气候变化和人类活动对蒙古高原植被覆盖变化的影响

基于全球监测与模型研究组（GIMMS）归一化植被指数(NDVI),对蒙古高原地区1981-2006年植被覆盖的时空变化进行了研究,并从气候变化和人类活动的角度,分析了植被覆盖变化的原因。1981-2006年蒙古高原的植被覆盖时空分布具有明显的地带性特征,森林区及荒漠区植被覆盖呈现小幅下降趋势,草原区呈现上升趋势,蒙古高原NDVI分布从东北向西南、从高原南北边缘地带向中心地带呈明显的规律性变化：高原东北部的大兴安岭地区NDVI最高,蒙古国北部的杭爱山脉次之,西南部荒漠区的NDVI最低。研究表明: 植被覆盖变化是气候变化和人类活动共同作用的结果,蒙古高原地区的降水变化是植被覆盖变化的重要原因,森林砍伐、河套耕作及城镇化等人类活动则是导致具有相似气候条件的内蒙古与蒙古国植被覆盖变化区域差异的原因。     

Spatial and temporal change patterns of net primary productivity and its response to climate change in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau of China from 2000 to 2015

The vegetation ecosystem of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau in China,considered to be the′′natural laboratory′′of climate change in the world,has undergone profound changes under the stress of global change.Herein,we analyzed and discussed the spatial-temporal change patterns and the driving mechanisms of net primary productivity(NPP)in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau from 2000 to 2015 based on the gravity center and correlation coefficient models.Subsequently,we quantitatively distinguished the relative effects of climate change(such as precipitation,temperature and evapotranspiration)and human activities(such as grazing and ecological construction)on the NPP changes using scenario analysis and Miami model based on the MOD17A3 and meteorological data.The average annual NPP in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau showed a decreasing trend from the southeast to the northwest during 2000–2015.With respect to the inter-annual changes,the average annual NPP exhibited a fluctuating upward trend from 2000 to 2015,with a steep increase observed in 2005 and a high fluctuation observed from 2005 to 2015.In the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau,the regions with the increase in NPP(change rate higher than 10%)were mainly concentrated in the Three-River Source Region,the northern Hengduan Mountains,the middle and lower reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River,and the eastern parts of the North Tibet Plateau,whereas the regions with the decrease in NPP(change rate lower than–10%)were mainly concentrated in the upper reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River and the Ali Plateau.The gravity center of NPP in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau has moved southwestward during 2000–2015,indicating that the increment and growth rate of NPP in the southwestern part is greater than those of NPP in the northeastern part.Further,a significant correlation was observed between NPP and climate factors in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau.The regions exhibiting a significant correlation between NPP and precipitation were mainly located in the central and eastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau,and the regions exhibiting a significant correlation between NPP and temperature were mainly located in the southern and eastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau.Furthermore,the relative effects of climate change and human activities on the NPP changes in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau exhibited significant spatial differences in three types of zones,i.e.,the climate change-dominant zone,the human activity-dominant zone,and the climate change and human activity interaction zone.These research results can provide theoretical and methodological supports to reveal the driving mechanisms of the regional ecosystems to the global change in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau.     

Desertification dynamic and the relative roles of climate change and human activities in desertification in the Heihe River Basin based on NPP

Relative roles of climate change and human activities in desertification are the hotspot of research on desertification dynamic and its driving mechanism.To overcome the shortcomings of existing studies,this paper selected net primary productivity(NPP) as an indicator to analyze desertification dynamic and its impact factors.In addition,the change trends of actual NPP,potential NPP and HNPP(human appropriation of NPP,the difference between potential NPP and actual NPP) were used to analyze the desertification dynamic and calculate the relative roles of climate change,human activities and a combination of the two factors in desertification.In this study,the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)-Normalised Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) and meteorological data were utilized to drive the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach(CASA) model to calculate the actual NPP from 2001 to 2010 in the Heihe River Basin.Potential NPP was estimated using the Thornthwaite Memorial model.Results showed that 61% of the whole basin area underwent land degradation,of which 90.5% was caused by human activities,8.6% by climate change,and 0.9% by a combination of the two factors.On the contrary,1.5% of desertification reversion area was caused by human activities and 90.7% by climate change,the rest 7.8% by a combination of the two factors.Moreover,it was demonstrated that 95.9% of the total actual NPP decrease was induced by human activities,while 69.3% of the total actual NPP increase was caused by climate change.The results revealed that climate change dominated desertification reversion,while human activities dominated desertification expansion.Moreover,the relative roles of both climate change and human activities in desertification possessed great spatial heterogeneity.Additionally,ecological protection policies should be enhanced in the Heihe River Basin to prevent desertification expansion under the condition of climate change.     

Attribution analysis and multi-scenario prediction of NDVI drivers in the Xilin Gol grassland,China

Grassland degradation is influenced by climate change and human activities, and has become a major obstacle for the development of arid and semi-arid areas, posing a series of environmental and socio-economic problems. An in-depth understanding of the inner relations among grassland vegetation dynamics, climate change, and human activities is therefore greatly significant for understanding the variation in regional environmental conditions and predicting future developmental trends. Based on MODIS (moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer) NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) data from 2000 to 2020, our objective is to investigate the spatiotemporal changes of NDVI in the Xilin Gol grassland, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. Combined with 12 natural factors and human activity factors in the same period, the dominant driving factors and their interactions were identified by using the geographic detector model, and multiple scenarios were also simulated to forecast the possible paths of future NDVI changes in this area. The results showed that: (1) in the past 21 a, vegetation cover in the Xilin Gol grassland exhibited an overall increasing trend, and the vegetation restoration (84.53%) area surpassed vegetation degradation area (7.43%); (2) precipitation, wind velocity, and livestock number were the dominant factors affecting NDVI (the explanatory power of these factors exceeded 0.4). The interaction between average annual wind velocity and average annual precipitation, and between average annual precipitation and livestock number greatly affected NDVI changes (the explanatory power of these factors exceeded 0.7). Moreover, the impact of climate change on NDVI was more significant than human activities; and (3) scenario analysis indicated that NDVI in the Xinlin Gol grassland increased under the scenarios of reduced wind velocity, increased precipitation, and ecological protection. In contrast, vegetation coverage restoration in this area was significantly reduced under the scenarios of unfavorable climate conditions and excessive human activities. This study provides a scientific basis for future vegetation restoration and management, ecological environmental construction, and sustainable natural resource utilization in this area.     

1982-2006年华北植被指数时空变化特征

利用1982-2006年GIMMS/NDVI数据,研究华北近25 a来植被指数在时间和空间上的变化。结果表明:①植被指数的年内变化呈单峰型,最大值出现在夏季,其中北京市NDVI最大,森林NDVI比农田和草地NDVI大;②华北年平均NDVI呈增加趋势,河北省植被指数增加最快,北京市次之,不同土地覆盖类型中,农田NDVI增加最快,草地次之,森林最小;③空间趋势分析结果显示,华北植被指数改善的面积占整个地区面积的15.96%,退化面积占11.86%,其中,河北省改善面积最大,内蒙古退化较明显,不同土地覆盖类型中,农田植被改善最明显;④基于华北近年暖干化发展趋势下,人类活动对该区域NDVI变化起到了重要作用。     

基于MODIS/NDVI的塔里木河流域植被覆盖变化驱动因素相对作用分析

塔里木河流域是我国生态较为脆弱的地区,过去几十年不合理的开发,导致植被覆盖遭到严重破坏。2001年以后,随着"塔里木河流域近期综合治理项目"等系列生态工程的实施,流域环境得到初步改善,植被覆盖日益好转。利用2001—2013年逐旬MODIS/NDVI数据和气象数据,通过分离气候变化对塔里木河流域植被覆盖的影响,对气候变化和人类活动对植被覆盖变化的相对作用进行定量分析。研究表明:(1)2001—2013年塔里木河流域植被覆盖总体呈增长趋势;植被覆盖呈改善趋势的区域占流域总面积的28.02%,呈退化趋势的区域占10.99%,其他区域则基本不变。(2)采用相关分析与残差法分析了气候变化和人类活动对植被覆盖变化的影响,结果表明植被覆盖变化与气候因子显著相关;人类活动对植被覆盖变化起积极作用的面积占流域总面积的61.8%,起消极作用的占38.2%。(3)通过对植被覆盖变化驱动因素进行相对作用分析,可以得出在植被改善区和植被退化区,人类活动的作用相对于气候因素更大,是植被覆盖变化的主要驱动因素。     

Quantitative distinction of the relative actions of climate change and human activities on vegetation evolution in the Yellow River Basin of China during 1981-2019

Under the combined influence of climate change and human activities, vegetation ecosystem has undergone profound changes. It can be seen that there are obvious differences in the evolution patterns and driving mechanisms of vegetation ecosystem in different historical periods. Therefore, it is urgent to identify and reveal the dominant factors and their contribution rates in the vegetation change cycle. Based on the data of climate elements (sunshine hours, precipitation and temperature), human activities (population intensity and GDP intensity) and other natural factors (altitude, slope and aspect), this study explored the spatial and temporal evolution patterns of vegetation NDVI in the Yellow River Basin of China from 1989 to 2019 through a residual method, a trend analysis, and a gravity center model, and quantitatively distinguished the relative actions of climate change and human activities on vegetation evolution based on Geodetector model. The results showed that the spatial distribution of vegetation NDVI in the Yellow River Basin showed a decreasing trend from southeast to northwest. During 1981-2019, the temporal variation of vegetation NDVI showed an overall increasing trend. The gravity centers of average vegetation NDVI during the study period was distributed in Zhenyuan County, Gansu Province, and the center moved northeastwards from 1981 to 2019. During 1981-2000 and 2001-2019, the proportion of vegetation restoration areas promoted by the combined action of climate change and human activities was the largest. During the study period (1981-2019), the dominant factors influencing vegetation NDVI shifted from natural factors to human activities. These results could provide decision support for the protection and restoration of vegetation ecosystem in the Yellow River Basin.     

榆林地区植被指数动态变化及其对气候和人类活动的响应

榆林地区是中国典型生态脆弱区,植被生态系统对气候变化和人类活动影响较为敏感。以榆林地区2000—2015年MODIS NDVI为基础,结合气温、降水数据,利用线性趋势法、相关系数、偏相关系数及缓冲区方法,分析了区域NDVI(归一化差异植被指数)动态变化及其对气候和人类活动的响应,结果表明:(1)榆林地区总体上NDVI较小,植被覆盖水平较低。2000—2015年NDVI以每年0.009 6的线性速率递增,空间上主要表现出线性增加趋势,占总面积的97.06%,减少趋势面积较小且主要与人类活动有关,分布在区域西南部山区、城镇附近及中、东部的河流谷地。(2)相关分析表明,榆林地区NDVI与气温以负相关为主,而与降水以正相关为主,反映出干旱、半干旱地区水分是植物生长的主导因子。(3)NDVI变化过程反映出人类活动范围中,市级行政中心缓冲区人类活动强度高于县级行政中心缓冲区。市级行政中心缓冲区范围可划分为5 km以内受人类活动剧烈影响区域、5~9km受人类活动影响递减区域和9 km以外未受人类活动影响区域。     

青海气候变化趋势及对植被生产力影响的研究

应用青海省南部三江源区、东北祁连山地及环青海湖区气象站1961-2004年气温、降水和所在地区植被地上净初级生产力资料,分析和模拟了44年来有关气候变化特征以及植被生产力与气温、降水、地理坐标参数间的关系,模拟估算了假设未来气候温暖化情景下青海植被生产力变化的可能。结果表明:44年来青海各地气温均在升高,青海北部比南部增温明显;年降水量变化平稳,但北部比南部有所增加;土壤实际蒸发散表现出明显的升高趋势;青海南部植被地上净初级生产力(NPP)逐年降低,青海东北地区相对平稳。模拟计算表明,由于青藏高原植被的生长主要受温度条件的限制,在未来气候增暖,降水不变或增加的趋势下,植被地上NPP均有所增加。     

我国荒漠植被生产力动态及其与水热因子的关系

为了探讨近30 a来我国干旱区荒漠植被的净初级生产力(NPP)及其与水热因子相关性随时间的变化,运用CASA(Carnegie Ames Stanford approach)模型估算我国荒漠植被1982—2015年生长季的NPP,并运用线性回归和GIS空间分析方法分析了NPP的时空变化特征,利用滑动相关系数分析了荒漠植被NPP与水热因子的关系。结果表明：① 单位面积NPP均值为42 g·m^-2·a^-1,NPP整体水平较低。空间上呈西北部、东部边缘较高,中部、南部和中东部较低的分布特征。② 荒漠植被NPP年均总量为5.783×1013g·a^-1。从荒漠植被NPP的年际变化来看,1982—2015年中国荒漠植被NPP总量以1.64×1012g·(10a)^-1的线性速率（P=0.054）上升,荒漠植被生长状况总体上不断改善,但总量趋势呈现阶段性变化,1982—1993年荒漠植被NPP总量呈极显著增长态势（1.25×1012 g·a^-1,P<0.01）; 1993—2006年NPP总量呈极显著降低态势（-6.42×1011 g·a^-1,P<0.01）; 2006—2015年NPP总量缓慢增长（1.70×1011 g·a^-1,P>0.05）。从空间变化来看,47.65%的荒漠植被NPP呈增加态势,主要分布在阿拉善高原、天山北麓、塔里木盆地西部边缘、柴达木盆地的东南边缘、阿尔金山南麓和昆仑山脉。③ 从荒漠植被NPP与各气候因子之间的相关关系随时间的变化来看,NPP与气温的滑动相关系数随时间的变化保持为负相关,与降水、干燥度的滑动相关系数保持为正相关,与太阳总辐射的滑动相关系数随时间变化并未表现出显著的变化趋势。总体上,荒漠植被与水热因子的相关关系在研究时段均有进一步减弱的态势,即荒漠植被NPP对气候因子的变化愈来愈不敏感。     

Geochemical signatures and human health risk evaluation of rare earth elements in soils and plants of the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China

Information on rare earth elements (REEs) in soils and plants of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is very limited. Therefore, in this study, we performed field sampling to explore the geochemical signatures and human health risk of REEs in soils and plants of the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. A total of 127 soil samples and 127 plant samples were collected from the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to acquire the geochemical signatures and related human health risks of REEs. The mean total concentrations of REEs in soils and plants of the study area reached 178.55 and 10.06 mg/kg, respectively. The light REEs in soils and plants accounted for 76% and 77% of the total REEs, respectively. REEs showed significantly homogenous distribution in soils but inhomogeneous distribution in plants of the study area. Characteristic parameters indicated that light REEs were enriched and fractionated significantly, while heavy REEs were moderately fractionated in soils and plants. REEs in soils and plants showed significantly negative Europium anomaly. Cerium showed slightly positive anomaly in plants and slight anomaly in soils. The normalized distribution patterns of REEs were generally similar in the analyzed soils and the corresponding plants of the study area. The average bio-concentration factor of REEs ranged from 0.0478 (Scandium) to 0.0604 (Europium), confirming a small accumulation of REEs by plants. Health risks caused by REEs in soils and plants were negligible, while risks for adults were lower than those for children. This study provides important information on REEs in soils and plants of the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.     

2001-2011年青藏高原东北边坡地带云水资源分析

利用青藏高原东北边坡地带(32°～37° N,99°～104° E)22个地面气象站2001年6月至2011年5月每日8次地面观测资料,以及2001-2011年NCAR/NCEP月平均再分析资料,通过统计分析和NOAA HYSPLIT_4（混合单粒子拉格朗日积分）水汽轨迹模型,主要分析了青藏高原东北部边坡地带近10 a云量、云状的发展特征及其与水汽的关系。结果表明：① 近10 a,高原东北边坡地带多年平均总云量与低云量的变化具有较好的一致性;全年云量春夏季增加尤为明显。② 全年发生雨雪天气时,卷云出现概率最高,其次为高层云,积云最低;高原东北边坡地带对流云出现概率明显比非对流云出现的概率高。③ 水汽是决定高原降水分布和对流云变化的主要依据之一,水汽主要来源于700 hPa,且水汽通量可以较好地反映低云量的多寡。      

绿洲耗水对阿克苏河流域地表径流的影响

利用高分辨率辐射计获得的遥感资料提取研究区的归一化植被指数（NDVI）数据,干旱区绿洲NDVI对径流响应敏感,根据经验,NDVI>0.2区域识别为绿洲,进一步提取绿洲范围内的NDVI累计数据,将其作为以农业活动为主的人类活动综合因素,结合径流资料,分析了1982-2006年阿克苏河流域绿洲耗水和地表径流之间的关系。结果表明：1982-2006年阿克苏河流域出山径流量相对研究初期增加21.4%,同期,绿洲耗水量相对增加53.2%,绿洲NDVI累计相对研究初期增加35.3%,绿洲面积增加33.4%;阿拉尔站径流量、绿洲耗水与绿洲来水量均呈正相关,表明中游绿洲扩张消耗的出山径流量增加;绿洲NDVI累计自河道向两侧变化剧烈程度逐步加强。同时,绿洲NDVI累计整体上从绿洲边缘向绿洲内部增加趋势逐步加强;考虑绿洲降水情景,NDVI累计和绿洲面积的相关性均大于未考虑绿洲降水情景,表明降水对绿洲起到了支撑、维护作用,对绿洲面积的贡献为25.2%。对比冰川径流、出山径流和流域降水的变差系数(C_v),加上冰川径流对绿洲面积的贡献为33.4%,表明冰川径流有调节出山径流量和维持绿洲规模相对稳定的作用。     

Estimation of net primary productivity and its driving factors in the Ili River Valley,China

Net primary productivity(NPP), as an important variable and ecological indicator in grassland ecosystems, can reflect environmental change and the carbon budget level. The Ili River Valley is a wetland nestled in the hinterland of the Eurasian continent, which responds sensitively to the global climate change. Understanding carbon budget and their responses to climate change in the ecosystem of Ili River Valley has a significant effect on the adaptability of future climate change and sustainable development. In this study, we calculated the NPP and analyzed its spatio-temporal pattern of the Ili River Valley during the period 2000–2014 using the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) and an improved Carnegie-Ames-Stanford(CASA) model. Results indicate that validation showed a good performance of CASA over the study region, with an overall coefficient of determination(R2) of 0.65 and root mean square error(RMSE) of 20.86 g C/(m~2·a). Temporally, annual NPP of the Ili River Valley was 599.19 g C/(m~2·a) and showed a decreasing trend from 2000 to 2014, with an annual decrease rate of –3.51 g C/(m~2·a). However, the spatial variation was not consistent, in which 55.69% of the areas showed a decreasing tendency, 12.60% of the areas remained relatively stable and 31.71% appeared an increasing tendency. In addition, the decreasing trends in NPP were not continuous throughout the 15-year period, which was likely being caused by a shift in climate conditions. Precipitation was found to be the dominant climatic factor that controlled the inter-annual variability in NPP. Furthermore, the correlations between NPP and climate factors differed along the vertical zonal. In the medium-high altitudes of the Ili River Valley, the NPP was positively correlated to precipitation and negatively correlated to temperature and net radiation. In the low-altitude valley and high-altitude mountain areas, the NPP showed a negative correlation with precipitation and a weakly positive correlation with temperature and net radiation. The results suggested that the vegetation of the Ili River Valley degraded in recent years, and there was a more complex mechanism of local hydrothermal redistribution that controlled the growth of vegetation in this valley ecosystem.     

黄土高原城郊区植被生产有机物价值的时空差异

选取受人类活动影响深刻的生态脆弱区陕北黄土高原城郊区为研究区,利用研究区太阳辐射、降水量、日照率、地面长波辐射、土地利用等数据和区域生态服务价值测算模型测算了研究区植被净生产力、生产有机物价值的时空差异.结果表明:陕北黄土高原城郊区各类植被净生产力年际间变化大;陕北黄土高原城郊区植被净生产力空间差异显著,而且同一区域不同植被类型净生产力也不相同;陕北黄土高原城郊区植被生产有机物总价值随时间变化明显,其中榆林市城郊区年际间变化最大.     

1998—2011年甘肃河东地区NDVI时空变化

基于1998—2011年的SPOT VGT NDVI数据,运用最大化均值法、提取植被覆盖度法和一元线性回归趋势分析法,对甘肃河东地区连续14 a的植被覆盖时空变化特征进行动态研究。结果表明:河东地区植被南多北少。在时间上,整体植被呈缓慢上升趋势,增速为0.028·（10a）-1。其中,前4 a NDVI呈下降趋势,从1998年的0.392下降到 2001年0.314;后10 a NDVI呈波动上升趋势,从2002年的0.330上升到2011年的0.378。在空间上,陇南山区中北部、陇中高原南部植被呈增加趋势;而陇东高原东南部、甘南草原区则有所下降。     

基于改进光能利用率模型呼伦贝尔植被净初级生产力时空格局

呼伦贝尔作为全球气候变化的敏感区域,分析其植被生产力时空格局具有重要科学意义。简化光能利用率模型的水分胁迫系数,基于E0S/MODIS卫星遥感资料,研究呼伦贝尔地区植被净初级生产力(NPP)时空格局。结果表明:1)研究区内大兴安岭林区单位面积NPP为高值区,呼伦贝尔草原西部NPP为低值区,林草交错区和农牧交错区NPP介于林区和草原区之间;2)2000年-2008年4类土地覆被类型单位面积NPP为下降趋势;3)呼伦贝尔西部草原、呼伦贝尔林草交错区单位面积NPP主要受降水量的影响,而大兴安岭林区和岭东农牧交错区主要受生长季气温的影响。     

Effects of agriculture,climate, and policy on NDVI change in a semi-arid river basin of the Chinese Loess Plateau

In 1999, the Grain for Green Project was implemented by the Chinese government. Since then, the vegetation of Zuli River Basin, a semi-arid river basin of the Chinese Loess Plateau, has been greatly changed. Clearly understanding the impact of natural and artificial factors on vegetation change is important for policy making and ecosystem management. In this study, spatio-temporal variations in vegetation cover in Chinese Zuli River Basin during 1999–2016 were investigated using Landsat normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data. Analyses of several indicators, including changes in NDVI in different slopes and land use changes and the relationships between climatic factors and NDVI change, were presented to quantitatively evaluate the effects of agriculture, climate, and policy on NDVI change. The NDVI in the Zuli River Basin increased during the study period, and the main contributors to this change were forest in 1999–2011, cropland, abandoned farmland, and grassland in 2009–2016, and land with slopes ≤ 15°. Land with slope > 15°, where the “Project” was implemented, slightly contributed to the increase in regional NDVI. In 1999–2011, the project (?98.16%) combined with climate change (?68.18%) showed negative effects on the increase in NDVI in the Zuli River Basin, but agriculture (22.28%) played a positive role in increasing this index. In 2009–2016 and 1999–2016, the project (38.45% and 35.25%, respectively), the project combined with climate change (49.83% and 46.30%, respectively), agriculture (18.61% and 23.30%, respectively), promoted increases in NDVI in the basin.     

近20多年来西北绿洲植被指数的变化及其成因

利用NASA GIMMS 1982-2003年逐月的标准化植被指数NDVI数据集以及相关的气候资料,选黄河、河西内陆河以及新疆内陆河的典型绿洲为代表,分析了22年间各绿洲春、夏、秋季NDVI的变化和绿洲面积变化,比较了不同年代间NDVI的年变化特征,并研究了绿洲NDVI与气候和人类活动的关系。结果表明:①近22年来,各绿洲夏季和秋季NDVI均呈显著增加趋势,以夏季NDVI增加幅度最大。从地域上看,新疆塔里木盆地南侧绿洲和河西走廊绿洲各季NDVI增加较其他绿洲明显。②不同年代间各绿洲NDVI年变化较大,主要表现为年代间植被生长季NDVI的增加和NDVI峰值出现时间的改变。③近22年来,西北绿洲面积均呈现增加趋势,以河西走廊和新疆内陆河绿洲面积增加最为显著,黄河绿洲面积扩大趋势不太显著。④绿洲NDVI增加的主要原因为绿洲面积的扩大、种植结构的调整,气温的升高和降水量的增加,对绿洲NDVI增加有正效益,但降水量的变化对不同绿洲NDVI的驱动作用随着降水量在地域上的减少而变弱。     

陕北风沙区景观格局分析

陕北风沙区地处农牧交错带,气候干旱,是一个从沙区向黄土区的过渡区,自然环境复杂、恶劣。区内景观类型简单,半流动沙地、流动沙地占据了主体,是一种典型的沙地景观格局。水是区域景观发展的一个重要因素,绿色景观滩地、草地、林地仅有14．7％,显示出区内生产力低,生态环境脆弱。人为景观成为区域内仅次于沙地的景观大类,区内自然的景观格局正受到人类的强烈干扰。这种区域环境的过渡性及脆弱性,导致了区域景观结构的不稳定性与敏感性。