EXPLOITATION OF GENETIC VARIABILITY AMONG WHEAT GENOTYPES FOR TOLERANCE TO PHOSPHORUS DEFICIENCY STRESS

Forty six wheat genotypes from different origins were tested at stress (25 μM P) and adequate (250 μM P) levels of phosphorus (P) developed in a modified Johnson's nutrient solution. Response of wheat genotypes for tolerance to P deficiency stress was measured at two growth stages in terms of growth, P uptake, and P utilization efficiency. Substantial differences in shoot and root growth were observed among genotypes at both stress and adequate P levels in the growth medium. Reduction in shoot biomass due to P deficiency varied from >50% to 27%. Similarly P concentration in shoot and root, P uptake, specific absorption rate of P, and P utilization efficiency varied significantly at both levels of applied P. A significant negative correlation between P stress factor and root dry weight (r = ?0.396**), shoot P uptake (r = ?0.451**), and specific absorption rate of P (r = ?0.281**, P < 0.01) suggested that the genotypes with greater root biomass, higher P uptake potentials in shoots, and absorption rate of P were generally more tolerant to P deficiency in the growth medium. Wheat genotypes were grouped according to the ranking order of investigated plant characteristics and shoot dry matter yield per unit of P absorbed. Genotypes Inqlab-91, SARC-II, SARC-IV, Chakwal-86, 90627, 89626, and Parvaz-94 were P efficient, while genotypes Pak-81, Pato, 88042, 88163, 89295, 4072, 89313, and 91109 were P inefficient. All other genotypes were intermediate in P use efficiency.     

Genotypic variation of potato for phosphorus efficiency and quantification of phosphorus uptake with respect to root characteristics

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), an important food crop, generally requires a high amount of phosphate fertilizer for optimum growth and yield. One option to reduce the need of fertilizer is the use of P‐efficient genotypes. Two efficient and two inefficient genotypes were investigated for P‐efficiency mechanisms. The contribution of root traits to P uptake was quantified using a mechanistic simulation model. For all genotypes, high P supply increased the relative growth rate of shoot, shoot P concentration, and P‐uptake rate of roots but decreased root‐to‐shoot ratio, root‐hair length, and P‐utilization efficiency. Genotypes CGN 17903 and CIP 384321.3 were clearly superior to genotypes CGN 22367 and CGN 18233 in terms of shoot–dry matter yield and relative shoot‐growth rate at low P supply, and therefore can be considered as P‐efficient. Phosphorus efficiency of genotype CGN 17903 was related to higher P‐utilization efficiency and that of CIP 384321.3 to both higher P‐uptake efficiency in terms of root‐to‐shoot ratio and intermediate P‐utilization efficiency. Phosphorus‐efficient genotypes exhibited longer root hairs compared to inefficient genotypes at both P levels. However, this did not significantly affect the uptake rate and the extension of the depletion zone around roots. The P inefficiency of CGN 18233 was related to low P‐utilization efficiency and that of CGN 22367 to a combination of low P uptake and intermediate P‐utilization efficiency. Simulation of P uptake revealed that no other P‐mobilization mechanism was involved since predicted uptake approximated observed uptake indicating that the processes involved in P transport and morphological root characterstics affecting P uptake are well described.     

Evaluation of common bean genotypes for phosphorus use efficiency

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate phosphorus (P)‐use efficiency of 10 promising genotypes of common bean (Phaseoius vulgaris L.) with short and normal growth duration. The genotypes were grown on an Oxisol at 25 mg P kg^‐1 (low P) and 150 mg P kg^‐1 (high P) of soil. Shoot and root dry weight, root length, P concentration in the shoot, and P uptake in the shoot were significantly (P<0.01) affected by soil P concentration and genotype. However, P level did not effect root length and genotype had no effect on root dry weight. On the basis of P‐use efficiency (mg dry weight of shoot/mg P accumulated in the shoot) genotypes were classified as efficient and responsive (ER), efficient and nonresponsive (ENR), nonefficient and responsive (NER), and nonefficient and nonresponsive (NENR). From a practical point of view, genotypes which produce a lot of dry matter in a soil with a low P level, and respond well to added P are the most desirable because they are able to express their high yield potential in a wide range of P environments. Novo Jalo and Pérola genotypes fall into this group. Genotypes Irai, Jalo Precoce and L93300166 fall into the ENR group. Genotypes Carioca, Rosinha G‐2, and Xamengo were classified NER, whereas, genotypes L93300176 and Diamante Negro were classified as NENR. There were no differences between short and normal growth duration genotypes in P‐use efficiency.     

Screening Upland Rice Genotypes for Manganese‐use Efficiency

Manganese (Mn) deficiency in upland rice grown after common bean or soybean, which received adequate rate of liming on highly weathered Oxisols, is observed. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate Mn‐use efficiency of 10 promising upland rice genotypes. The genotypes were grown on an Oxisol at 0 mg Mn kg^?1 (natural soil Mn level) and 20 mg Mn kg^?1 of soil applied as manganese sulfate. Grain yield, panicle number, and grain harvest index (GHI) were significantly (P < 0.01) influenced by genotype. However, shoot dry weight was significantly affected by Mn as well as genotype treatments. Manganese uptake in the shoot as well as in the grain was also affected by genotype treatment. On the basis of Mn‐use efficiency (mg grain weight/mg Mn accumulated in shoot and grain), genotypes were classified as efficient and responsive (ER), efficient and nonresponsive (ENR), nonefficient and responsive (NER), and nonefficient and nonresponsive (NENR). Genotypes Carisma, CNA8540, and IR42 were classified as ER, and genotypes CNA8557 and Maravilha were classified as ENR. Genotype Caipo was in the group NER, and in the NENR group were genotypes Bonança, Canastra, Caraja, and Guarani. From a practical point of view, genotypes that produce high grain yield at a low level of Mn and respond well to Mn additions are the most desirable because they are able to express their high yield potential in a wide range of Mn availability.     

同磷水平下甘蓝型油菜光合特性的基因型差异研究

采用盆栽土培试验研究了不同磷水平下甘蓝型油菜生长、磷吸收、叶片无机磷含量、光合生理参数的基因型差异,探讨了磷效率与光合作用和碳水化合物分配的关系。结果表明,低磷处理下甘蓝型油菜两个基因型叶片净光合速率、叶绿素含量、叶片蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度及气孔导度均显著下降; 由于磷参与了光合进程及光合产物的运输和代谢,磷高效基因型102具有较高的磷吸收效率,体内无机磷浓度较高,因此其光合作用强于磷低效基因型105,产生较多的碳水化合物运输到新叶。     

POTASSIUM-USE EFFICIENCY IN COMMON BEAN GENOTYPES

Potassium (K) is one of the most important nutrients limiting yield of common bean in South America. Use of K-efficient crop genotypes along with K fertilizer may be a viable strategy to improve yield and reduce cost of production. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate K-use efficiency of 10 promising genotypes of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The genotypes were grown on an Oxisol at 0 mg K kg^?1 (low K) and 200 mg K kg^?1 (high K) of soil. Shoot dry weight, grain yield, number of pods, number of grains, 100-grain weight, grain harvest index, and K harvest index were significantly (P < 0.01) affected by level of K as well as genotype, except for the number of pods by genotype. Significant genotypic differences in K-use efficiency were found. On the basis of K-use efficiency (mg grain weight/mg K accumulated in shoot and grain), genotypes were classified as efficient and responsive (ER), efficient and nonresponsive (ENR), nonefficient and responsive (NER), and non-efficient and non-responsive (NENR). Only genotype Diamante Negro was only classified as ER, and genotypes Carioca, Pérola, Rosinha G-2, and Xamego were classified as ENR. Genotypes LM93300166 and LM93300176 were in the group NER, and in the NENR group were genotypes Iraí, Jalo Precoce, and Novo Jalo. From a practical point of view, genotypes which produce high grain yield at a low level of K and respond well to added K are the most desirable because they are able to express their high yield potential in a wide range of K availability.     

Phosphorus‐use efficiency by corn genotypes

Phosphorus (P) deficiency is a principal yield‐limiting factor for annual crop production in acid soils of temperate as well as tropical regions. The objective of this study was to screen nine corn (Zea mays L.) genotypes at low (0 mg P kg^‐1), medium (75 mg P kg^‐1), and high (150 mg P kg^‐1) levels of P applied in an Oxisol. Plant height, root length, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, shoot‐root ratio, P concentration in shoot and root, P uptake in root and shoot, and P‐use efficiency parameters were significantly (P<0.01) influenced by P treatments. Significant genotype differences were found in plant height, shoot and root dry weight, P uptake in root and shoot, and P‐use efficiency. Based on dry matter production and P‐use efficiency, genotypes were classified as efficient and responsive, efficient and nonresponsive, nonefficient and responsive, and nonefficient and nonresponsive.     

酸胁迫对不同基因型玉米生长和养分吸收的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了4个不同耐酸特性的玉米自交系在几个关键生育期的氮、磷、钾营养特性和生长状况。结果表明,耐酸自交系在苗期、拔节期和开花期对氮、磷、钾的吸收和累积均高于酸敏感自交系;不同生育期耐酸自交系的营养利用率和再分配特征存在差异,苗期表现为氮的利用率较高,开花期表现为磷、钾营养的再分配能力强。不同耐酸材料对酸胁迫土壤反应不同,耐酸自交系在不同生育阶段始终能较好生长,尤其是Z01,即使在pH4.6的酸性土壤上干物质累积几乎不受酸胁迫影响;中等耐酸自交系则受酸的危害,且随着发育进程而加剧,而酸敏感自交系表现出与中等耐酸材料相同的趋势,但各生育阶段受到的危害更大。     

Effects of early mycorrhization and colonized root length on low‐soil‐phosphorus resistance of West African pearl millet

Phosphorus (P) deficiency at early seedling stages is a critical determinant for survival and final yield of pearl millet in multi‐stress Sahelian environments. Longer roots and colonization with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhance P uptake and crop performance of millet. Assessing the genotypic variation of early mycorrhization and its effect on plant growth is necessary to better understand mechanisms of resistance to low soil P and to use them in breeding strategies for low P. Therefore, in this study, eight pearl millet varieties contrasting in low‐P resistance were grown in pots under low P (no additional P supply) and high P (+ 0.4 g P pot^?1) conditions, and harvested 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after sowing (WAS). Root length was calculated 2 WAS by scanning of dissected roots and evaluation with WinRhizo software. AM infection (%) and P uptake (shoot P concentration multiplied per shoot dry matter) were measured at each harvest. Across harvests under low P (3.3 mg Bray P kg^?1), resistant genotypes had greater total root length infected with AMF (837 m), higher percentage of AMF colonization (11.6%), and increased P uptake (69.4 mg P plant^?1) than sensitive genotypes (177 m, 7.1% colonization and 46.4 mg P plant^?1, respectively). Two WAS, resistant genotypes were infected almost twice as much as sensitive ones (4.1% and 2.1%) and the individual resistant genotypes differed in the percentage of AMF infection. AMF colonization was positively related to final dry matter production in pots, which corresponded to field performance. Early mycorrhization enhanced P uptake in pearl millet grown under P‐deficient conditions, with the genotypic variation for this parameter allowing selection for better performance under field conditions.     

Relative Phosphorus Utilization Efficiency,Growth Response,and Phosphorus Uptake Kinetics of Brassica Cultivars under a Phosphorus Stress Environment

Abstract

Plants grown in highly weathered or highly alkaline calcareous soils often experience phosphorus (P) stress but never a P‐free environment. Thus, applications of mineral P fertilizers are often required to achieve maximum yield, but recovery of applied P fertilizers is notoriously low. Phosphorus deprivation elicits a complex array of morphological, physiological, and biochemical adaptations among plant species and genotypes to enhance P acquisition and utilization efficiency. Ten Brassica cultivars were grown hydroponically to investigate their relative efficiency to utilize deficiently (20‐µM) and adequately (200‐µM) supplied P, using Johnson's modified solution. Cultivars differed significantly (P<0.001) in biomass accumulation. Orthophosphate concentration and uptake in shoot and root, absolute and relative growth rate, and P‐utilization efficiency (PUE) were also significantly different among various Brassica cultivars. Root‐shoot ratio and specific absorption rate were substantially increased in plants subjected to low P supply. Shoot and root dry‐matter yield as well as total biomass production correlated significantly (P<0.01) with their total P uptake and PUE. Cultivars, which were efficient in P utilization, were also efficient accumulators of biomass under adequate as well as deficient levels of P supply. As part of the study, kinetic parameters of P uptake were evaluated for six contrasting Brassica cultivars in PUE, grown in nutrient solution. The kinetic parameters related to P influx were maximal transport rate (Vmax), the Michaelis–Menten constant (Km), and the external concentration when net uptake is zero (Cmin). Lower Km and Cmin values were indicative of P‐uptake ability of the cultivars, evidencing their adaptability to P‐stress conditions. In another experiment, six cultivars were exposed to no P nutrition for 27 days after initial feeding on optimum nutrition for 14 days. All the cultivars retranslocated P from aboveground parts to their roots during growth in P‐free conditions, the magnitude of which was variable in different cultivars. Phosphorus concentration at 41 days after transplanting was higher in developing leaves than developed leaves. Translocation of absorbed P from metabolically inactive sites to active sites in plants growing under P‐stress conditions may have helped the tolerant cultivars to establish a better rooting system, which provided basis for tolerance against P‐deficiency stress and increased PUE.     

Differential Growth Response of Wheat Genotypes to Ammonium Phosphate and Rock Phosphate Phosphorus Sources

ABSTRACT

A solution culture experiment was conducted to determine the response of 15 wheat genotypes for growth, phosphorus (P) uptake, and P utilization efficiency, and their adaptability to P stress conditions using adequate [250 μM P in nutrient solution as ammonium phosphate (NH₄H₂PO₄)] and stress (powdered rock phosphate suspended in nutrient solution) P supply levels. Shoot dry matter (SDM) and total plant DM (shoot + root) and P uptake were generally higher for most genotypes in adequate P than stress P level treatment, but the opposite was true for root dry matter (RDM), root: shoot ratio (RSR), and root P uptake. Relative reduction in SDM due to P deficiency stress ranged from none to 54%. Genotypes Kohinoor 83, PB 85, Parvaz 94 and 4770 did not respond to P deficiency stress for SDM production, while genotypes FSD 83, Chakwal 86, Pasban 90, 4072, 4943, 5039, 6529-11, and 6544-6 were highly responsive to P application for SDM. Shoot P uptake in genotypes at adequate P level was about 3-times higher than those genotypes grown at stress P level. Differences in P concentration of shoot ranged between 2.00 to 3.06 mg P g^?1 in stress P level treatment, and had a significant positive correlation with P harvest index (PHI) (r = 0.558?, P < 0.05) and root efficiency ratio (RER) (r = 0.611?, P < 0.05) and negative correlation with P efficiency ratio (PER) (r = ?0.909??, P < 0.01). A significantly positive correlation of P utilization index (PUI) and SDM (r = 0.784??, P < 0.01) and non-significant negative correlation (r = ?0.483) of PUI with P concentration in shoot implies that wheat genotypes with higher PUI may be selected for P deficient milieu. Genotypes with higher PUI (>0.8 g mg^?1 P) in rook phosphate treatment were Inqlab-91, Pak-81, Lu 26s, Parvaz 94, 4072, 4770, 4943, and 5039. There was no interrelationship observed between shoot P uptake and P efficiency in stress P level treatment. However, highly significant and positive correlation (r = 0.720??, P < 0.01) between PHI and RER suggested that shoot P uptake depended upon root efficiency and it increased with the increase in P uptake per unit RDM. Consequently, this resulted in increased SDM which is evident from the significant positive correlation (r = 0.833??, P < 0.01) between SDM and shoot P uptake. In summary, the findings suggest that PUI and RER may be used for selecting P efficient wheat genotypes (e.g., 4072, 4770, 4943, Pak 81, and Inqlab 91) for dry matter production and P use.     

Phosphorus-use efficiency of kale genotypes from coastal Croatia

Understanding the mechanisms of phosphorus (P)-use efficiency (PUE) may contribute to enhancing crop P nutrition because species growth variability at low-P is well known. The experiment was carried out to evaluate the response of kale genotypes to different P supply in randomized block design in three replications. Low-P supply led to a decrease in most parameters, whereas an increase was recorded in root growth parameters. Genotypes differed in shoot dry weight (DW), leaf area, root length and area, and shoot and root P content and concentration. Root traits significantly positively correlated with PUE. Genotypes Red Russian (RR) and IJK 17 were superior in terms of shoot DW production at low P supply, and had the highest uptake efficiency. Genotypes IJK 17 and 81 had the highest P utilization efficiency, while Vates blue curled (VBC) showed the lowest PUE. Genotypes had similar shoot P content and concentration at low P supply, but large PUE differences, implying the importance of P utilization efficiency.     

UPLAND RICE GENOTYPES EVALUATION FOR PHOSPHORUS USE EFFICIENCY

Phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the most yield limiting factors in crop production in Brazilian Oxisols. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate 20 upland rice genotypes at low (25 mg P kg^?1) and high (200 mg P kg^?1) P levels applied to a Brazilian Oxisol. Grain yield and yield components were significantly influenced by P level and genotype treatments. There was a significant interaction between P level and genotype treatments in relation to grain yield, indicating genotypes responded differently under two P levels. Based on grain yield efficiency index (GYEI), genotypes were classified into efficient, moderately efficient and inefficient groups. The efficient genotypes in utilizing P were ‘BRA052053’, ‘BRS Primavera’, ‘BRA052015’, ‘BRA052023’, ‘BRA01506’, ‘BRA052045’, ‘BRA032033’, ‘BRA01596’ and ‘BRA052034’. Remaining genotypes were classified as moderately efficient in P use efficiency. None of the genotypes were fall into inefficient group. Grain yield was significantly and positively related with shoot dry weight, panicle number, grain harvest index, 1000-grain weight and had a negative and significant correlation with spikelet sterility. Grain weight was having maximum contribution in total rice plant weight comparing to root and shoot, indicating improvement in harvest index of modern Brazilian upland rice cultivars by breeding.     

Assessing phosphorus efficiency and tolerance in maize genotypes with contrasting root systems at the early growth stage using the semi-hydroponic phenotyping system

Background

Development of an evaluation tool to determine genotypic variation in phosphorus (P) utilization efficiency is essential to ensure crop productivity and farmers’ income under low P environments.

Aims

This study aimed to develop an evaluation tool to determine genotypic variation in low-P tolerance and P use efficiency under low P environments.

Methods

Root response and P efficiency traits in 20 maize genotypes with contrasting root systems were assessed 32 days after transplanting into the semi-hydroponic root phenotyping system under low P (10 µM) or optimal P (200 µM) supply.

Results

Compared to optimal P, low P supply increased root-to-shoot biomass ratio by 48.7% (shoot dry weight decreased by 20.0% and root dry weight increased by 20.6%). Low P supply increased total root length by 17.8% but decreased primary root depth, with no significant change in lateral root number across all genotypes. Low P stress enhanced P utilization efficiency. Based on genotypic variation and correlations among the 17 measured plant traits in response to low P stress, nine traits were converted to low-P tolerance coefficients (LPTC), compressed by principal component analysis. The three principal component scores were extracted for hierarchical cluster analysis and classified the 20 genotypes into three groups with different P efficiency, including two P-efficient genotypes and nine P-inefficient genotypes.

Conclusions

The study demonstrated genotypic variation in response to low P stress. The P-efficient genotypes with higher LPTC values better adapted to low P environments by adjusting root architecture and re-distributing P and biomass in plant organs. The systematic cluster analysis using selected traits and their LPTC values can be used as an evaluation tool in assessing P efficiency among the genotypes.     

GENOTYPIC DIFFERENCES IN ROOT MORPHOLOGY AND PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE KINETICS IN BRASSICA NAPUS UNDER LOW PHOSPHORUS SUPPLY

Application of phosphorus (P) fertilizer is important in crop production because of the low bioavailability of phosphorus to plants in both acidic and calcareous soils. Although rapeseed (Brassica napus) is generally sensitive to P deficiency, different cultivars differ widely in this respect. Differences in P uptake and utilization between two rapeseed cultivars, one P-efficient (‘97081’) and one P-inefficient (‘97009’), were evaluated in solution culture by studying the changes in root morphology and parameters of P uptake kinetics in response to low-P stress. The P-efficient cultivar had lower Km and Cmin values and higher Vmax and developed longer and denser lateral root hair with greater number of root tips and branches under low-P stress, which resulted in a better developed root system and more efficient uptake of P. That, in turn, led to higher concentration and accumulation of P in the plants, culminating in higher biomass production. However, P utilization efficiency (biomass production per unit P accumulated in plant) of the P-efficient ‘97081’ was lower than that of ‘97009’ when P was deficient. These results suggest that P efficiency in rapeseed is due to a better developed root system as well as efficient uptake of P.     

Genotypic variation for potassium efficiency in wild and domesticated watermelons under ample and limited potassium supply

Potassium (K) is an important nutrient for watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb. Matsum. & Nakai). However, there is little knowledge about genetic variations in K efficiency in watermelon. Sixty‐four watermelon genotypes were grown under conditions of ample (6 mM) and limited (0.1 mM) K supply in a glasshouse. Thirty‐eight wild genotypes (C. lanatus var. citroide) and 26 domesticated genotypes (C. lanatus var. lanatus) were cultivated hydroponically for 30 d. Shoot dry weight, shoot K concentration, K uptake, K‐use index (shoot dry weight / shoot K concentration), relative shoot dry weight (shoot dry weight under limited K / shoot dry weight under ample K), and relative shoot K concentration (shoot K concentration under limited K / shoot K concentration under ample K) were determined. Significant differences were observed among genotypes. The K efficiency was classified based on a medium‐efficiency interval which is equivalent to the 95% confidence interval of the mean relative shoot dry weight and relative shoot K concentration. Genotypic data above or below this interval were classified as either K‐efficient or K‐inefficient. We identified eight K‐efficient genotypes, of which four were wild types. Thus, wild watermelons can be used in breeding programs to improve the K efficiency of domesticated watermelons.     

耐低氮小麦基因型筛选指标的研究

以12个小麦基因型为研究对象,采用溶液培养与田间试验的方法,设低氮胁迫和正常供氮2个水平,对耐低氮小麦基因型的筛选指标进行了探讨,为氮高效基因型小麦育种提供理论依据。结果表明,小麦植株干重在低氮胁迫和正常供氮条件下都有较大的基因型变异(变异系数CV分别为29.03%和18.21%);在所有调查性状的相对值中,相对植株干重(低氮胁迫/正常供氮)基因型变异较大(CV为22.76%)。相关性分析表明,相对植株干重与相对株高、相对植株吸氮量和相对氮利用效率间呈极显著正相关(P0.01),且溶液培养试验中相对植株干重和田间试验中相对子粒产量(不施氮/施氮)间呈极显著正相关(r=0.77**,n=12)。因此,以小麦苗期相对植株干重作为筛选指标,然后进行田间验证,是筛选耐低氮小麦基因型行之有效的途径。     

Identification of Phosphorous Efficient Germplasm in Oilseed Rape

ABSTRACT

Plant species and genotypes within one species may significantly differ in phosphorus (P) uptake and utilization when they suffer from P starvation. The objective of this research was to screen P-efficient germplasm of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) and analyze the possible mechanism responsible for P efficiency by two-steps screening experiments and validation of P efficiency. Phosphorus efficiency coefficient at seedling stage, namely, ratio of shoot dry weight under low P to that under adequate P (PECS) of 194 oilseed rape cultivars varied from 0.050 to 0.62 and was significantly related with shoot dry weight under low P level (r = 0.859??, P < 0.01). Oilseed rape cultivar ‘Eyou Changjia’ presented the highest P efficiency coefficient in each growth stage and had the highest seed yield at low P, whereas oilseed rape cultivar ‘B104-2’ was the most sensitive to low P stress among the 12 candidate cultivars obtained from the two-steps screening experiments. Under low P condition in validation experiments of soil and solution cultures, ‘Eyou Changjia’ could produce much more dry matter and acquire more P than ‘B104-2.’ Moreover, P efficient coefficient obtained from the pot experiment was comparable to those from the field experiment. This might be attributed to high P uptake efficiency for ‘Eyou Changjia’ when it suffered from low-P stress. Comparison of results from the hydroponics with those from the pot and field experiments led to the conclusion that the P uptake efficiency in the hydroponics is highly related to that in soil culture conditions. These results show that there are large genotypic differences in response to phosphorus deficiency in oilseed rape germplasm (Brassica napus L.) and ‘Eyou Changjia’ is P-efficient and ‘B104-2’ is P-inefficient. By comparing these results further, the mechanism responsible for P efficiency was suggested to be mainly due to high P uptake efficiency by forming larger root system, and improving the ability of mobilizing and acquiring soil P in P-efficient oilseed rape under the condition of P starvation.     

不同基因型小麦钾离子吸收动力学分析

在日光温室营养液培养条件下,研究了经筛选的不同钾效率基因型小麦在不同钾营养状况下K+的吸收动力学。结果表明,采用不同钾营养状况小麦K+吸收动力学参数Km和Imax对不同基因型小麦钾效率分类,结果与经筛选的不同基因型小麦的钾效率特征相一致,Km和Imax可用来评价和筛选高效吸钾基因型小麦。但不同基因型小麦Km和Imax在不同钾营养状况下表现规律不相同,Km和Imax值的大小受到小麦本身钾营养状况反馈调节,植物钾营养状况越高,Km越大,Imax越小;有的基因型受本身钾营养状况影响较大,有的受其影响较小,但总体上还是相一致的。结果还看出,温6-986和周麦13是钾高效基因型,予农015是钾低效基因型;同一基因型小麦在不同钾营养状况下是以不同机制吸收钾的。     

不同基因型棉花根系对局部供磷的响应特征

【目的】 养分异质性存在于自然土壤或农田土壤,探讨不同基因型棉花根系对异质性养分的响应,对提高棉花磷利用效率具有重要意义。 【方法】 本试验在土培条件下,设磷均质供应和磷局部供应两种供磷方式,根箱自上而下分为三层 (上层0—20 cm、中层20—40 cm、下层40—60 cm)。磷均质供应方式下根箱每一层的磷肥用量均为P₂O₅ 100 mg/kg,磷局部供应方式下磷肥用量为P₂O₅ 300 mg/kg,全部集中施在中层 (20—40 cm),上下两层均不施磷,两种供磷方式下氮钾肥均按N 150 mg/kg和K₂O 5 mg/kg均匀加入至根箱各层 (施钾量按75 kg/hm2计算),利用根箱分层研究2种基因型棉花根系对局部供磷 (20—40 cm) 响应的差异。 【结果】 局部供磷能显著改变棉花的根系形态,磷低效基因型‘新陆早13号’和磷高效基因型‘新陆早19号’总根长、根系表面积、根系总体积、比根长、中层细根长度分别增加了38.0%、41.9%、97.6%、27.3%、35.9%和34.5%、21.7%、39.0%、22.5%、42.8%。棉花对局部供磷的响应存在基因型差异,磷高效基因型‘新陆早19号’的总根长、根系表面积、根系总体积、比根长、中层细根长度均显著高于磷低效基因型‘新陆早13号’,分别是磷低效基因型‘新陆早13号’的1.23、1.31、1.73、1.07、1.30倍。主成分分析表明,棉花根系的可塑性主要受养分供应方式影响,而根系的基本构架主要受基因型控制。偏最小二乘回归分析表明,总根长、中层 (20—40 cm) 细根 (0—0.4 mm) 长度、根系表面积和根系总体积的VIP值超过1,对地上磷吸收起着明显重要的作用,其中中层 (20—40 cm) 细根 (0—0.4 mm) 长度10%的增加量可以引起地上部磷吸收2.33%的增加,即中层 (20—40 cm) 细根 (0—0.4 mm) 长度对植株磷吸收的贡献最大。 【结论】 在局部供磷区,磷高效基因型棉花具有更高的环境适应能力。对于高效和低效基因型,都应采取局部供磷的方式,优化根系分布和生长,提高棉花获取异质性磷养分的能力,以发挥棉花的最大生物学潜力,提高养分利用率,减少肥料用量,保护生态环境。