宁夏半干旱偏旱区苜蓿引进品种在不同立地及干旱胁迫下抗旱性研究

连续3年对引进的14个紫花苜蓿品种在半干旱偏旱区的缓坡耕地、台地和川旱地三种不同立地类型区,分别布设旱地组和补充灌溉组进行田间试验,对同一苜蓿品种在不同立地类型和不同水分胁迫下的苗期抗旱性生理指标进行测定分析.结果表明,苜蓿品种叶片失水速率以补充灌溉最高,旱地次之,坡耕地最低;离体叶片失水速率(RWL)与保水力(HAW)、抗旱性指教(ID)之间呈负相关,HAW与ID呈显著正相关.对主要抗旱指标进行了多元回归预测和聚类分析.     

锦鸡儿等旱生树种抗旱生理的研究

研究了青海东部干旱半干旱地区常见的１４种旱生树种在多项抗旱生理指标上的特征。通过凋萎系数的测定将参试树种的抗旱程度进行了初步划分。深入研究了多项水分生理指标，并据此进行了主成份二维排序，将参试树种按耐旱特征划分为五个不同的抗旱类型，供各种生态类型区选用。又综合多指标对１４个树种的抗旱顺序进行了综合排序。     

半干旱区农户对干旱恢复力的定量分析——以甘肃省榆中县为例

选取我国干旱半干旱地区的一个主要的气候驱动因子—干旱作为系统的一个扰动,首先分析了对于干旱恢复力研究的现状,其次选择一种定量化的方法,选取甘肃省榆中县的三个典型乡镇作为研究对象,分别计算了三个乡镇的332户农户的干旱恢复力水平。结果显示,自然经济条件较好的中部川区的恢复力水平最高,南部山区的恢复力其次,最低的是北山的干旱区域。进一步对干旱恢复力指数(DRI)的结果与所选取的各变量进行皮尔森相关分析,得出DRI与农户的文化程度、劳动力数和有效灌溉面积三个变量的相关性最高,即这三个变量最能够影响农户的干旱恢复力。     

花椒抗旱性研究进展

花椒是我国重要的油料和经济作物，在干旱半干旱地区分布较广。近年来，随着全球气候变暖的加剧，水资源短缺的形势更加严峻，干旱已成为影响花椒生产的主要环境因子。本文从花椒生长形态特征、生理生化变化和抗旱分子机制3个方面阐述了花椒抗旱性的国内外研究现状，并分析了花椒抗旱性评价的方法。结果表明：花椒主要通过根、茎、叶特征的变化实现形态上的抗旱；通过保持较高的光合色素含量和调整气孔开度维持较高的光合效率、积累较多的渗透物质以增强叶片保水能力和细胞的渗透调节性能，保持较高的抗氧化酶活性减轻活性氧对细胞的伤害来提高其生理上的抗旱性；长链非编码RNA(Incrna)和ZbWRKY转录因子在花椒的抗旱过程中发挥了重要作用，其通过调控代谢途径、合成代谢物和产生植物激素应对干旱胁迫。隶属函数法、主成分分析法、聚类分析法、灰色关联度分析法可作为花椒抗旱性评价的主要方法。今后应继续加强花椒抗旱生理研究，并建立系统的抗旱性鉴定评价体系，以期为花椒抗逆性研究提供参考。     

Size- and leaf age-dependent effects on the photosynthetic and physiological responses of Artemisia ordosica to drought stress

Drought is one of the most significant natural disasters in the arid and semi-arid areas of China. Populations or plant organs often differ in their responses to drought and other adversities at different growth stages. At present, little is known about the size- and leaf age-dependent differences in the mechanisms of shrub-related drought resistance in the deserts of China. Here, we evaluated the photosynthetic and physiological responses of Artemisia ordosica Krasch. to drought stress using a field experiment in Mu Us Sandy Land, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China in 2018. Rainfall was manipulated by installing outdoor shelters, with four rainfall treatments applied to 12 plots (5 m×5 m). There were four rainfall levels, including a control and rainfall reductions of 30%, 50% and 70%, each with three replications. Taking individual crown size as the dividing basis, we measured the responses of A. ordosica photosynthetic and physiological responses to drought at different growth stages, i.e., large-sized (>0.5 m²) and small-sized (≤0.5 m²) plants. The leaves of A. ordosica were divided into old leaves and young leaves for separate measurement. Results showed that: (1) under drought stress, the transfer efficiency of light energy captured by antenna pigments to the photosystem II (PSII) reaction center decreased, and the heat dissipation capacity increased simultaneously. To resist the photosynthetic system damage caused by drought, A. ordosica enhanced its free radical scavenging capacity by activating its antioxidant enzyme system; and (2) growth stage and leaf age had effects on the reaction of the photosynthetic system to drought. Small A. ordosica plants could not withstand severe drought stress (70% rainfall reduction), whereas large A. ordosica individuals could absorb deep soil water to ensure their survival in severe drought stressed condition. Under 30% and 50% rainfall reduction conditions, young leaves had a greater ability to resist drought than old leaves, whereas the latter were more resistant to severe drought stress. The response of A. ordosica photosynthetic system reflected the trade-off at different growth stages and leaf ages of photosynthetic production under different degrees of drought. This study provides a more comprehensive and systematic perspective for understanding the drought resistance mechanisms of desert plants.     

云南元谋干热河谷区红花种质资源抗旱性鉴定与评价研究

从已收集保存48个国家的3000多份红花种质资源中筛选的15份抗旱种质为材料,对其植株形态、产量构成因素等8个性状进行田间观测,观测项目包括物候期、植物学特征特性、生长势、抗逆性等.以抗旱系数和抗旱指数作为主要评价指标,评价其抗旱适应性、稳产性和丰产性.结果表明:在干旱处理条件下,不同类型种质的抗旱性有差异,不同性状受...     

基于GGE双标图法的西瓜抗旱性鉴定评价方法

以7个已知抗旱性的西瓜品种为试材,大田条件下测定其在正常供水、轻度和中度水分胁迫下的经济产量及产量构成性状。选用7种评价方法对试材的经济产量进行评价比较,利用GGE-bioplot双标图分析系统,筛选西瓜抗旱性评价的适宜方法。结果表明:随水分胁迫加剧,供试西瓜材料的产量逐渐降低,降幅具有明显的品种间差异;抗旱品种为了实现最大可能性的产量产出,单果重与单株坐果数间存在权衡效应,而干旱敏感性品种的单果重与单株坐果数间并无权衡关系,果型大小比较不稳定,且单株坐果数变幅较大,不能够保障产量丰收;在GGE-bioplot分析系统中利用折合公顷产量分析试材间抗旱性的相似性,所得结果与已知品种抗旱性强弱规律一致;以折合公顷产量为基准,试材和评价方法位于GGE-bioplot双标图不同的扇区内,与已知抗旱性强的试材位于同一扇区的评价方法即为筛选出适宜的评价方法;在轻度和中度水分胁迫下,筛选出YSI(抗旱系数)、DRI(抗旱指数)、MP(平均产量)、STI(耐旱指数)与GMP(几何平均产量)为西瓜抗旱性评价的适宜方法,其中MP、STI与GMP属同一类评价方法,YSI与DRI属同一类。本研究结果对西瓜抗旱资源筛选和新品种抗旱性鉴定具有理论指导意义。     

干旱胁迫下玉米自交系抗旱性评价及筛选

以39份玉米自交系为材料,2017—2018年在甘肃省张掖市设置田间自然抗旱鉴定试验,筛选抗旱鉴定指标,综合评价玉米自交系的抗旱性。结果表明：在干旱胁迫下,39份玉米自交系的粉丝间隔时间延长了0~3 d,株高、穗位高、穗长、穗粗、穗干重、籽粒干重、出籽率及百粒重均降低,其中,穗干重、籽粒干重和出籽率3个指标分别为正常灌水处理的81.5%、79%和88.5%。穗干重、籽粒干重和出籽率与平均抗旱系数呈显著正相关,可作为玉米自交系抗旱鉴定的主要指标。利用加权抗旱系数法综合评价筛选出强抗旱玉米自交系10份,其中自交系E28、DH351、陇1222、浚92-8和黄早四,抗旱性达到极强。本研究所筛选到的抗旱自交系可在选育抗旱新品种中加强利用。     

不同品种马铃薯叶片生理特性与抗旱性研究

在水分胁迫条件下,对马铃薯可溶性糖含量、高体叶片失水速率及叶片含水量与品种抗旱性关系的研究结果表明:马铃薯叶片可溶性糖含量的相对值与品种抗旱性呈极显著的正相关(r为0.9768,P＜0.01),离体叶片失水速率的相对值与品种抗旱性呈显著的负相关(r=-0.925,P＜0.05),叶片含水量的相对值与品种抗旱性呈显著的负相关(r=-0.8844,P＜0.05),上述三项指标均可用于马铃薯不同品种抗旱性评价.     

干旱胁迫下砂生槐、锦鸡儿的生理生化特性与抗旱性

以西藏半干旱区的两种豆科灌木为研究对象,采用盆栽控水干旱胁迫手段,比较和分析了砂生槐、矮锦鸡儿在持续水分胁迫条件下的生理响应。结果表明：随着干旱胁迫时间推移,土壤含水量不断下降,2种灌木体内水分饱和亏缺值均呈上升趋势,从上升速率和变化情况来看,砂生槐的叶片保水能力优于矮锦鸡儿;叶绿素a＋b值和叶绿素a/b值综合比较结果...     

Effects of water stress and NaCl stress on different life cycle stages of the cold desert annual Lachnoloma lehmannii in China

For a plant species to complete its life cycle in arid and saline environments, each stage of the life cycle must be tolerant to the harsh environmental conditions. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of water stress (water potentials of -0.05, -0.16, -0.33, -0.56, -0.85 and -1.21 MPa) and NaCl stress (50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 mmol/L NaCl) on seed germination percentage, seedling survival and growth, juvenile growth and plant reproduction of Lachnoloma lehmannii Bunge (Brassicaceae), an cold desert annual that grows in the Junggar Basin of Xinjiang, China in 2010. Results indicated that low water stress (-0.05 and -0.16 MPa) had no significant effect on seed germination percentage. With a decrease in water potential, germination percentage decreased, and no seeds germinated at -0.85 and -1.21 MPa water stresses. Germination percentage of seeds was significantly affected by NaCl stress, and higher germination percentages were observed under non-saline than saline conditions. An increase in NaCl concentrations progressively inhibited seed germination percentage, and no seeds germinated at ≥400 mmol/L NaCl concentration. Non-germinated seeds were transferred from both PEG (polyethylene glycol-6000) and NaCl solutions to distilled water for seed germination recovery. The number of surviving seedlings and their heights and root lengths significantly decreased as NaCl stress increased. About 30% of the plants survived and produced fruits/seeds at 200 mmol/L NaCl concentration. Thus, seed germination, seedling establishment and reproductive stage in the life cycle of L. lehmannii are water- and salt-tolerant, with seedlings being the least tolerant. These tolerances help explain why this species can survive and produce seeds in arid and saline habitats.     

小麦高代系的抗旱性状筛选与抗旱性评价

于2020—2021年度和2021—2022年度两个生长季,在杨凌抗旱棚（DS）、杨凌农作一站（YAS）和乾县试验站（QX）3个环境下分别测定了43份和20份小麦高代系的8个农艺性状及8个产量性状,通过计算抗旱指数评价各性状对小麦抗旱指标的贡献率,同时利用隶属函数法、聚类分析等方法进行综合分析,筛选抗旱性强的小麦高代系。结果表明,在干旱胁迫环境（DS）下,小麦的农艺性状和产量性状均受到不同程度的抑制。基于各性状对小麦抗旱指数的贡献度,筛选出生物量、产量、小穗数和千粒重等作为评价小麦抗旱性的重要指标。通过抗旱性综合评价值D和聚类分析将供试小麦品种（系）分为高抗旱、抗旱、中等抗旱、干旱敏感和干旱高敏感5个等级,两年度鉴定出21-1、21-34、21-39、21-18、21-2和22-17共6份高抗旱小麦品系。     

作物抗旱基因研究进展及在马铃薯抗旱种质创新中的应用

整理并分析了近年来已经公开发表的68个抗旱相关基因,其中包括转录因子,以及提高渗透物质积累,具有解毒和抗氧化胁迫,控制作物生物大分子合成的基因,并对这些基因在作物抗旱中的作用机理及应用进展进行了分析。得出转录因子主要是通过激活或者抑制下游与干旱相关基因的表达,与渗透调节相关的基因主要是维持细胞内外渗透平衡,具有解毒和抗氧化胁迫的基因主要是通过清除活性氧的积累,与生物大分子合成有关的基因主要在逆境中可以产生一些逆境蛋白,从而提高作物耐逆性。同时整理并分析了利用基因工程改良马铃薯种质的发展现状与存在问题。     

Seasonal changes in the water-use strategies of three herbaceous species in a native desert steppe of Ningxia,China

Frequent periods of drought conditions are known to limit plant performance,primary production,and ecosystem stability in arid and semi-arid desert steppe environments.Plants often avoid competition by shifting their water use seasonally,which affects the water-use patterns of dominant species as well as the composition and structure of plant communities.However,the water-use strategies of dominant herbaceous species,which grow under natural field conditions in the desert steppe region of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,China,are poorly known.Here,we explored the possible sources of water uptake and water-use efficiency(WUE)of three dominant herbaceous plant species(Stipa breviflora,Agropyron mongolicum,and Glycyrrhiza uralensis)in a native desert steppe in the semi-arid area of Ningxia through an analysis of multiple parameters,including(1)the stable isotopic oxygen and hydrogen(δ18O andδ2H)compositions of precipitation,soil water,and stem water,(2)the carbon isotope(13C)composition of leaves,and(3)the soil water contents,based on field sampling across varying water conditions from June to September,2017.Frequent small precipitation events replenished shallow soil water,whereas large events only percolated down to the deep soil layers.Changes in soil water availability affected the water-use patterns of plants.Generally,during light precipitation periods,the deep root system of G.uralensis accessed deeper(>80 cm)soil water,whereas S.breviflora and A.mongolicum,which only have shallow roots,primarily absorbed water from the shallow and middle soil layers.As precipitation increased,all three plant species primarily obtained water from the shallow soil layers.Variation in soil water uptake between the dry and wet seasons enabled plants to make better use of existing satoil water.In addition,theδ13C values of G.uralensis and S.breviflora were higher than those of A.mongolicum.Theδ13C values of the three plant species were significantly negatively correlated with soil water content.Therefore,G.uralensis and S.breviflora maintained a higher WUE through their conservative and water-saving strategies across the entire growing season.In contrast,A.mongolicum,with a relatively low WUE in the wet season but a high WUE in the dry season,exhibited a more flexible water-use strategy.The different water-use strategies of these dominant plant species demonstrated the mechanisms by which plant communities can respond to drought.     

5种景天科地被植物抗旱性比较研究

通过对5种景天科地被植物干旱胁迫处理后的丙二醛(MDA)含量、脯氨酸含量、可溶性总糖含量、相对含水量等指标的观察测定,评定了5种地被植物的抗旱性。结果表明:5种景天科地被植物均有一定的抗旱性,但抗旱性强弱不同,其中胭脂红景天抗旱性最强,其余抗旱性较弱。     

Water transport and water use efficiency differ among Populus euphratica Oliv. saplings exposed to saline water irrigation

Populus euphratica Oliv. is a unique woody tree that can be utilized for vegetation restoration in arid and semi-arid areas. The effects of saline water irrigation (0.00, 2.93, 8.78 and 17.55 g/L NaCl solutions) on water transport and water use efficiency (WUE) of P. euphratica saplings were researched for improving the survival of P. euphratica saplings and vegetation restoration in arid and semi-arid areas of Xinjiang, China in 2011. Results showed that hydraulic conductivity and vulnerability to cavitation of P. euphratica saplings were more sensitive in root xylem than in twig xylem when irrigation water salinity increased. Irrigation with saline water concentration less than 8.78 g/L did not affect the growth of P. euphratica saplings, under which they maintained normal water transport in twig xylem through adjustment of anatomical structure of vessels and kept higher WUE and photosynthesis in leaves through adjustment of stomata. However, irrigation with saline water concentration up to 17.55 g/L severely inhibited the photochemical process and WUE of P. euphratica saplings, resulting in severe water-deficit in leaves and a sharp reduction in water transport in xylem. Thus, it is feasible to irrigate P. euphratica forest by using saline groundwater for improving the survival of P. euphratica saplings and vegetation restoration in arid and semi-arid areas of Xinjiang, China.     

Prediction of meteorological drought in arid and semi-arid regions using PDSI and SDSM: a case study in Fars Province,Iran

Drought is one of the most significant environmental disasters,especially in arid and semi-arid regions.Drought indices as a tool for management practices seeking to deal with the drought phenomenon are widely used around the world.One of these indicators is the Palmer drought severity index(PDSI),which is used in many parts of the world to assess the drought situation and continuation.In this study,the drought state of Fars Province in Iran was evaluated by using the PDSI over 1995-2014 according to meteorological data from six weather stations in the province.A statistical downscaling model(SDSM)was used to apply the output results of the general circulation model in Fars Province.To implement data processing and prediction of climate data,a statistical period 1995-2014 was considered as the monitoring period,and a statistical period 2019-2048 was for the prediction period.The results revealed that there is a good agreement between the simulated precipitation(R2>0.63;R2,determination coefficient;MAE<0.52;MAE,mean absolute error;RMSE<0.56;RMSE,Root Mean Squared Error)and temperature(R2>0.95,MAE<1.74,and RMSE<1.78)with the observed data from the stations.The results of the drought monitoring model presented that dry periods would increase over the next three decades as compared to the historical data.The studies showed the highest drought in the meteorological stations Abadeh and Lar during the prediction period under two future scenarios representative concentration pathways(RCP4.5 and RCP8.5).According to the results of the validation periods and efficiency criteria,we suggest that the SDSM is a proper tool for predicting drought in arid and semi-arid regions.     

Seasonal water relations in four co-existing native shrub species from Northeastern Mexico

Seasonal xylem water potentials (Ψ, MPa) and their relationship to soil water content and evaporative demand components were studied in the shrub species Acacia amentacea, Celtis ehrenbergiana, Forestiera angustifolia, and Parkinsonia texana var. macra. Predawn (Ψpd) and midday (Ψmd) water potentials were estimated at 15 days intervals, between January 15 and October 30, 2009 using a Scholander pressure bomb at 06:00 h (predawn) and 14:00 h (midday), respectively. During the humid period, Ψpd ranged from ?0.30 MPa (C. ehrenbergiana), to ?0.90 MPa (P. texana). In contrast, over the driest period, Ψpd varied between ?2.18 (P. texana) and ?3.94 MPa (F. angustifolia). At midday, P. texana and F. angustifolia showed the highest (?1.14 MPa) and lowest (?3.38 MPa) Ψ values, respectively. Average soil water content accounted for 35 to 70% of the variation in predawn Ψ. Furthermore, both Ψ reflected the environmental conditions, as indicated by typical correlations observed. The studied shrub species exhibited what seem to be different strategies to avoid damage caused by drought. Thus, P. texana behaved rather as an isohydric plant able to deal well with severe, but short periods of drought. Under exceptionally dry environmental conditions, Ψpd undercut Ψmd values. Similar observations have been made by researchers studying plants in dry ecosystems. All studied native species are recommended for reforestation of the Tamaulipan shrublands, although C. ehrenbergiana and F. angustifolia seem to have limited tolerances for extreme water stress.     

水稻种质资源萌发期抗旱性综合鉴定

为完成水稻种质资源萌发期的抗旱性评价并筛选出抗旱性评价指标,利用PEG-6000高渗溶液模拟干旱条件,对33份水稻材料在胁迫条件下的发芽势、发芽率、最大胚根长、胚芽长、胚芽鞘长、根冠比、物质转运速率等11个萌发性状指标进行测定。结果表明,部分性状指标间的相关性达到显著水平,其中物质转运速率与根干重间的相关性最高,相关系数为0.83,根冠比与胚芽干重和胚芽长存在极显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.51和-0.47;主成分分析将11个生长指标归类为4大因子,各因子中负荷量最大的指标为胚芽干重、发芽率、胚芽鞘长和根冠比,相关系数分别为0.4876、0.5266、0.6661、0.5988,可作为水稻抗旱性鉴定的主要指标;以各指标的隶属函数值进行模糊聚类分析,根据抗旱性强弱分为4大类,其中XS-13-12和XS-13-9为高度抗旱品种(系),XS-13-2、A218、XS-13-11等11份水稻材料为抗旱品种(系),稻花香、SN1204、XS-13-13、XS-13-3等14份水稻材料为中等抗旱品种(系),1043、SN9903、XS-13-4等6份水稻材料为干旱敏感品种(系)。     

棉花抗旱品种筛选鉴定及抗旱性综合评价方法

从甘肃敦煌、新疆的棉花栽培品种和国内外引进材料中选出76个遗传来源不同的棉花品种(系)作为参试材料,在年降雨量不足40 mm的甘肃省敦煌市设置了干旱胁迫和正常灌水两个处理,筛选出与棉花抗旱性密切相关的10个农艺性状和产量指标,采用综合抗旱系数(CDC)、综合抗旱指数(CDI)、综合隶属函数值(CDM)、抗旱性综合评价值(D)等四种综合评价方法对76份种质材料进行抗旱性评价。结果显示,四种综合评价方法两两之间的Pearson相关系数都在0.88以上,相关性均达到了极显著水平;再利用四种抗旱评价体系得分值对76个受试棉花品种(系)进行K-means划分聚类,最终将76个品种分为高抗(Ⅰ类,5个品种)、抗(Ⅱ类,9个品种)、中等(Ⅲ类,17个品种)、敏感(Ⅳ类,31个品种)、高敏(Ⅴ类,14个品种)5个抗旱等级。为进一步方便育种家简单准确地评价选育材料的抗旱性,利用筛选出的10个农艺性状指标的抗旱系数作为自变量,四种抗旱性综合评价体系得分值为因变量,采用逐步回归的方式建立了棉花抗旱性预测模型回归方程。