的栽培模式下,葡萄全生育期的灌水量是240mm;葡萄的灌溉制度为全生育期内灌水12次,灌水定额为10～20mm,这种滴灌与覆膜技术相结合的灌溉方法能显著提高葡萄的水分利用效率和产量,为西北干旱荒漠戈壁葡萄园膜下滴灌提供了一种优质高效的节水灌溉模式。     

棉花膜下滴灌土壤盐分运移规律分析

为探讨棉花滴灌方式下土壤水盐运移规律,在棉花不同生育期运用烘干法和电导法,从水平方向和垂直方向测定距离滴灌带不同距离的土壤含水量和土壤盐分,结果表明:膜下滴灌条件下棉花整个生育期土壤盐分含量的运移规律为:一水前土壤中的含盐量以垂直方向0-10 cm土层内最大,随生育期的推后各土层含盐量都有不同程度的增加,土壤产生积盐现象.滴头处各土层含盐量相对较低,主要因为滴头下水分不断下滴下渗,使该处各层土壤中的盐分亦随水移动而被淋洗到浸润体外缘,从而使主要根系层的土壤形成了一个低盐区.     

滴灌条件下秸秆覆盖与施肥对夏玉米水肥利用效率的影响

为探索秸秆覆盖与滴灌施肥结合栽培模式下夏玉米水肥利用效率和增产效果,于2014—2015年在北京市大兴区进行无施肥覆盖(T1)、无施肥不覆盖(T2)、中肥覆盖(T3)、中肥不覆盖(T4)、高肥覆盖(T5)和高肥不覆盖(T6)6种试验。结果表明:表层土壤温度和气温具有高度线性相关关系,秸秆覆盖可降低夏玉米生长季土壤温度的增温速率,T1、T3和T5较T2、T4和T6处理的土壤增温速率分别降低23.62%,13.65%和11.47%,全生育期秸秆覆盖较不覆盖日均土壤温度平均降低1.75℃;滴灌条件下秸秆覆盖影响0—60cm土层的水分分布变化,对0—20cm土层土壤含水率保水效果明显,2014年秸秆覆盖较不覆盖土壤含水率平均提高11.73%,2015年平均提高9.56%;秸秆覆盖下E/ET较不覆盖平均减少6.99%,生育期内抽雄—灌浆阶段夏玉米耗水强度最高;2年试验T3获得籽粒产量最高,较T2提高27.62%,较T6提高15.83%,同时水分利用效率和肥料偏生产力表现最优,分别为23.73kg/(hm2·mm)和40.33kg/kg。本研究表明滴灌条件下中肥覆盖对表层土壤具有降低增温速率的效应,起到增产的同时对提高水分利用效率和肥料偏生产力的作用较优。     

膜下滴灌灌水量对土壤水热影响及地下水补给耗水响应

为探求灌水量对棉田地温和生育期地下水补给棉花耗水比例的影响,设置了4种不同膜下滴灌灌水量(3 000,3 750,4 500,5 250m~3/hm~2)进行野外均衡场试验研究。结果表明:灌水量一定时,浅层土壤受气温影响更为显著;同一气象条件下、同一土层地温和土壤有效积温均随灌水量的增加而降低,当灌水量增加75%时,有效积温降低11.3%,同时温度变幅也相对变小;灌水量越大,棉花耗水量及地下水补给作物水量也随之增大。当灌水量从3 000m~3/hm~2增加到5 250m~3/hm~2时,棉花的耗水量增加146.3%,地下水补给比例增加540%,而棉花需水敏感期地下水补给量则增加152.93mm,需水敏感期的地下水补给量最大,但日均地下水补给量随棉花生育期的延长而增大,且各处理的水分利用效率差异不大。此外,在地温较高的夏季高温期(花铃期和吐絮期)以及灌水量较小时,夜间地下水补给作物水量大于或接近白天补给量,说明地温影响地下水的向上补给水量和补给时段。此研究可为合理高效利用农业水资源和优化膜下滴灌棉花灌溉制度提供有效依据。     

Soil Salinity Dynamics under Drip Irrigation and Mulch Film and Their Effects on Cotton Root Length

A field experiment based on a monolith method using flooding irrigation under mulch film (FI) as a control was conducted to investigate soil salinity dynamics under drip irrigation with mulch film (DI) and its effects on cotton root length. The average soil salinity increased with duration of irrigation, but salt distribution in the soil profile was uneven and showed strong accumulation in the soil between adjacent mulch films. With advancing growth of cotton plants, the area of salt accumulation gradually expanded, especially from 110 to 125 days after sowing (DAS), when salinity distinctly increased in the 0- to 40-cm soil depth and at distances 30–70 cm from drip lines; the electrical conductivity (EC) under DI in all soil samples was at least 3 mS cm^?1 and in some cases exceeded 5 mS cm^?1. Root length declined significantly by 18.1% from 110 to 125 DAS under DI. The soil area showing the greatest decline in root length under DI coincided with the main site of salt accumulation. Correlation analysis of soil EC and root length density indicated the root length declined when soil salt content exceeded 2.8 mS cm^?1. However, under FI salt accumulation barely exceeded 2.8 mS cm^?1 and no reduction in root length was observed. The results indicated that the main reason for decreased root length in cotton under DI was localized accumulation of salinity.     

覆膜和密度对宁南旱地马铃薯产量及水分利用效率的影响

以庄薯3号为供试材料,采用大田试验,研究覆膜对不同栽培密度条件下土壤储水量、马铃薯产量构成、产量以及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:地膜覆盖可明显提高0—40,40—100 cm土壤储水量,提高了马铃薯块茎产量（25.2%）和水分利用效率（28.0%）;不论覆膜与否,适宜的马铃薯密度可提高马铃薯产量和水分利用效率,趋势为6.0万株/hm² > 7.5万株/hm² > 4.5万株/hm²,但地膜覆盖优于裸地。因此,在宁南旱地马铃薯覆膜栽培条件下密度为6.0万株/hm²时,能有效减少土壤水分消耗,同时实现马铃薯高产。     

石灰岩弃渣与农田土复配土壤水分蒸发及覆盖物保水性能

探究矿山废弃地弃渣与农田土复配后土壤的水分蒸发特性,以及覆盖物添加对水分蒸发的影响,对矿山恢复中土壤水分管理和改善具有实际意义。以石灰岩矿山废弃地现场的弃渣和附近农田土为复配材料,设置0∶10(T1),3∶7(T2),5∶5(T3),7∶3(T4),10∶0(T5)体积比例,在野外条件下采用土柱法模拟土壤水分蒸发过程,探究复配比例对土壤水分蒸发的影响以及不同覆盖物的保水性能。结果表明：(1)试验前和试验后表层复配土壤含水量均表现为T1>T2>T3>T4>T5,蒸发中期的逐日蒸发量和蒸发结束的累计蒸发量均随弃渣体积比例增加呈极显著降低趋势,不同复配土壤在蒸发前期和蒸发后期的逐日蒸发量没有显著性差异。(2)气象因子中,温度、风速对土壤水分蒸发的影响大于太阳辐射,相对湿度的影响不显著。土壤物理性质中,除毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度与土壤水分蒸发达极显著相关外,其他因子均达显著水平。(3)裸土地添加覆盖物均能降低水分蒸发,根据蒸发量和蒸发速度分析得出,砾石覆盖(直径2～4 cm、厚度5 cm)效果最佳。(4)石灰岩矿山废弃地土壤重构最佳保水搭配方案为弃渣∶农田土以3∶7体积...     

秸秆覆盖畦田灌溉水流特性及灌水质量分析

在陕西杨凌张家岗村覆盖玉米秸秆的冬小麦地进行了畦田规格和灌水技术要素对灌水效率和灌溉均匀度影响的田间试验,并SRFR406软件对秸秆覆盖畦灌的水流推进进行了数学模拟.结果表明,给出的地面灌溉模型及软件可较好的模拟秸秆覆盖畦田水流运动.畦田规格与技术要素的选择对灌水效率及灌水均匀度均有影响.在覆盖秸秆畦田以畦长小于50 m,畦宽2～3 m,单宽流量以6～8 L/(m·s),坡度以3‰～5‰为宜.为提高秸秆覆盖灌水效率,应加强耕作管理,消除反坡.     

覆盖和密度调控对女贞人工林土壤水季节性影响

为寻求降低林地土壤蒸发量的经营措施,以江都地区6 a生女贞人工林为例,研究了稻草、枯落物、石砾覆盖以及50%和70%强度移植对其土壤含水量季节动态的影响,以及含水量与毛管孔隙度、温度等关系。结果表明:覆盖增加土壤表层含水量,4,11月稻草覆盖的保水效果最好,7月枯落物覆盖的保水效果最好,石砾覆盖缩小各土壤层间含水量差异。随移植强度增大,覆盖对表层土壤含水量的增加效果减弱,土壤保水性降低。研究可为建设节水型绿地提供一定的科学依据。     

充分灌与调亏灌溉条件下苹果树微喷灌的耗水量研究

田间试验设置有两个处理：整个生育期以蒸发量的80％灌溉的充分灌处理；6月中旬到7月中旬以蒸发量的40％灌溉，而其它季节恢复以蒸发量的80％灌溉的调亏灌溉处理（RDI）。 试验得出了苹果树微喷灌在上述两种灌溉条件下不同生育期的日均耗水量与蒸发皿系数。与充分灌比较，调亏灌溉处理的产量基本上没有受到影响，而灌水量减少了17%～20％，耗水量减少了10.2%～11.2%，并有效地抑制了枝条生长。