“多效好”对提高优质米产量及品质作用的研究

本试验用240ppm“多效好”分别在优质米“白优香”的孕穗期、始穗期及灌浆期作叶面喷施,早造每亩增产稻谷17.73kg,晚造增产22.83kg;精米品质也得到提高,蛋白质,早造提高1.63％,晚造提高0.40％;脂肪,早造提高0.20％,晚造提高0.05％;直()淀粉,早造降低1.60％,晚造降低6.60％;氨基酸,早造在17种氨基酸中有15种提高,总氨基酸含量提高0.63％,晚造在17种氨基酸中有12种提高,总氨基酸含量提高0.20％.表明“多效好”有较好的提高产量及改善品质的作用。     

硅处理对镉锌胁迫下水稻产量及植株生理特性的影响

以郑稻18为材料,通过盆栽试验研究了镉(Cd)、锌(Zn)污染胁迫和硅(Si)处理对水稻产量、不同生育时期植株生理特性的影响,从而揭示硅缓解Cd、Zn胁迫的生理机制。结果表明,水稻植株受到Cd、Zn毒害时,不同生育期植株生物量、产量、叶片叶绿素含量及可溶性蛋白质含量均显著下降,而叶片质膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、可溶性糖含量和过氧化物(POD)活性显著增加。施硅处理显著提高水稻植株对重金属的抗性,主要反映在植株生物量显著增加,叶片叶绿素含量及可溶性蛋白质含量显著上升,而叶片质膜透性、MDA含量、POD活性和可溶性糖含量显著降低,产量显著增加,说明硅缓解植株体内重金属毒害的代谢机制与其对抗氧化酶系统的调控作用及作物抗性的提高有关。     

诱抗剂对水稻幼苗耐盐性的诱导作用

本试验对水稻幼苗做诱抗剂处理并进行盐胁迫,测定了不同品种幼苗各性状耐盐性诱导率,并进一步对品种R6幼苗的生理特性分析。结果表明,诱抗剂对不同水稻品种幼苗的耐盐性诱导率有明显差异,品种R6的根长诱导率最高;用诱抗剂处理水稻品种R6后,耐盐能力比盐胁迫对照显著提高,表现为增加了根系活跃吸收表面积、叶绿素含量和可溶性糖含量,明显增强了根系活力,降低丙二醛含量。诱抗剂还具有调节IAA和ABA内源激素含量及其分布的作用。     

辐照处理对Bt水稻苗期生理生化特性的影响

分别以50、100、150、250和350Gy的60Co γ射线处理Bt水稻成熟干种子,将其培养成实生苗,进行苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等的活性以及叶绿素含量、根系活力和种子萌发时淀粉酶活性的检测,并观察水稻苗期的生长状况,以研究不同辐射强度对Bt水稻...     

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSES RESULTING FROM CADMIUM AND ZINC ACCUMULATION IN CARROT PLANTS

The interactive effect of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) bioaccumulation on physiological and biochemical characteristics of carrot (Daucus carota L. var Pusa Kesar) plants grown with different levels of Cd and Zn was examined. The combined application of Cd and Zn (Cd+Zn) had synergistic and antagonistic effects at low and high concentrations, respectively, on Cd accumulations in plants, chlorophyll b, and photosynthesis and transpiration rates. Whereas both low and high Cd+Zn concentrations had synergistic effects on Zn accumulation, ascorbic acid, protein content, total phenols, peroxidase activity, chlorophyll a, total, carotenoids and stomatal conductance. Bioaccumulation of Cd had strong and negative relationships with measured physiological and biochemical parameters. The study further showed that Cd and Zn in combination have more toxic effects on carrot plants as compared to their individual treatments. This study concludes that interactive effects of Cd and Zn on test plant depend on their ratios present in plants.     

EFFICACY OF SUPPLEMENTAL CALCIUM ON THE GROWTH OF THREE RICE GENOTYPES DIFFERING IN SALT TOLERANCE

The effect of supplemental calcium (Ca) on the growth of three rice genotypes PVSB9, NS15, and Pokkali were assessed. Different morphological characters were studied among which the percent relative- plant height, total tillers, root dry weight (RDW), shoot dry weight (SDW), and total dry matter (TDM) were higher in Pokkali and PVSB9, but lower in NS15 under different salinity and supplemental Ca levels. These morphological characteristics significantly decreased with increasing salinity levels grown at different Ca levels, but significantly increased with increasing supplemental Ca levels. The interaction effect of genotypes and salinity levels, and genotypes and Ca levels were significant, where a negative relationship with increasing salinity levels and a positive relationship with increasing supplemental Ca levels were found. The interaction effect of salinity and Ca levels on all morphological parameters was significant, where these characteristics increased due to increasing the supplemental Ca levels at all the levels of salinity.     

大麦盐害及耐盐机理的研究进展

大麦是禾谷作物中较为耐盐的粮食作物。然而在盐胁迫环境下,Na+能把膜系统中的其他离子置换下来,使细胞过多地吸收Na+和Cl-,从而导致细胞膜系统受损、DNA降解、植物营养亏缺、生理干旱以及细胞死亡等伤害。大麦自身在受到盐分胁迫下,耐盐机制有:离子的选择性吸收、拒盐排盐性、渗透调节物质的合成以及离子在植株体内的运输交换。进行大麦耐盐性选择时,萌发力、耐盐指数、Na+/K+和渗透调节物质的合成能力,都是比较重要的选择标准。基于大麦较好的耐盐性,可通过遗传育种改良、化学控制、耕作等措施和途径提高大麦的耐盐抗盐能力,减轻盐害,提高大麦产量和品质。     

EFFECT OF ZINC NUTRITION ON GROWTH,YIELD, AND QUALITY OF FORAGE SORGHUM IN RESPECT WITH INCREASING POTASSIUM APPLICATION RATES

A two-year field study was conducted to determine the effect of two zinc (Zn) levels [0 and 10 kg zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) ha^?1] in respect with four potassium (K) levels (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg K₂O ha^?1) on growth, yield and quality of forage sorghum. The soil of the experimental field was loamy sand (Inceptisol), carrying 70, 08, 77, and 0.51 mg nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), K, and Zn kg^?1 soil, respectively. Increasing K levels significantly improved most of the growth, yield, and quality attributes gradually irrespective of the Zn levels. Zinc applied at 10 kg ZnSO₄ ha^?1 proved significantly better than no zinc application at various K application rates. The benefit of zinc application increased progressively with increasing K rates for most of the parameters studied, indicating significant response of the crop to positive K × Zn interaction in plants in respect with K and Zn application to the soil. Accordingly, 60 kg K₂O ha^?1 applied with10 kg ZnSO₄ ha^?1 boosted most of the attributes maximally. It resulted in about 20–40% increase in growth attributes, 25% increase in fresh matter yield, 36–38% increase in dry matter yield, and 38% increase in protein yield compared to the comparable K level applied without zinc. It also enhanced N uptake by 38%, P uptake by 5–19%, K uptake by 40–42%, and Zn uptake by 114–144%. Across the K rates, application of 10 kg ZnSO₄ surpassed no zinc application by 30–35% in N uptake, by 8–15% in P uptake, by 33–36% in K uptake, by 120–140% in Zn uptake, by 19–21% in fresh matter yield, by 29–31% in dry matter yield, and by 30–34% in protein yield.     

MODULATION IN YIELD AND JUICE QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF CITRUS FRUIT FROM TREES SUPPLIED WITH ZINC AND POTASSIUM FOLIARLY

Citrus, especially K innow (Citrus deliciosa × Citrus nobilis), fruit yield and quality in Pakistan is not competitive with that of other countries which could be mainly attributed to the lack of good nutrient management for citrus orchards. The yield losses in this fruit crop occur mainly due to heavy fruit dropping. Experiments to overcome these problems were conducted at four different sites one each in Faisalabad, Toba Tek Singh, Jhang and Sargodha districts of Punjab, Pakistan. The soil and leaf chemical analysis showed severe deficiency of Zn and our pervious results have shown that soil amendment with potassium (K) at 75 K₂O kg ha^?1 improved the citrus fruit yield and quality at all selected sites. In the present experiments, effect of foliar application of Zn and K alone or in combination was studied on nutrient uptake, fruit yield, fruit dropping and juice quality. The fruit trees were pretreated with a selected K level of sulfate of potash (SOP) or muriate of potash (MOP), i.e., 75 kg K₂O ha^?1 along with recommended nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) doses. Zinc [Zn, 1% zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) solution], K [1% potassium sulfate (K₂SO₄) solution] and Zn + K (solution containing 0.5% each of ZnSO₄ and K₂SO₄) were sprayed at the onset of spring and flush of leaves or flowers, fruit formation and at color initiation on fruit. Overall, application of Zn, K or Zn + K was effective in improving the nutrient uptake, yield and quality parameters of citrus fruit at all sites. Fruit dropping was also reduced by the foliar spray of Zn, K or Zn + K but the most promising results were recorded with foliar spray containing both Zn and K.     

EFFECTS OF SALINITY AND SOIL ZINC APPLICATION ON GROWTH AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PISTACHIO SEEDLINGS

The effects of four salinity levels [0, 1000, 2000, and 3000 mg sodium chloride (NaCl) kg^?1 soil] and three zinc (Zn) levels [0, 5, and 10 mg kg^?1 soil as zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄.7 H₂O)] on growth and chemical composition of pistachio seedlings (Pistacia vera L.) cv. ‘Badami’ were studied in a calcareous soil under greenhouse conditions in a completely randomized design with three replications. After 26 weeks, the dry weights of leaves, stems and roots were measured and the total leaf area determined. Salinity decreased leaf, stem, and root dry weights and leaf area, while this effect diminished with increasing Zn levels. Zn fertilization increased leaf, stem and root Zn concentrations, leaf potassium (K) concentration, and stem and root sodium (Na) concentrations, while decreased leaf Na concentration, and stem and root K concentrations. Salinity stress decreased leaf, stem, and root Zn concentrations, and leaf K concentration, while salinity increased leaf, stem and root Na concentrations, and stem and root K concentrations. Proline accumulation increased with increasing salinity levels, whereas the reverse trend was observed for reducing sugar contents. Zn application decreased proline concentration but increased reducing sugar contents. These changes might have alleviated the adverse effects of salinity stress.     

叶面喷硒对水稻籽粒硒富集及分布的影响

在大田试验条件下，研究了江苏省苏南地区水稻（龙晴4号、86优8和丙9652）叶面喷施和未喷施亚硒酸钠对水稻籽粒硒含量、硒的形态及对蛋白质结合态硒的影响。结果表明：叶面喷施亚硒酸钠10g hm^-2，可使该地区水稻籽粒硒含量达255．3—586．5μg kg^-1，是不喷硒的7．9-11．0倍。无论喷硒还是未喷硒，水稻籽粒硒主要以有机硒的形态存在，有机硒含量占总硒量的87．72％-90．98％，对产量没有显著差异。总体看来，叶面喷硒可以显著提高籽粒蛋白结合态硒含量，籽粒蛋白质结合的硒占有机硒的43．07％-51．65％，占总硒的38．04％-48．98％。叶面喷硒与对照相比，二个品种（龙晴4号与丙9652）籽粒的蛋白谱带基本一致，只是喷硒的水稻籽粒在14～20kDa之间增加了一些蛋白条带，这可能是由于喷硒增加了一些小分子蛋白质的合成。     

水稻无叶枕基因克隆及应用研究

本研究报道由早籼品种广陆矮4号经60Coγ射线辐射诱变产生的水稻无叶枕突变体Oslg1-3。该水稻无叶枕性状受单隐性基因控制,通过图位克隆的方法将基因定位在第4号染色体,并最终克隆出该基因。除了无叶枕以外,Oslg1-3突变体的叶角即叶片与叶鞘之间的夹角也很小,因而叶片直立,可以用来培育叶片直立型水稻新品种。田间试验分析表明,经过遗传改良的Oslg1-3品系在合理密植的条件下能够显著提高水稻的产量,显示出该突变体材料在水稻育种实践中具有重要的应用价值。     

水稻氮效率基因型差异及其机理研究进展

提高氮效率是当前水稻生产中亟待解决的问题。针对水稻基因型间氮效率差异的客观事实,从根系、叶片光合与衰老、库容量、氮代谢、物质生产与分配、产量及其构成等方面,详细阐述了水稻氮效率基因型差异的机理。对研究中存在的问题进行了探讨,并对水稻氮效率与高产的协同进行了展望。     

杂交水稻及其花粉植株后代某些生理生化特性比较研究

杂交水稻(Oryza sative)汕优桂34F_1的三个花培品系89 AH-97,89 AH-167和88AHW-16叶绿素含量在分蘖盛期明显低于亲本汕优桂34F_1,在孕穗期则差异不大。但三个花培品系的净光合强度在分蘖盛期与汕优桂34F_1无明显差异,在孕穗期则显著地高于汕优桂34F_1。各品系的乙醇酸氧化酶活性均无明显差别。同时,三个花培品系的硝酸还原酶活性和核酸量均极显著高于汕优桂34F_1,其可溶性蛋白质含量在分蘖盛期和孕穗期亦均显著地高于汕优桂34F_1。经4℃低温处理后,三个花培品系脯氨酸含量增加率极显著地低于汕优桂34F_1,其超氧物歧化酶(SOD)活性下降率则极显著地高于汕优桂34F_1。而三个花培品系的酯酶和SOD等同工酶谱无质的差别,只有某些酶带的活性与汕优桂34F_1有不同程度的差异。以上结果表明,通过花药(粉)培养所得植株后代可相对地将杂交水稻亲本某些优良性状“稳定”下来。     

EXOGENOUS APPLICATION OF POTASSIUM NITRATE TO ALLEVIATE SALT STRESS IN RICE SEEDLINGS

□ Overall growth characteristics of many plant species cultivated in soil affected by salinity could be alleviated by the application of potassium nitrate (KNO₃) to the soil. The aim of this research was to investigate salt-tolerance in a salt-sensitive rice cultivar, ‘Pathumthani 1’ (PT1), in response to the exogenous application of 11.8 mM KNO₃, in comparison to ‘Homjan’ (HJ), a salt tolerant cultivar. Water potential (ψ_w) in both the roots and leaves of PT1 seedlings under salt stress dropped significantly, while it was maintained in PT1 pretreated with KNO₃, and similarly in HJ. The reduction of leaf water potential was positively related to total chlorophyll degradation, leading to diminished chlorophyll fluorescence, directly affecting growth in plants exposed to salt stress. In salt-sensitive PT1, the application of 11.8 mM KNO₃ improved salt-tolerance via the conservation of water use efficiency, the maintenance of photosynthetic pigments, enhancement of chlorophyll a fluorescence, and stimulation of growth characters.     

我国稻米整精米率特点及环境影响因素分析

为我国稻米整精米率的提高、品种品质的改善提供参考,本文对2002-2009年度全国稻米普查抽征的5574份稻谷样品的整精米率进行影响因素分析。结果表明,我国稻米整精米率年均值总体徘徊在55.0%,地域特点为北高南低;稻米整精米率与粒长、垩白粒率呈负相关性;地理位置、气候效益等环境因素对整精米率均有一定的影响。     

稻米功能性成分的生理活性及其产品开发

本文就稻谷主副产品如淀粉、碎米、米糠、米胚和稻壳等中的主要功能性成分,包括抗性淀粉、γ氨基丁酸、多磷酸肌醇、谷维素、维生素E和二十八烷醇等的生理功能及富含特定功能因子产品的开发研究进展进行了简要综述,以期为开发与研制新型功能食品提供思路。     

灌水时期和施用硫锌对强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响

以强筋小麦济麦20为材料,在防雨棚池栽条件下,研究了灌水时期以及施用硫肥和锌肥对小麦产量和品质的影响。结果表明,小麦生育后期灌水,有利于抑制旗叶叶绿素的降解,提高了旗叶叶片含氮量,延长了旗叶的功能期,以开花期灌水最显著;施硫肥和锌肥也能减缓旗叶的衰老。籽粒产量、容重、千粒重和穗粒数均随灌水时期的推迟而增加,以开花期灌水产量最高,各灌水处理间差异显著,总穗数以春生5叶期灌水处理最高;硫肥和锌肥处理对籽粒产量及其构成因素没有显著影响。籽粒总蛋白质含量和蛋白组分,除醇溶蛋白外,均随灌水时期的推迟而降低,以春生2叶期灌水含量最高;施硫肥能够显著提高籽粒总蛋白质含量和谷蛋白含量,锌肥作用差异不显著。在干旱条件下,春生5叶期灌水有利于强筋小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的共同提高。     

YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF HYBRID RICE AS INFLUENCED BY NITROGEN FERTILIZATION AT DIFFERENT ECO-SITES

Hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars play an important role in rice production due to its high yield potential. Optimum nitrogen (N) rate is necessary to achieve the maximum yield of hybrid. The main objective of this study was to reveal the responses of yield and yield component of hybrid rice ‘Eryou 107’ to different N rates in Nanjing and Taoyuan, a special eco-site. Leaf area index (LAI), dry matter accumulation was also compared. Rice yield showed a quadratic response to N rates at both sites with maximum yields approximately 10 t ha^?1 at the 195 kg ha^?1 N rate in Nanjing and maximum yield above 18 t ha^?1 at the 375 kg ha^?1 N rate in Taoyuan. Panicle per m² was positively linear related to N rate at both sites in both years, while spikelets per panicle showed a quadratic relation. Larger sink size was the primary contributor to higher yields in Taoyuan compared with Nanjing, and panicle per m² was the main cause. With the increasing N rate, LAI increased linearly and the dry matter accumulation first increased than declined at both sites. Greater effects of N rates on yield and yield components, LAI, and biomass was observed in Taoyuan than Nanjing. Higher LAI, biomass, and larger sink size resulted in the higher yields and more N rate for maximum yields in Taoyuan, compared with Nanjing.     

施用猪粪对土壤Zn形态和菜心Zn含量的影响

采用盆栽试验的方法,研究施用猪粪对土壤和菜心Zn含量的影响,以为蔬菜安全施用畜禽粪便提供依据.结果表明,土壤全Zn、有效态Zn和菜心Zn含量均随猪粪施用量和施用茬数的增加而提高,连续2茬施用猪粪达到40g/kg时,土壤全Zn含量和菜心Zn含量分别达到266.42和21.03mg/kg,超过国家土壤质量二级标准(pH≤6...