Manganese uptake and Mn efficiency of wheat cultivars are related to Mn‐uptake kinetics and root growth

Wheat cultivars differ widely in manganese (Mn) efficiency. To investigate the reasons for different Mn efficiencies, a pot experiment with soil, a solution‐culture experiment, and model calculations were carried out. The pot experiment was conducted with wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cvs. PBW 373, PBW 154, PBW 343, PBW 138, and Triticum durum L. cvs. PBW 34 and PDW 233) grown in a screen house in India. The soil was a loamy sand with pH 8.1, DTPA‐extractable Mn 1.62 mg (kg soil)^–1, and initial soil solution Mn concentration (C_Li) of 0.19 μM. When fertilized with 50 mg Mn (kg soil)^–1, C_Li increased to 0.32 μM. At C_Li 0.19 μM, wheat cv. PBW 373 produced 74% of its maximum shoot dry weight (SDW) with 64% of its maximum root length (RL), while cv. PDW 233 produced only 25% of its maximum SDW with 11% of its maximum RL. The other wheat cultivars were between these extremes. Manganese deficiency caused a reduction in shoot growth, but more strongly reduced root growth. The low Mn efficiency of T. durum cv. PDW 233 was related to a strong depression of its root growth. Manganese influx was similar for all cultivars. In solution culture below 1 μM Mn, under controlled climate‐chamber conditions, Mn influx was linearly related to Mn concentration. Both the efficient cv. PBW 343 and the inefficient cv. PDW 233 had a similar influx. Uptake kinetic parameters from the solution experiment together with soil and plant parameters from the pot experiment were used in a mechanistic nutrient‐uptake model. Calculated values of Mn influx for wheat grown in soil were 55% to 74% of measured values. A sensitivity analysis showed that increasing C_Li or the slope of the uptake isotherm by about 30% would be enough to reach the observed influx. The results of this research indicate that an increase of Mn solubility by microbial or chemical mobilization would increase Mn uptake. But on the other hand, no chemical mobilization would be required to increase Mn uptake if the plant improved its uptake kinetics. Low Mn efficiency of some wheat cultivars was related to their reduced root growth at low soil Mn supply.     

Phosphorus Stress-Induced Differential Growth,and Phosphorus Acquisition and Use Efficiency by Spring Wheat Cultivars

ABSTRACT

Phosphorus (P) is a finite, non-renewable, and natural resource and a vital major nutrient for plant metabolic and developmental processes. However, adverse soil biogeochemical characteristics of alkaline-calcareous soils (especially Aridisols) and highly weathered acid soils (i.e., Ultisols and Oxisols) render orthophosphate (Pi) as the least available major nutrient due to P complexation, sorption, and/or fixation. In such soil environments, plant bioavailable P is only a small fraction of total soil P, seriously limiting crop growth and production. Different plant species, and even cultivars of the same species, may display a suite of growth responses that enable them to solubilize and scavenge soil P either by enhancing external Pi acquisition or reprioritizing internal Pi use under P-stress soil environments. This paper reports relative growth responses, P acquisition and P-use efficiency characteristics by 14 cultivars of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in solution culture with high/low P supply induced by applying soluble NH₄H₂PO₄, sparingly soluble rock phosphate, and Ca₃(PO₄)₂. The wheat cultivars exhibited considerable genetic diversity in biomass accumulation, P concentrations, P contents, factor (PSF) and P efficiency characteristics [i.e., P utilization efficiency (PUE), P efficiency (PE), and PE ratio (PER)]. Plant growth and PE parameters were significantly correlated, while P uptake was linearly related with biomass increase and solution pH decrease. The wheat cultivars with high PUE, PER and P uptake, and low PSF, and plant P concentration were more efficient in utilizing P and, hence, more tolerant under P-stress environment. Biomass and P contents of “P efficient/low-P tolerant” wheat cultivars were superior to “P inefficient/low-P sensitive” cultivars at all P-stress levels. Hence, “P efficient/low-P tolerant” cultivars are the most desirable wheat genotypes for P-stress environments because they are able to scavenge more P from sparingly soluble P sources or soil-bound P forms.     

花后土壤干旱和渍水对不同专用小麦籽粒品质的影响

在温室盆栽条件下,以4个籽粒蛋白质含量不同的小麦基因型为材料,研究了花后土壤干旱(SRWC=45%～50%)、渍水和适宜水分条件(SRWC=75%～80%)下小麦籽粒主要品质特性。干旱显著提高各品种籽粒蛋白质含量、谷蛋白含量及谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比值,并显著提高面粉干/湿面筋含量。渍水显著降低了籽粒谷蛋白含量及谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比值。干旱和渍水均显著降低籽粒淀粉产量和支链淀粉含量,直链淀粉含量提高,从而不同程度地降低籽粒直/支链淀粉比。干旱和渍水对各品种籽粒面筋指数、沉降值和降落值的影响因品种而异。与对照相比,干旱和渍水下小麦籽粒各品质性状间的相关性降低,表明土壤水分逆境下各籽粒品质特征值与正常水分条件下差异明显,从而改变了专用小麦的籽粒品质特性。     

保持耕作麦田水分动态及水土流失的研究

通过对豫西夏休闲坡耕地不同耕作方式下冬小麦田水分变化规律及其生态效益的研究 ,结果表明 :免耕、深松的土体内含水量、接纳降水能力均明显高于传统耕作 ,免耕与深松处理降水贮蓄率分别比传统高 1 3 .3 3 %和 5 .84% ,能促使降水在不同坡位中均匀分布 ,其中免耕优于深松。免耕条件下 ,提高了冬小麦出苗率 ,明显地促进生长发育 ,产量比传统耕作增产了1 9.3 % ,水分利用效率也提高了 1 7.5 % ;深松也提高了冬小麦出苗率 ,但对冬小麦生长发育影响不明显 ,产量比传统耕作增产了 9.4% ,水分利用效率提高了 8.5 %。     

Differential Growth Performance of 15 Wheat Genotypes for Grain Yield and Phosphorus Uptake on a Low Phosphorus Soil Without and With Applied Phosphorus Fertilizer

ABSTRACT

Two field experiments were conducted to compare 15 wheat genotypes at two phosphorus (P) levels (zero-P control or low P level—without application of P fertilizer on soil with 8 mg extractable P kg^?1, and adequate P level—with P fertilizer applied at 52 kg P ha^?1) for yield, P uptake, and P utilization efficiency (P efficiency ratio—PER, P harvest index—PHI, and P physiological efficiency index—PPEI). On the average of two experiments, substantial and significant differences were observed among wheat genotypes for both grain and straw yields at both P levels. Grain yields ranged from 2636 to 4455 kg ha^?1 in the zero-P control, and from 2915 to 4753 kg ha^?1 at adequate P level. Genotype 5039 produced the maximum grain yield, while 6529-11 had the minimum grain yield at both P levels. Relative reduction in grain yield due to P deficiency stress (PSF) ranged from none to 32%, indicating differential P requirements of genotypes. Genotypes 4943, Pasban 90, Inqlab 91, PB 85, Lu 26s, 4770, Chakwal 86, 4072, 6544-6, and 5039 had little or no response to P application. Phosphorus responsive genotypes included FSD 83, Kohinoor 83, Parvaz-94, Pak 81, and 6529-11. A non-significant correlation (r = ?0.466, P > 0.05) between grain and PSF in zero-P control treatment also indicated the least effect of P deficiency on some wheat genotypes. A wide range of PPEI (270–380 kg grain kg^?1 P absorbed in grain + straw at control P level, and 210–330 kg grain kg^?1 P absorbed in grain + straw at adequate P level) indicated differential utilization of absorbed P by the genotypes for grain production. This indicated that wheat genotypes differed considerably in their P requirement for growth and responsiveness to P application. The findings also suggested that PPEI was a better parameter for measuring P efficiency than other parameters, and can be used for selecting P efficient genotypes, because it relates to the internal concentration of a nutrient and genetic makeup of plant. It is concluded that genotypes having ability to produce relatively high grain yield, good command to tune P within plant and high PPEI are suited to low P soil conditions. Genotypes 4072, Inqlab 91, 4943, Pak 81 and 5039 were P efficient and had above mentioned abilities, while genotypes FSD 83, 6544-6, and 6529-11 were P inefficient. It should be noted that traits related to P efficiency are inheritable and can be used to improve P use efficiency of a genotype through back cross breeding programs.     

Response of Wheat Plants to Zinc,Iron, and Manganese Applications and Uptake and Concentration of Zinc,Iron, and Manganese in Wheat Grains

This experiment was conducted at Zahak Agricultural Research Station in the Sistan region in southeast Iran. A factorial design with three replications was used to determine the effects of zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) applications on wheat yield, Zn, Fe, and Mn uptakes and concentrations in grains. Four levels of Zn [soil applications of 0, 40, and 80 kg ha^?1 and foliar application of 0.5% zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) solution], two levels of iron sulfate (FeSO₄; 0 and 1%) as foliar application, and two levels of Mn (0 and 0.5%) also as foliar application were used in this study. Results showed that the interactive effects of Zn and Mn were significant on the number of grains in each spike. The highest number of grains resulted from the application of 80 kg ZnSO₄ ha^?1 and foliar Mn. The interactive effects of Zn and Fe were significant on weight of 1000 grains. The highest weight of 1000 grains resulted from application of 80 kg Zn and foliar Fe. Application of 80 kg ZnSO₄ ha^?1 alone and 80 kg ZnSO₄ ha^?1 with foliar application of Mn significantly increased grain yield in 2003. The 2‐year results showed that foliar application of Zn increased Zn concentration and Fe concentration in grains 99% and 8%, respectively. Foliar application of Fe resulted in a 21% increase in Fe concentration and a 13% increase in Zn concentration in grains. The foliar application of Mn resulted in a 7% increased in Mn concentration in grains.     

Evaluation of Different Mn Efficiency Indices and their Relation to Morphophysiological Traits in Diverse Wheat Genotypes

Wheat genotypes display differential tolerance to manganese (Mn) deficiency. Growing Mn-efficient cultivars in Mn deficient soil could be effective in improving yields. A pot experiment was conducted with eight genotypes grown in Mn deficient soil treated with 0 (no Mn fertilizer) and 50 ppm (50 mg Mn kg^?1soil applied as mangansese sulfate monohydrate (MnSO₄.H₂O) Mn. The genotypes were classified on the basis of grain yield and grain physiological efficiency as efficient and responsive (SAMNYT 410, GLUPRO 200, PBW 621, and BW 9178), efficient and nonresponsive, inefficient and responsive (HD 2967), and inefficient and nonresponsive (PDW 314, PDW 291, and PBW 636). The genotypes in different groups differed in morphophysiological characteristics; efficient and responsive genotypes recorded more leaf area, higher SPAD index, higher Fv/Fm ratio, and longer roots than inefficient and nonresponsive. Efficient and responsive genotypes are desirable by farmers, whereas inefficient and responsive genotypes in a breeding program for their Mn-responsive characteristics.     

不同栽培模式下两个旱地小麦品种籽粒灌浆特性与产量构成分析

在长武旱塬地区通过大田试验,研究了该地区主栽的两个小麦品种长武134及长旱58在不同栽培模式下,籽粒灌浆特性、旗叶叶绿素含量与产量的关系,并对产量构成及灌浆各参数进行分析。结果表明,千粒重与灌浆持续天数T_d、平均灌浆速度V_a、灌浆渐增期天数T₁、灌浆速增天数T₂、最大灌浆速度V_m均呈显著相关,通过对不同栽培模式下旗叶叶绿素含量的比较发现,有机肥与化肥的互作,可以适当延长灌浆持续时间,使籽粒获得较高的千粒重,提高了小麦的水分利用效率和收获指数。通过比较不同栽培模式下籽粒千粒重、产量的差异表明有机肥与化肥互作的栽培模式较只使用化肥的栽培模式籽粒的千粒重、产量和水分利用效率分别增加了7.527%,10.74%和23.85%。对产量构成进行分析,粒重是影响籽粒产量的主要因素。     

Fractions of Manganese in Soil under Long-Term Experiment and Their Contribution to Manganese Availability and Uptake by Maize-Wheat Cropping Sequence

Manganese (Mn) is an essential micronutrient needed for plant growth and development, but it can be toxic to plants in excess amounts. Long-term fertilizer experiment and intensive cropping alter the soil properties and also affect its plant-available Mn contents. To understand the dynamics of Mn under long-term fertilizer experiment the present study was initiated during 1972 at the experimental farm of College of Agriculture, CSK HPKV, Palampur (32° 6′ N latitude and 76° 3′ E longitude) in a randomized block design with 11 treatments replicated three times with a maize-wheat cropping sequence. The soils of the experimental area in the beginning of the experiment were acidic in reaction and taxonomically classified as Typic Hapludalfs. Surface (0.0–20 cm) and subsurface (20–40 cm) soil samples taken after the harvest of maize (kharif, 2008) were analyzed for pools of Mn and chemical indices of soil quality using standard analytical methods. Besides, the pools of Mn were also determined in the composite soil samples drawn from adjacent fallow plots. Results showed that all the pools of Mn were noticeably greater in farmyard manure (FYM)–amended plots compared to zero-fertilized plots. Although the residual fraction was found to be the most dominant fraction, organically bound and exchangeable forms were found to play major roles in the nutrient supply, crop productivity, and nutrient uptake. The greatest productivity of maize (2008) and wheat (2008–09) was recorded under the 100% nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) + FYM treatment. FYM and lime treatments resulted in significantly greater uptake of all the nutrients by both the crops compared to other treatments. The organically bound fraction was found to have the greatest significant and positive correlation with yield and nutrient uptake of maize and wheat crops. Further regression analysis studies revealed that the organic form was the most important pool contributing towards the variation in the parameters. Exchangeable and organically bound forms contributed significantly towards diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable Mn.     

不同施磷水平下灌水量对小麦水分利用特征及产量的影响

采用大田试验,设灌水和施磷2个因素,其中灌水设W0(不灌水)、W1(拔节水60mm)、W2(拔节水+开花水,每次灌水60mm)、W3(拔节水+开花水+灌浆水,每次灌水60mm)共4个水平;磷肥设P1(90kg/hm2)和P2(180kg/hm2)2个水平,研究不同施磷水平下灌水量对小麦耗水特征、旗叶水分生理特性及产量的影响。结果表明:同一施磷水平下,随灌水量的增加,灌水量占总耗水量的比例增大,而降水量和土壤供水量所占总耗水量的比例下降,且土壤供水量占总耗水量的比例降低幅度增大。与P1相比,P2处理的0-100cm土壤贮水消耗量显著大于P1处理,并且P2处理提高土壤供水量占总耗水量的比例,说明增施磷肥可提高小麦对土壤水的利用。W2和W3处理灌浆中后期旗叶相对含水量和水势高于W0和W1处理;灌浆后期旗叶相对含水量和水势为P2W0和P2W1处理显著分别高于P1W0和P1W1处理,说明增加灌水和磷肥能显著提高旗叶水势和相对含水量。在本试验条件下,施磷90kg/hm2、拔节水和开花水分别灌60mm的W2处理籽粒产量、水分和磷素利用效率高,农田耗水量较低;增加灌水量后籽粒产量无显著变化,农田耗水量增高,土壤贮水消耗量、水分利用效率、灌溉水利用效率均降低。     

Differential Growth Response of Wheat Genotypes to Ammonium Phosphate and Rock Phosphate Phosphorus Sources

ABSTRACT

A solution culture experiment was conducted to determine the response of 15 wheat genotypes for growth, phosphorus (P) uptake, and P utilization efficiency, and their adaptability to P stress conditions using adequate [250 μM P in nutrient solution as ammonium phosphate (NH₄H₂PO₄)] and stress (powdered rock phosphate suspended in nutrient solution) P supply levels. Shoot dry matter (SDM) and total plant DM (shoot + root) and P uptake were generally higher for most genotypes in adequate P than stress P level treatment, but the opposite was true for root dry matter (RDM), root: shoot ratio (RSR), and root P uptake. Relative reduction in SDM due to P deficiency stress ranged from none to 54%. Genotypes Kohinoor 83, PB 85, Parvaz 94 and 4770 did not respond to P deficiency stress for SDM production, while genotypes FSD 83, Chakwal 86, Pasban 90, 4072, 4943, 5039, 6529-11, and 6544-6 were highly responsive to P application for SDM. Shoot P uptake in genotypes at adequate P level was about 3-times higher than those genotypes grown at stress P level. Differences in P concentration of shoot ranged between 2.00 to 3.06 mg P g^?1 in stress P level treatment, and had a significant positive correlation with P harvest index (PHI) (r = 0.558?, P < 0.05) and root efficiency ratio (RER) (r = 0.611?, P < 0.05) and negative correlation with P efficiency ratio (PER) (r = ?0.909??, P < 0.01). A significantly positive correlation of P utilization index (PUI) and SDM (r = 0.784??, P < 0.01) and non-significant negative correlation (r = ?0.483) of PUI with P concentration in shoot implies that wheat genotypes with higher PUI may be selected for P deficient milieu. Genotypes with higher PUI (>0.8 g mg^?1 P) in rook phosphate treatment were Inqlab-91, Pak-81, Lu 26s, Parvaz 94, 4072, 4770, 4943, and 5039. There was no interrelationship observed between shoot P uptake and P efficiency in stress P level treatment. However, highly significant and positive correlation (r = 0.720??, P < 0.01) between PHI and RER suggested that shoot P uptake depended upon root efficiency and it increased with the increase in P uptake per unit RDM. Consequently, this resulted in increased SDM which is evident from the significant positive correlation (r = 0.833??, P < 0.01) between SDM and shoot P uptake. In summary, the findings suggest that PUI and RER may be used for selecting P efficient wheat genotypes (e.g., 4072, 4770, 4943, Pak 81, and Inqlab 91) for dry matter production and P use.     

施氮量对2个粒色小麦产量及加工品质的影响

为探究施氮量对2个不同粒色小麦品种产量和加工品质的影响,采用裂区试验设计,以白粒小麦中麦8号和黑粒小麦漯珍1号为试验材料,测定2个品种的SPAD值、产量及产量构成因素和部分加工品质指标。结果表明,在同一施氮水平下,2个品种旗叶的SPAD值随时间推移呈先升高后降低的趋势,均在花后20 d和施氮量300 kg·hm~(-2)处理下有最大值,分别为57.52和63.55,增施氮肥可以有效缓解小麦旗叶叶绿素的降解,延长旗叶功能期。在120~300 kg·hm~(-2)的施氮量范围内,除中麦8号的穗粒数在施氮量300 kg·hm~(-2)处理下有最大值外,籽粒产量及产量构成因素随施氮量增加呈先增加后降低的趋势。随施氮量的增加,容重、硬度、出粉率和吸水率逐渐增加;蛋白质含量、沉降值、湿面筋含量、形成时间、稳定时间及粉质评价值呈先升高后降低趋势,最高值出现在施氮量240 kg·hm~(-2)的处理;漯珍1号的籽粒蛋白质含量、沉降值、湿面筋、吸水率、形成时间和粉质评价值均高于中麦8号,而容重、硬度、出粉率和稳定时间反之。2个品种在施氮量240 kg·hm~(-2)处理下既提高了产量又改善了部分加工品质。本研究结果为不同粒色小麦优质高产栽培提供了理论依据。     

Internal and External Phosphorus Requirements for Optimum Grain Yield are Associated with P-utilization Efficiency of Wheat Cultivars

ABSTRACT

Considerable variation exists among wheat cultivars for phosphorus (P) acquisition and utilization to produce higher yields. We investigated critical P requirements for optimum grain yield of two wheat cultivars contrasting in P-use efficiency, i.e., NIA-Sunder (P-efficient) and NIA-Saarang (P-inefficient). Grain yield, P accumulation, and other P-efficiency relations of both cultivars increased with progressive addition of P, but at variable rates. NIA-Sunder exhibited higher grain yield, grain P concentration, harvest index, and P-use efficiency at all P levels as compared to NIA-Saarang. Internal P requirement for achieving 95% relative grain yield in NIA-Sunder and NIA-Saarang was obtained when P concentration in their grains was 4.07 and 3.48 mg g^?1 recorded at external P levels of 57.2 and 78.1 mg kg^?1 soil, respectively. Overall, NIA-Sunder accumulated 15% more grain P and required 27% less external P for attaining 95% relative yield than P-inefficient cultivar. Results suggested that internal and external P requirements aiming at optimum grain yield are associated with genotypic variations in wheat cultivars for P-utilization efficiency.     

Interaction of Iron with Copper,Zinc, and Manganese in Wheat as Affected by Iron and Manganese in a Calcareous Soil

Iron (Fe) availability is low in calcareous soils of southern Iran. The chelate Fe-ethylenediamine di (o-hydroxy-phenylacetic acid) (Fe-EDDHA), has been used as an effective source of Fe in correcting Fe deficiency in such soils. In some cases, however, its application might cause nutritional disorder due to the antagonistic effect of Fe with other cationic micronutrients, in particular with manganese (Mn). A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of soil and foliar applications of Fe and soil application of manganese (Mn) on dry matter yield (DMY) and the uptake of cationic micronutrients in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var. Ghods) in a calcareous soil. Results showed that neither soil application of Fe-EDDHA nor foliar application of Fe sulfate had a significant effect on wheat DMY. In general, Fe application increased Fe uptake but decreased that of Mn, zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu). Application of Mn increased only Mn uptake and had no significant effect on the uptake of the other cationic micronutrients. Iron treatments considerably increased the ratio of Fe to Mn, Zn, Cu, and (Mn + Zn + Cu). Failure to observe an increase in wheat DMY following Fe application is attributed to the antagonistic effect of Fe with Mn, Zn, and Cu and hence, imbalance in Fe to (Mn + Zn + Cu) ratio. Due to the nutritional disorder and imbalance, it appears that neither soil application of Fe-EDDHA nor foliar application of Fe-sulfate is appropriate in correcting Fe deficiency in wheat grown on calcareous soils. Hence, growing Fe-efficient wheat cultivars should be considered as an appropriate practice for Fe chlorosis-prone calcareous soils of southern Iran.     

水耕年限对麦季土壤水—氮动态与小麦产量的影响

为揭示水耕年限对小麦生产的影响,在江汉平原选取了3种水耕年限（2年、18年、>100年）稻—麦轮作农田,采集了小麦各生育期的土壤样品与成熟期的小麦植株样品,测定了土壤水分、硝态氮含量、铵态氮含量和小麦产量等指标,分析了土壤剖面水—氮动态分布与积累特征,及其对小麦产量的影响程度与机制。结果表明：（1）随水耕年限延长,土壤水分和氮素含量显著增加。水耕2年、18年和100年农田的0—100 cm深度剖面平均体积含水量分别为0.36,0.39,0.42 cm³/cm³。硝态氮和铵态氮在0—20 cm土层富集,水耕2年、18年和100年农田0—20 cm土层硝态氮含量分别为12.26,12.74,14.88 mg/kg,铵态氮含量分别为6.01,8.33,11.69 mg/kg。（2）小麦产量随着水耕年限的增加而降低,水耕2年、18年和100年农田小麦产量分别为4 068,3 080,2 469 kg/hm²,主要表现为降低小麦的有效穗数和单株穗粒数。（3）长年耕作稻田形成的犁底层造成耕作层土壤水分滞留,进而导致小麦产量降低,而氮素含量差异未显著影响小麦产量,需要通过改善农田排水状况以降低长水耕年限农田的小麦渍害风险。     

Differences in Nodulation and Grain Yield on Common Bean Cultivars with Different Growth Cycles

The common bean can obtain nitrogen (N) from the decomposition of the soil organic matter, mineral fertilizers, and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). This study aimed to evaluate the behavior of nodulation parameters related to BNF throughout the development of common bean cultivars with different growth cycles. The experiments were conducted for two consecutive years (2012 and 2013) with 22 common bean cultivars with different growth cycles. The common bean cultivars were inoculated with a mixture of Rhizobium tropici strains (SEMIA 4077, SEMIA 4080, and SEMIA 4088). In 2012, samplings were performed from the V4 to the R8 stage, and the parameters related to nodulation and crop growth were evaluated at each stage and in the R9 stage, the grain yield and its components were measured. For the 2013 experiment, the same evaluations were performed but the nodulation parameters were only measured in the R6 and the R7 stages. Differences in the number and activity of the nodules along the development of the cultivars were observed. For the early and semi-early cycle cultivars, the activity of the nodules was observed until the R7 stage, while for the regular and late cycle cultivars, this activity only occurred until the R6 stage, resulting in three more days of nodule activity for the early and semi-early cycle cultivars as compared to the regular and late ones. The number of nodules correlated significantly with the shoot dry weight and the shoot Total-N; while the nodules dry mass showed a significantly high correlation with both parameters. The overall mean grain yield was 2,766.75 kg ha^?1. However significant difference related solely to the various cultivars cycles were not observed.     

Transformations and Availability of Iron to Wheat as Influenced by Phosphorus and Manganese Fertilization in a Typic Haplustept Soil

An investigation was conducted using Typic Haplustept, sandy loam soil, to investigate the interactive effects of phosphorus (P) and manganese (Mn) fertilization on native iron (Fe) pools in soil and their availability to wheat (cv. PBW-343) crop. Phosphorus fertilization moved Fe from residual mineral fraction of Fe to manganese oxides (MnOX), organic matter (OM), amorphous (AMPOX), and crystalline (CRYOX) Fe and Al oxide fractions. However, Mn application decreased specifically adsorbed (SAD)–Fe and CRYOX–Fe but increased OM–Fe and mineral fraction of Fe. Available Fe in soil decreased as Olsen P and P:Mn ratio increased in the soil. Higher Olsen P (>60 mg P kg^?1soil) reduced mean Fe uptake by shoot. P content and P:Mn ratio in soil as well as in root and shoot were inversely related to Fe concentration in both the plant parts. The role of soil Fe associated with oxides and organic matter was found most notable in Fe nutrition of wheat.     

Effect of Foliar Application of Phosphorus on Winter Wheat Grain Yield,Phosphorus Uptake,and Use Efficiency

ABSTRACT

One would expect foliar applied phosphorus (P) to have higher use efficiencies than when applied to the soil, but limited information is available concerning this. Experiments were conducted in 2002, 2003, and 2004 to determine the effect of foliar applications of P on winter wheat grain yields, P uptake, and use efficiency. Twelve treatments containing varying foliar P rates (0, 1, 2, and 4 kg ha^{? 1} in 2002 and 2003 and additional 8, 12, 16, and 20 kg ha^{? 1} in 2004) with and without pre-plant rates of 30 kg ha^{? 1} were evaluated. Foliar applications of P at Feekes 7 generally increased grain yields and P uptake versus no foliar P. Use efficiency was higher when P was applied at Feekes 10.54. Results from this study suggested that low rates of foliar applied P might correct mid-season P deficiency in winter wheat, and that might result in higher P use efficiencies.     

Effects of Soil pH on Wheat Grain Yield and Quality

The effects of planting wheat in permanent beds with fertilization on grain yield and quality need to be better understood. An experiment was conducted at five sites during 2008 and 2009. The objective was to estimate the effects on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield and quality of two granular forms of nitrogen (N) (urea and ammonium sulfate, AS) split applied at planting and tillering, and three sprays (urea, AS, and a fungicide) at anthesis. The granular N source affected yield, spike number, and rheological parameters depending upon the soil reaction. Dough resistance/extensibility ratio (P/L) was associated with the normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) readings collected during tillering before the granular N application. Fungicide spray at anthesis improved yield and grain physical quality evaluated as thousand-grain weight (TGW), test weight, and hardness. Grain protein concentration (GPC) appeared to be mainly affected by environmental factors rather than fertilization practices.     

大气CO2浓度升高对不同穗型冬小麦灌浆动态的影响

利用开放式空气中CO2浓度升高系统（Free Air CO2 Enrichment,FACE),以CO2浓度为主处理,FACE圈内白天（5：30-18：00）CO2浓度550±17μL·L-1,对照浓度400±16μL·L-1,品种为副处理,选取大穗型（陕旱8675）、中穗型（京冬8号）和多穗型（胜利麦）3个小麦品种为研究对象进行实验,研究未来CO2浓度升高条件下,不同穗型冬小麦品种籽粒灌浆特征的动态变化。结果表明：（1）CO2浓度升高明显增加了各品种的初始粒重。中穗型品种京冬8号灌浆前期粒重增加,但最终籽粒重无影响,其灌浆时间和平均灌浆速率影响亦不明显;大穗型品种陕旱8675灌浆时间比对照延长19.3%,其籽粒重显著增加,穗上、中、下部增重分别为11.0%、20.9%、23.3%,全穗增重18.8%;CO2浓度升高后多穗型品种胜利麦灌浆速率的降低抵消了灌浆时间延长对籽粒总重的效应,其灌浆过程粒重增加不明显。（2）CO2浓度升高对多穗型品种京冬8号和大穗型品种陕旱8675灌浆参数（最大灌浆速率、到达最大灌浆速率的时间、平均灌浆速率和灌浆时间）的影响均表现为上部和下部穗大于中部穗,而多穗型品种胜利麦中部穗各灌浆参数变化幅度明显高于上、下部穗。（3）CO2浓度升高条件下,京冬8号和陕旱8675均表现为前期灌浆时间缩短,中、后期灌浆时间延长,而其在3个时期的平均灌浆速率变化正好相反;胜利麦在3个时期的灌浆时间均延长,平均灌浆速率降低。研究表明大穗型冬小麦品种比多穗型品种对大气CO2浓度增加的响应更明显。