胚芽精米机提高精米留胚率的研究

为提高精米的留胚率,从结构参数和工艺参数两方面进行了大量试验,分析了碾白次数,碾辊转速,碾辊结构,筛面形式,筛框,刷米铁辊,糙米含水率等１４项因素对留胚率和米的质量的影响,得到了小型立式研削式胚芽精米机的优化结构参数和碾白工艺参数,为新型立式研削式胚芽精米机的开发提供了依据。     

擦离式碾米机碾米室压力的研究

擦离式碾米机碾米室压力是影响成品米的含谷量和碎米率的关键因素。对N—70型擦离式碾米机的碾米室压力,通过单因素和多因素正交试验表明:碾米室压力呈周期性波动,其最大值比平均值大20％～35％;出米口轴向阻力以及碾米间隙对碾米室径向压力的影响均高度显著;擦离式碾米机用于加工籼稻,难以解决要求碎米率低和含谷量少之间的矛盾。     

智能着水与压力控制精米抛光机的研制

根据大型化碾米工艺要求而研发的智能着水与抛光室压力控制的新型精米抛光机,集成应用机电气液及计算机技术,实现了精米抛光作业的高效、优质和低耗。所采用的分段式主抛和精抛流程的组合既有利于获得最佳的抛光效果,又提高了设备对原粮品种的适应性;系统设计中运用的机外着水及智能化着水量控制方案使水分的设定和控制可以根据进出机白米的状态达到最优化;具有独特构造的水、料混合装置,避免了传统螺旋混料器对白米的增碎作用,同时可以强化水、料之间的传质与传湿过程;抛光室压力的模糊自动控制的实现进一步提升了设备的性能和适用范围;喷风、补风和吸风结合的风系设计保证了低温升抛光条件,有利于保护大米表面。MPG21/18抛光机经生产考核其作业质量较高,可以满足现代精碾碾米工业的装备需求。     

糙米加湿调质对其碾米性能影响的试验研究

该研究以糙米(含水率12.5%)为原料,采用不同加湿量将糙米加湿调质,以降低硬度和脆性。依据不同润糙时间对试样进行碾米加工试验。用SAS软件分析了润糙时间及加湿量对碾米加工的能耗、整精米率影响规律。结果表明糙米在润糙开始后60～90 min,加湿量为1.45%的情况下,碾米加工时可以降低能耗约30％,整精米率提高约10％。因此,采用加湿调质方法可以改善储藏后稻谷碾磨质量,提高精米率、降低能耗。     

家用电动微型碾米机

为了解决山区和交通不便、加工点少的地区农民碾米的困难,适应农村实行家庭联产承包责任制后,农民生活改善,特别是山区和边远地区农民碾米的需要,荣县四川裕丰机械厂在双燕牌6N-5型家用碾米机的基础上,改进成6N-5A 型家用电动微型碾米机(如图)。该机由碾米机和电动机两大部件组成。碾米机由碾筒,米刀、米筛,机盖、机体,主轴和轴承座等部件组成。通过对辊筒和出米糟等部件改     

早籼杂交稻稻米加工品质与外观品质的相关分析和改良途径

对16个早籼杂交组合稻米的加工品质和外观品质8项指标分析表明，现有早籼杂交稻无一组合的加工品质和外观品质全部指标能达到部颁食用优质米1级或2级标准，主要差距是精米率低、垩白米率高和垩白面积大；整精米率、垩白米率和垩白面积组合间差异较大。通过相关分析看出：糙米率与精米率、整精米率；整精米率与精米率呈极显著正相关，粒长与粒型呈极显著正相关，与垩白面积呈显著正相关；粒宽与粒型呈极显著负相关，与垩白米率呈显著正相关。在优质早籼稻选育中应把降低垩白面积和垩白米率作为主攻目标，对亲本改良首先改良不育系的垩白。     

非浸泡复合酶法预处理改善糙米碾米性能

在糙米碾米过程中普遍存在碎米较多及碾米能耗高的问题,为改善糙米碾米品质,提出以纤维素酶和木聚糖酶的复合酶溶液处理替代常规水加湿方法的酶法预处理工艺。以贮藏期糙米(含水率15%以下)为原料,采用二次正交旋转中心组合设计试验,研究复合酶溶液处理工艺中复合酶配比、酶质量浓度、加液量及酶处理时间对碾米后整精米率和碾米能耗的影响规律,建立了各因素对整精米率和碾米能耗影响的数学模型。结果表明:构建的整精米率、碾米能耗与复合酶配比、酶质量浓度、加液量及酶处理时间之间的回归方程极显著(P0.01),得到优化参数组合为纤维素酶和木聚糖酶质量比1.3∶1 g/g、复合酶溶液质量浓度65 mg/m L、加液量1.25%,酶处理时间102 min,该条件下整精米率为80.07%、碾米能耗为90.72 k J/kg。复合酶溶液处理后整精米率较加湿调质处理提高约3.98%,节约能耗约13.06%;较纤维素单一酶溶液加湿处理后整精米率提高约0.98%,节约能耗约5.48%。并通过微观结构分析证实了糙米皮层粗纤维的局部破损是其碾米性能改善的主要原因。研究结果可为实际生产条件下的酶法糙米预处理工艺提供参考。     

碾后白米形变消除规律试验研究

摘要：为解决碾后白米抛光时碎米多的问题,该研究以碾后的白米为原料,研究温度、相对湿度以及含水率对白米形变消除时间的影响规律,采用二次旋转组合试验方法设计试验,对照了白米形变消除后抛光与碾后直接抛光的整精米率。用EXCEL软件和SAS软件处理数据,建立相关数学方程。结果表明：含水率、环境温度和相对湿度对形变消除时间影响显著;白米消除形变后抛光的整精米率明显高于直接抛光的整精米率。所建数学模型对碾后白米形变消除具有指导作用。     

碾后白米形变消除规律试验

为解决碾后白米抛光时碎米多的问题,该研究以碾后的白米为原料,研究温度、相对湿度以及含水率对白米形变消除时间的影响规律,采用二次旋转组合试验方法设计试验,比较了白米形变消除后抛光与碾后直接抛光的整精米率。用EXCEL软件和SAS软件处理数据,建立相关数学方程。结果表明：在试验参数范围内（温度5～45℃,含水率13%～17%,相对湿度25%～85%）,碾后白米的形变经过46～69?min可以消除;含水率、环境温度和相对湿度对形变消除时间影响显著;白米消除形变后抛光的整精米率明显高于直接抛光的整精米率。所建数学模型对碾后白米形变消除具有指导作用。     

干红花收获机立式辊刷采摘装置设计与试验

针对旱地干红花人工采收时不易捏取导致采摘效率低、掉落率高等问题,该研究结合红花的物理特性和种植模式,设计了立式辊刷干红花收获机采摘装置。根据机具结构对刷丝排布方案进行理论分析,确定刷丝排布方案为螺旋式,螺旋升角为30°,旋向为右旋。对辊刷采摘干红花进行力学分析,得出使花丝脱离果球的关键作用力为法向力F_N。采用Hertz弹性接触理论对F_N进行分析,并建立刷丝-果球接触力学模型,揭示干红花的采摘原理,明确影响采摘质量的主要因素为刷丝材质、丝径、长度和辊刷转速,进一步对立式辊刷结构与运动参数进行分析,得出采摘装置优化参数组合为：辊刷长度300 mm,辊刷直径100 mm,辊刷转速360 r/min,刷丝材质为聚酰胺610(PA-610),刷丝长度30 mm,刷丝丝径0.3 mm。通过植株通过率试验确定立式辊刷与栅条架的间隙为12 mm。田间采摘试验表明,该装置的红花采摘率和伤果率分别为87.04%和4.19%,机具采摘效率为人工采摘效率的7.71～10.92倍。研究结果可为辊刷式干红花收获机的设计与优化提供参考。     

Effects of Pearling,Grinding Conditions,and Roller Mill Flow on the Yield and Composition of Milled Products from Hull‐less Barley

Two hull‐less barley cultivars, one with waxy starch and the other with high‐amylose starch, were roller‐milled unpearled and after 15% pearling. Flows of varying length, with diverse roll settings and roll surfaces were used to determine effects on the yield, composition, and properties of milled products. Similar trends were noted for the two cultivars. When using a short flow comprising four break passages and a sizing passage, power consumption during grinding was reduced by 10% when roll flute orientation was changed from dull‐to‐dull (D/D) to sharp‐to‐sharp (S/S). Flute orientation had minimal effects on the yield and brightness of flour, but SS grinding gave a higher yield of a fiber‐rich fraction (FRF). FRF yield and composition are of particular interest because FRF has potential as a functional food ingredient due to elevated levels of β‐glucans (BG) and arabinoxylans (AX). When using smooth frosted rolls (SM) for the sizing passage, power consumption increased by several times over using fluted sizing rolls with little advantage for either yield or BG content of FRF. FRF starch damage increased when smooth sizing rolls were used, and water swelling, a measure of water hydration capacity, also increased. Setting break and sizing rolls sharp‐to‐sharp significantly lowered the mean particle size of the FRF fraction, accompanied by moderate declines in FRF BG and AX contents. FRF yield decreased ≤50% when milling flow was lengthened to three sizing passages with intermediate impact passages, with only a moderate accompanying increase in FRF fiber content, regardless of roll conditions. Pearling 15% before milling reduced the yield of FRF by ≈30% while moderately reducing flour yield. Flour brightness was improved by pearling. When barley was pearled, FRF contained higher amounts of BG, but lower amounts of AX, phenolics, ash, and protein.     

Roller Milling of Canadian Hull‐less Barley: Optimization of Roller Milling Conditions and Composition of Mill Streams

Roller milling of hull‐less barley generates mill streams with highly variable β‐glucan and arabinoxylan (AX) content. For high β‐glucan cultivars, yields >20% (whole barley basis) of a fiber‐rich fraction (FRF) with β‐glucan contents >15% can be readily obtained with a simple short mill flow. Hull‐less barley cultivars with high β‐glucan content require higher power consumption during roller milling than normal β‐glucan barley. Recovery of flour from high β‐glucan cultivars was greatly expedited by impact passages after grinding, particularly after reduction roll passages. Pearling before roller milling reduces flour yield and FRF yield on a whole unpearled barley basis, but flour brightness is improved and concentration of β‐glucan in fiber‐rich fractions increases. Pearling by‐products are rich in AX. Pearling to 15–20% is the best compromise between flour and FRF yield and flour brightness and pearling by‐products AX content. Increasing conditioning moisture from 12.5 to 14.5% strongly improved flour brightness with only a moderate loss of flour yield on a whole unpearled barley basis. As moisture content was increased to 16.5%, flour yield declined without a compensating improvement in brightness, but the yield of fiber‐rich fraction continued to increase and concentration of β‐glucan in FRF also increased.     

拔节期高温与涝交互胁迫对水稻生长发育的影响

黄淮地区水稻拔节孕穗期恰逢强高温和降水易发期,稻田易遭受高温和涝害双重胁迫,研究水稻对高温和涝及其交互胁迫的响应,可为探究高温与涝交互胁迫致灾机理及减灾措施提供参考。试验共设拔节期高温胁迫（T1）、高温×轻涝胁迫（T2）、高温×重涝胁迫（T3）、轻涝胁迫（T4）、重涝胁迫（T5）和全生育期浅水勤灌（CK）6个处理,研究了黄淮地区拔节期高温、淹涝及高温与涝胁迫对水稻形态指标和产量的影响。结果表明：1）拔节期高温（T1）、重涝（T5）和高温×轻涝（T2）胁迫会抑制水稻的生长,到成熟期,T1和T5处理水稻株高分别较CK显著降低了5.63和5.96 cm,且高温与涝胁迫较高温（或重涝）对水稻生长的抑制作用减弱;2）高温与涝胁迫促进了水稻叶面积的增加,且高温×重涝（T3）处理促进了水稻地上部干物质积累;3）除轻涝（T4）处理外,其他处理均显著降低水稻产量,其中,T2和T3处理分别较CK显著减产44.16%和22.29%,主要是因为结实率下降。但是,与高温胁迫相比,高温与涝交互能缓解胁迫,可以避免水稻大幅减产。     

无人飞播水稻生育特征与丰产关键技术研究进展

通过无人化建设推动水稻高质量和高效率生产是农业现代化发展的核心。在劳动力供给萎缩和劳动力价格上涨的时代背景下,国内必须加快水稻生产无人化建设进程。其中,无人飞播技术因具有不受地形地势限制、作业成本低和作业效率高的优势而受到业内广泛关注。但国内众多稻区实行的复种策略不仅压缩了水稻生育期,还造成秸秆大量还田,容易形成飞播种子出苗和生长逆境,进而影响产量。为保障飞播水稻在此类地区的稳产丰产,本团队在前期选用当地适宜品种,在江苏稻麦两熟地区进行系列试验,比较了秸秆还田条件下无人飞播和无人机插两种方式在水稻生产特征方面的差异,初步明确该条件下飞播水稻基本生态特征和生长发育特性,通过设置150、195和240 万株/hm²三种基本苗处理,系统比较不同密度群体的产量形成和品质特征差异,探明兼顾丰产优质的适宜种植密度和有利于无人飞播常规粳稻稳产丰产的栽培调控方式。本文通过梳理总结前期研究结果,对无人飞播水稻基本生态特征、生长发育特性以及丰产栽培途径与技术进行介绍,同时就飞播技术未来应用提出展望,以期为无人飞播水稻大规模推广应用与良性发展提供参考。     

Effects of Pearling on Falling Number and α‐Amylase Activity of Preharvest Sprouted Spring Wheat

Preharvest sprouted wheat is often characterized by the falling number (FN) test. FN decreases in preharvest sprouted wheat as enzymatic degradation of the starchy endosperm increases. Wheat with FN values <250–275 is often discounted at the time of sale. The intent of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of debranning or pearling on the flour quality traits of five samples of wheat rated as low, med‐low, medium, med‐high, and sound that exhibited a range in FN values of 62–425 sec. Replicates of each sample were pearled for 30, 60, and 120 sec to remove portions of the outer bran layers before milling. FN was highly correlated with α‐amylase activity (r > ‐0.97) in the med‐low, medium, and med‐high FN sample sets as pearling time increased. FN increased in the medlow, medium, and med‐high FN samples by 128, 123, and 80%, respectively, after 120 sec of pearling. Pearling had no effect on flour FN of the low FN sample but α‐amylase activity was significantly decreased. Pearling had little or no effect on FN and α‐amylase activity of the sound sample. FN was moderately to strongly correlated with Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA), alveograph, and farinograph properties, and poorly correlated with protein content, flour yield, and bread loaf volume. In subsequent breadmaking studies, bread loaf volume, and crumb characteristics of flour from pearled wheat were not significantly different from loaf volume and crumb characteristics of flour from the corresponding nonpearled wheat.     

秸秆覆盖旱作对稻田甲烷排放和水稻产量的影响

为较全面评价秸秆覆盖旱作水稻栽培模式的生态意义,采用田间试验研究了常规淹水（F）、秸秆覆盖旱作（NF-M）和无覆盖旱作（NF-ZM）3种栽培模式稻田甲烷排放、水稻产量及土壤养分的变化规律。结果表明：3种水稻栽培模式的甲烷排放均集中在水稻生育期的前20d;在水稻生育期内,秸秆覆盖旱作稻田甲烷的排放总量为11.12g·m^-2,显著高于常规淹水稻田的7.78g·m^-2和无覆盖旱作稻田的4.23g·m^-2。秸秆覆盖旱作稻田的水稻产量为8.60t·hm^-2,与常规淹水处理没有显著差异,但二者均显著高于无秸秆覆盖旱作处理的6.78t·hm^-2;与常规淹水处理相比,秸秆覆盖旱作还可以提高水稻单株生物量10g以上。秸秆覆盖旱作还可以显著提高稻田表层土壤有机质含量,维持和改善表层土壤养分状况,对实现农业可持续性有重要意义。因此,在水资源缺乏地区,秸秆覆盖旱作是一种值得考虑的替代传统淹水栽培的水稻栽培模式,同时秸秆覆盖旱作还田也是一种值得推广的稻田秸秆管理技术。     

双通道喂入式再生稻收获机研制

针对再生稻的头季稻机械化收获和低碾压率收获需要,该文设计了一种双通道喂入式再生稻收割机,主要由履带式底盘、割台、2套左右对称布置的脱粒清选装置和秸秆粉碎器、粮箱及动力与传动系统等组成。基于再生稻头季稻机械收获稻茬碾压模型确定其割幅为3000 mm,底盘轨距1500 mm,履带宽度400 mm,履带接地长度1800 mm。对双通道割台、秸秆粉碎器等关键部件进行设计分析,确定搅龙中部2个螺旋叶片起始位置的周向夹角为180°、秸秆粉碎器排草尾板外侧板倾角为8.2°、内侧板倾角为6°、上盖板与垂直方向夹角为63°。田间试验结果表明:该机作业速度可达0.8 m/s,喂入量4.6 kg/s,总损失率2.1%,含杂率0.4%,破碎率0.2%。直行碾压率26.7%,作业性能稳定,作业过程顺畅,尾部秸秆粉碎器可将碎秸导入履带碾压区。与现有常规收割机相比,该机可使再生稻头季稻的直行碾压率降低16.2%,可使再生季每公顷增产23.9%。该研究可为长江中下游地区再生稻机械化收获技术与装备研究及推广提供参考。