文蛤肠、外套膜和肝胰脏组织 cDNA 文库构建及其 ESTs 序列分析

利用SMART cDNA文库构建试剂盒构建了文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)肠、外套膜和肝胰脏组织的cDNA文库。经测定原始文库滴度分别为2.10×106、1.70×106和1.60×106,重组率高于95%,肠组织文库插入片段长度均大于1000bp,外套膜和肝胰脏组织文库的插入片段长度大于1kb的占87.5%,文库质量符合标准要求。随机选取文库的3168个克隆进行5′端测序,获得高质量表达序列标签(Expressed Sequence Tags,ESTs)3029个(肠:1005,外套膜:1019,肝胰脏:1005),测序成功率95.58%。经质量控制和拼接得到1796个单基因簇(Unigene),其中306个叠联群(Contigs),1490个单一序列(Singletons)。通过Blastx搜索比对、查询和注释分析,共得到已知基因696个(肠:216,外套膜:235个;肝胰脏:245个),占总数38.75%。在1796个单基因簇(Unigene)发现微卫星序列55条,这些存在微卫星位点的序列占整个ESTs数据库的3.1%。     

链状亚历山大藻抑制消减杂交文库的构建及分析

为了筛选链状亚历山大藻特异表达的发光相关基因,应用抑制消减杂交技术,构建了链状亚历山大藻特异表达的cDNA消减文库,共获得500个克隆,通过基因PCR初步筛选表明插入片段的大小主要集中在250～1000 bp,随机挑选10个阳性克隆进行双向测序和序列比对分析,有2个克隆基因片段与已知基因序列高度同源,分别为荧光素结合蛋白和羧化酶/加氧酶,另有8个克隆基因片段在GenBank中未查找到相应的同源基因,可能为未知新基因序列.这些基因的获得为进一步研究链状亚历山大藻特异表达基因,阐明其发光机理及建立特异甲藻的新型检测方法提供重要依据.     

Genes expressed in Japanese flounder <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paralichthys olivaceus</Emphasis> spleen: analysis of genes involved in immune function

ABSTRACT:   Expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis is an efficient tool for gene discovery and for profiling gene expression. A cDNA library developed from messenger RNA of the Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus spleen was constructed by directional cloning, in order to isolate functional genes involved in immunity in fish. A total of 1010 ESTs from the library were sequenced and compared with sequences in the GenBank database. Of the 1010 ESTs, 618 ESTs (61%) were identified as being homologous with known genes from many organisms by BLAST searches, whereas 392 (39%) appeared to be unknown and are likely to represent newly described genes. Of the identified genes, 105 (17%) encoded proteins associated with cell/organism defence and homeostasis. Of these 105 genes, 21 were identified for the first time in Japanese flounder. These included macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-3 α, granulin-A, novel immune-type receptor (NITR), interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-10, presenilin-like protein-2, and antizyme inhibitor. A comparison of ESTs derived from spleen, kidney, liver and leukocytes suggested that expression of immune-related genes in different tissues, organs, or cells are different.     

大菱鲆脾脏cDNA文库构建、EST序列分析与免疫抗病相关基因的筛选

以大菱鲆脾脏为材料,构建cDNA文库,通过对文库克隆的序列测定和初步生物信息学分析,共获得3 656个大菱鲆脾脏表达序列标签（EST）。经与GenBank数据库的序列比对后发现,1 891个EST代表了149个已知基因,其余1 765个EST为未知序列。这149个基因大致可分为6类：9个为细胞结构类（6.0%）;26个为代谢类（17.5%）;45个为细胞防御/免疫类（30.2%）;43个为基因/蛋白质表达类（28.9%）;16个为细胞信号转导/细胞交流类（10.7%）;10个无法明确分类（6.7%）。鉴定的与免疫抗病相关重要基因主要有：CC/CXC趋化因子;主要组织相容性复合体（MHC）class I α;C₃补体;天然杀伤细胞增强因子（NKEF）;胸腺素β-4/β-12;干扰素诱导蛋白Gig1;白介素8受体;STAT 4;热激蛋白70/90等。     

SNP discovery and gene annotation in the surf clam Mesodesma donacium

The main objective of this research was to identify single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from an Expressed Sequences Tags (EST) data set generated by 454 pyrosequencing in the soft clam Mesodesma donacium. A total of 180 159 ESTs were yielded from a M. donacium cDNA library. De novo assembly was performed using stringent calling parameters, producing 10 178 contigs and 41 765 singletons. Here, a total of 2594 SNPs were discovered related to 613 consensus sequences, achieving a frequency of 1 SNPs per 260 bp. SNP variants showed that A/G, A/T and C/T were the most abundant among the identified polymorphisms. We validated a total of 12 SNPs loci by HRMA for annotated genes such as heat shock protein‐70 and the translation elongation factor 1‐alpha. The Gene Ontology analysis regarding molecular function level revealed that sequences with SNPs were mainly classified to protein and nucleotide binding, as well hydrolase activity, ion binding and oxidoreductase activity. Further, biological processes like cellular and metabolic process, biogenesis, localization and biological regulation were highly annotated. The most expressed genes were related to the mitochondrial electron transport chain, senescence‐associated protein, ubiquitin and actin. Interestingly, some relevant genes related to immune response and biomineralization showed a high abundance, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐alpha‐receptor‐like protein, serine protease inhibitor, heat shock protein, aragonite‐binding protein and ferritin. This study contributes to relevant genes associated with functional polymorphisms and gives an overview for future genetic investigations.     

海带配子体碳酸酐酶(CA)基因的克隆及其特征分析

根据海带雄配子体抑制消减cDNA文库2个长为376 bp的表达序列标签(expressed sequence tag,EST),Blastn搜索发现它们与掌状海带的碳酸酐酶(carbonic anhydrase,CA)基因序列(GenBank登录号:AJ130777)有70%的相似性,结合该EST以及掌状海带CA基因保守序列设计引物,扩增得到海带配子体CA基因部分开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF)序列,再以此为基础设计基因特异性引物,然后利用cDNA末端快速扩增技术(rapid amplification of cDNA ends,RACE),克隆得到一条长2 804 bp的cDNA序列(GenBank登录号:JF827608),其中5′-非翻译区(untranslated region,UTR)长166 bp,3′-UTR长1 765 bp,且具有明显的polyA尾巴,ORF长873 bp。它编码一个由290个氨基酸组成的前体蛋白,预测在20 Gly-21 Val处有一个典型的信号肽酶切位点,酶切后的成熟蛋白由270个氨基酸组成,具有3个锌结合的His残基所构成的催化活性中心,其分子量为30.44 ku,等电点为5.06。无论在cDNA或者DNA序列上,雌、雄配子体CA基因都没有差异,且无内含子。Southern-blotting杂交结果显示,海带配子体CA基因为单拷贝基因。蛋白同源性搜索,发现该基因的编码蛋白与掌状海带的α-CA蛋白有87%的同源性。基于36个CA蛋白的氨基酸序列所构建的邻接(Neighbor-Joining)系统进化树显示,自海带配子体中所克隆的CA基因位于α-CA蛋白所组成的一支,推测它可能为α-型,因而不在线粒体中起作用。实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,Q-RT-PCR)结果表明,在增加CO₂浓度的条件下,CA基因在海带雌、雄配子体中的日表达量均较未增加的条件下有所增加,由此推测该CA基因不属于胞外CA;基于海带配子体CA蛋白仅具有一个信号肽,可以推测它是定位于叶绿体外膜上,以泵的方式为叶绿体光合作用提供充足的CO₂。     

Analysis of immune-relevant genes expressed in red sea bream (Chrysophrys major) spleen

Expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis is an efficient tool for gene discovery and for profiling gene expression. In order to isolate functional genes involved in immunity in fish, a cDNA library was constructed from red sea bream (Chrysophrys major) spleen by unidirectional cloning. A total of 2010 ESTs from the library was sequenced and compared with sequences in the GenBank database. Of the 2010 ESTs, 320 ESTs (15.9%) were identified as orthologs of known gene from other organisms by BLAST searches, whereas 1690 ESTs (84.1%) appeared to be unknown and are likely to represent newly described genes. These identified clones were derived from at least 81 genes, which were categorized into eight categories: 9 in cell structure/motility (11.1%), 14 in metabolism (17.3%), 8 in cell defense/immunity (10%), 5 in cell division (6.2%), 7 in cell signal transduction/communication (8.6%), 30 in gene/protein expression (37%), 5 hemoglobin (6.2%) and 3 genes lacking enough information to be classified (3.7%). Several important cDNAs involved in immune functions, such as immunoglobulin light chain (IgL), MHC class II, MHC class IIβ and RAP2c, were identified in red sea bream and compared for their structure with those from other organisms. Alignment showed that the red sea bream IgL precursor was closer to that of spotted wolfish than to that of yellowtail, Europe sea bass, orange spotted grouper, Atlantic salmon, channel catfish, fugu and sterlet. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the red sea bream MHC II and MHC IIβ were more related to those from striped sea bass than to those from cichlid, flounder, salmonids, zebrafish and carp. High identity (over 92%) in deduced amino acid sequence of RAP2c between red sea bream and mammals implied that RAP2c gene was highly conserved during evolution.     

条斑紫菜eIF4A基因的电子克隆与试验验证

以拟南芥eIF4A氨基酸序列为信息探针,在条斑紫菜EST(Expressed sequence tag)数据库中找到高度相似的EST,通过人工序列拼接及RT-PCR确认得到了翻译起始因子4A(Eukaryotic translation initiation factors 4A,eIF4A)基因PyeIF4A的cDNA序列.该cDNA序列含有长1278 bp的完整开放阅读框,编码蛋白(PyeIF4A)分子量47.4 kDa,长425 AA.PyeIF4A与小鼠、非洲爪蟾、水稻和拟南芥等多种动植物的eIF4A具有较高的序列一致性,含有eIF4A的保守基序.     

脊尾白虾血细胞ESTs的生物信息学与微卫星序列特征分析

对前期测序得到的脊尾白虾血细胞2853条EST序列进行了生物信息学和微卫星序列特征分析。EST序列拼接得到1053条Unigenes,包括329条Contigs和724条Singlets。BLAST分析表明,593(56.3%)条Uingenes与数据库中已知基因具有相似性。KEGG代谢途径分析表明,181条Unigenes映射到120条代谢途径。通过EST-SSR分析,共得到416条微卫星序列,检出率为14.58%。其中,两碱基重复序列374条,占89.90%,AG重复类型最多;三碱基35条,占8.41%,AAT重复类型最多;四碱基7条,占1.68%,AAGT重复类型最多。本研究可为脊尾白虾功能基因资源挖掘及分子标记筛选提供有效数据。     

哈维氏弧菌感染的杂色鲍全组织均一化cDNA文库的构建

提取了哈维氏弧菌（Vibrio harveryi）感染的杂色鲍（Haliotis diversicolorReeve）总RNA,采用SMART方法合成双链cDNA,并用双链特异核酸酶进行均一化处理。割取0.5~1.0和1.0~3.0kb的片段分别连接pDNR-LIB并转化大肠杆菌（Esherichia coli）,最终构建2种片段大小的杂色鲍全组织均一化cDNA文库。2文库库容均在2.5×105cfu.mL-1左右,PCR检测阳性重组率为100%。随机挑取200个克隆测序,获得高质量EST序列174条。组装后得到149条Unigenes,冗余率为14.37%。序列注释结果表明,有39条Unigene序列与已知基因高度相似。综上所述,文章所建cDNA文库质量良好,可以满足后续研究工作的需要。     

Expression of four muscle proteins at different growth stages of Günther's walking catfish Clarias macrocephalus

The complete cDNA sequences of four contractile muscle genes of walking catfish Clarias macrocephalus were characterized by assembling partial EST sequences from a skeletal muscle cDNA library. The four genes were parvalbumin 4 (PV4) (670 bp), troponin C (TnC) (1065 bp), troponin I (TnI) (843 bp) and myosin light chain 3 (MLC3) (953 bp), leading to deduced amino acid sequences of 109, 160, 176 and 150 residues respectively. During the larval stage, TnC mRNA showed the highest levels of expression with a 1.4‐fold increase from day 1 to day 30 post hatch. At 90 days, the relative expression levels of PV4, TnC and MLC3 were the highest, with similar proportions in the skeletal muscle, corresponding to the highest relative growth rate of walking catfish. Expression of the three calcium‐binding proteins remained high in 6‐month‐old fish, with higher levels of PV4. The different proportions of muscle proteins expressed suggested the significance of their contributions to fish growth and appeared to be correlated with the functional properties of muscle cells, which were observed from changes in the swimming activity of the fish.     

Discovery of host defence genes in the Japanese scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis Jay by expressed sequence tag analysis of kidney tissue

The Japanese scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis is one of the most important aquaculture mollusca in Japan and China. In the present study, a high‐quality cDNA library of the Japanese scallop was constructed from the kidney tissue. A total of 2919 expressed sequence tags longer than 100 bp were generated from this library. A cluster of 1440 unique sequences, which consisted of 258 contigs and 1182 singletons, was revealed. Based on blast searches, 882 (61.3%) genes had significant (E‐value <1e–5) matches to known sequences in public databases. Among them, >70 genes were involved in stress response, immunity and apoptosis. These results expanded our knowledge of the genetics and physiology of the Japanese scallop, and provided a useful resource for gene discovery for further research of this species.