土壤酸化及其调控研究进展

本文综述了近30年来国内外在土壤酸化及其调控方面的研究进展。重点介绍了土壤自然酸化过程及其酸沉降、铵态氮肥、作物生长和土地利用等对土壤酸化的加速作用;土壤酸化对土壤肥力、养分循环和土壤生物的负面影响;土壤酸化的预测和控制及酸化土壤的改良和修复。本文可为我国南方酸化红壤的改良、利用和管理提供参考。     

轮作与连作对烟田土壤微生物区系及多样性的影响

为探讨轮作与连作对烟田根际土壤微生物群落的影响,采用实验室微生物培养联合微生物高通量测序技术,分析了玉米-烤烟轮作和烟叶连作对烟株根际土壤微生物数量、群落结构及其多样性的影响。研究结果表明,轮作烟田根际土壤中可培养细菌和放线菌数量均高于连作烟田根际土壤,但真菌数量低于连作烟田。土壤高通量测序结果表明,轮作烟田根际土壤真菌和细菌群落多样性均高于连作烟田;在烟株的生长过程中,轮作和连作烟田在旺长期和成熟期微生物群落相似度降低。相较于黑胫病/根腐病/根结线虫发病率较高(36. 67%)的连作烟田来说,轮作烟田发病率较低(0%),进一步分析真菌和细菌群落结构发现,轮作烟田根际土壤中拮抗菌如Sphingomonas (鞘脂单胞菌属)、Pseudomonas (假单胞菌属)、Aspergillus (曲霉属)等相对丰度均高于连作烟田,而连作烟田根腐病病菌Pythium (腐霉属)丰度较高。     

鄂西典型烟区代表性烟田土壤系统分类研究

土壤条件对烟叶香型风格的彰显程度有着重要影响。土系是系统分类中最低级的基层分类单元。本研究以鄂西的咸丰、利川、兴山和房县为研究区域,在综合考虑地形地貌、成土母质、土壤条件、烟叶长势和质量的基础上,在每个地区确定5个典型优质烟田,主要通过观察土壤剖面形态特征尝试建立相应的土系。结果表明:1鄂西山区成土因素较为复杂,所调查的20个典型烟田分属人为土、淋溶土和雏形土3个土纲,归属于4个亚纲、11个土类、13个亚类,可划分为18个土族和19个土系。2鄂西烟田总体上起垄层质地多为壤质,养分含量中等且协调,较适宜优质烟叶种植,但需要增施有机肥和实行等高种植以提高有机质含量和防止水土流失。     

重庆典型烟区代表性烟田土壤系统分类研究

土壤条件对烟叶香型风格的彰显程度有着重要影响。土系是系统分类中最低级的基层分类单元。本研究以我国烤烟中间香型号产地之一重庆市的彭水、武隆和巫山3县作为代表性研究区域,在综合考虑地形地貌、成土母质、土壤条件、烟叶长势和质量的基础上,在每个地区确定5个典型优质烟田尝试建立相应的土系。结果表明：①调查的3县15块代表性烟田分属人为土、淋溶土和雏形土3个土纲,归属于4个亚纲、11个土类、13个亚类,可分划为18个土族和19个土系。②重庆市烟田总体上起垄层质地多为壤质,养分含量中等且协调,较适宜优质烟叶种植,但需要增施有机肥和实行等高种植。     

山东省临沂市烟田耕作层土壤重金属含量

采集山东省临沂市的100个典型烟田耕作层土壤样品,分析了其As、Cd、Cr、Hg和Pb全量,并与相应的国家限制值进行对比。结果表明:1临沂市典型烟田土壤中As、Cd、Cr、Hg和Pb含量分别为0.20~30.52、0.01~0.38、4.38~128.00、0~0.36和4.99~70.80 mg/kg,均低于相应的国家标准限制值,尚未发生重金属污染现象;23个p H级别中,As、Cd、Cr、Hg和Pb含量与对应的限制值的比值,最大值分别为76.3%、96.7%、85.3%、90.0%和88.5%,说明临沂市烟田面临着潜在的重金属污染威胁,必须继续严格控制烟田的重金属外源以确保烟田土壤质量安全。     

陕南典型烟区代表性烟田土壤系统分类研究

土壤条件对烟叶的香型风格的彰显程度有着重要影响。土系是系统分类中最低级的基层分类单元。本研究以我国烤烟中间香型产地之一陕南安康的旬阳和汉中的南郑为研究区域,在综合考虑地形地貌、成土母质、土壤条件、烟叶长势和质量的基础上,在每个地区确定5个典型优质烟田尝试建立相应的土系。结果表明:1调查的陕南烟区10块代表性烟田分属人为土、淋溶土和雏形土3个土纲,归属于4个亚纲、11个土类、13个亚类,可分划为18个土族和19个土系。2鄂西烟田总体上起垄层质地多为壤质,养分含量中等且协调,较适宜优质烟叶种植,但需要增施有机肥和实行等高种植。     

宁洱县典型烟田土壤系统分类研究

我国土壤系统分类现处于基层单元土族和土系建设迅速发展阶段。宁洱县是云南省普洱市烤烟主要种植区之一。在宁洱县发生分类的水稻土和黄壤烟田上选择5个典型土壤剖面,通过形态观察和分层采样测试,研究了其在系统分类中的归属。结果表明:5个典型剖面分别隶属于人为土、淋溶土、富铁土3个土纲,续分为3个亚纲、3个土类、3个亚类、4个土族和5个土系;就植烟适应性而言,5个土系的总体优势是土壤质地偏黏,有利于保水保肥,但土壤通透性略差,地形均为坡地,旱地烟田易发生水土流失;属于水耕人为土土纲的土系(水田)有机碳和有效磷养分含量较高,属于淋溶土、富铁土纲的土系(旱地)养分含量低,需要注意适当增施肥料和实施秸秆还田。     

临沂烟田耕层土壤综合保育类型研究

为更好地指导临沂烟区土壤综合保育,为其他烟区提供参考与依据,在定量分析评价临沂烟区2 249份土壤样品的pH和有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和有效钾含量、面积及分布情况的基础上,借助地统计学方法和ArcGIS平台,划分出10类保育类型:提有机质–改碱、增氮–改碱、增氮–提有机质、增氮–提有机质–改酸、增氮–提有机质–改碱、增氮磷–提有机质–改碱、增钾–提有机质–改酸、增氮钾–提有机质–改酸、增氮钾–提有机质–改碱、增氮磷钾–提有机质–改碱,并根据不同类型提出了初步的相应保育措施。     

烟田碳库平衡研究进展

碳素是植物生长发育的重要营养元素之一。生态环境中碳素的缺失会减少烟株有机物的积累而导致植株生长发育不良。文章分析论述了烟田碳库平衡的影响因素;从施肥方式、灌溉方式、耕作制度以及其他改良措施等方面介绍了烟田碳库的修复情况;分析了当前研究中存在的问题,并提出在今后的研究中应该更加注重操作的合理性,使烟田碳库平衡的调节更具有科学性,为合理开发利用烟草资源、管理烟田,从而为实现烟草行业的可持续发展提供理论支撑和技术手段。     

宁洱县典型烟田土壤系统分类研究

我国土壤系统分类现处于基层单元土族和土系建设迅速发展阶段,宁洱县是云南普洱市烤烟主要种植区之一,本文在宁洱县发生分类的水稻土和黄壤烟田上共选择了5个典型土壤剖面,通过形态观察和分层采样测试,研究了其在系统分类中的归属。研究结果：（1）5个典型剖面分别隶属于人为土、淋溶土、富铁土3个土纲、3个亚纲、3个土类、3个亚类、4个土族和5个土系;（2）就植烟适应性而言,5个土系的总体优势是土壤质地偏黏,有利于保水保肥,但土壤通透性略差,地形均为坡地,旱地烟田易发生水土流失。属于水耕人为土土纲的土系（水田）有机碳和有效磷养分含量较高,属于淋溶土、富铁土纲的土系（旱地）养分含量低,需要注意适当增施肥料和实施秸秆还田。     

秸秆生物质炭对红壤酸度的改良作用:回顾与展望

回顾了近年来用秸秆生物质炭改良红壤酸度和钝化污染红壤中重金属等方面的研究进展,并对该领域未来的发展趋势作简要展望。     

Acidification of soils in five catchments in Norway

Soil plots were established in catchments within the frame of the Norwegian Monitoring Programme for Long-Range Transported Air Pollutants. Four soil plots of about 10 m by 20 m were established within each catchment in areas with relatively homogeneous soil and vegetation. Multiple soil cores were taken at 50 points in a grid from each plot (repeated 4 times) and the samples were pooled by depths. Each soil core was divided by soil horizon, by predefined depths or by a combination of these, usually giving one soil sample for each 2-cm-depth down to about 15 cm. The soil pH measured in water suspension varied for all soils between 3.5 and 4.9. Base saturation measured at pH 7 varied between 2% and 22% with the highest values in the upper, more humus rich layers. All of the monitored catchments include acid soils poor in base cations. After 8 years the plots were resampled using the same procedure as for the first sampling. In most of the plots a decreasing pH trend from the first to the second sampling was measured. However, the base saturation was generally higher in all plots at the second sampling compared with the first. There are no clear effects of the different pollution regimes in the various catchments. It must be emphasized, however, that 8 years is a short period for measuring long-term soil changes.     

烟蒜轮作与套作对土壤微生物类群数量的影响

采取田间试验方式,以单作烤烟为对照,研究了不同年度和烤烟生育时期烟蒜轮作、烟蒜套作对根际和非根际土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌、解钾菌和解磷菌数量变化的影响。结果表明:随生育时期推进,烟蒜轮作和烟蒜套作处理根际土壤细菌含量高于单作烤烟的趋势越来越明显。2014年,上部叶成熟期烟蒜轮作、烟蒜套作根际土壤细菌数量是单作烤烟的1.41倍和1.24倍。中部叶成熟期和上部叶成熟期,烟蒜轮作处理根际土壤真菌数量最少,但2014年烟蒜轮作和烟蒜套作处理下非根际土壤真菌数量高于单作烤烟处理。烟蒜轮作、烟蒜套作处理根际土壤放线菌数量高于单作烤烟,上部叶成熟期分别是单作烤烟2.01倍和2.93倍(2013年)、1.12倍和1.28倍(2014年)。烟蒜轮作、烟蒜套作处理根际土壤解钾菌和解磷菌含量在烤烟生长发育的中后期显著高于单作烤烟,且非根际土壤的解磷菌含量也呈现相同的趋势。不同年度,烟蒜轮作与烟蒜套作处理烟叶产量和上中等烟率均显著高于单作烤烟处理。烟蒜轮作和烟蒜套作种植模式能改良土壤根际环境微生物结构,维持良好的土壤质量状态。     

耕地棕壤酸碱缓冲性能及酸化速率研究

辽宁省耕地棕壤自第二次土壤普查以来酸化趋势明显,pH整体平均值从第二次普查时期的6.42降至5.73。对辽宁省4个典型地区(昌图、沈阳、瓦房店、清原)的耕地棕壤耕层(0-20cm)缓冲性能、酸化速率及其影响因素进行研究,结果表明:各地区酸碱缓冲容量变幅为29.66～39.87mmol/kg.pH unit,其中辽宁北部和中部地区酸碱缓冲容量明显高于辽南和辽东地区。酸化速率以辽南地区下降速率最快,其值为2.69H+kmol/(hm2.a),而速率最慢的地区为辽东,其酸化速率为1.44H+kmol/(hm2.a)。土壤初始pH、阳离子交换量、颗粒组成及有机质含量均是影响酸碱缓冲容量变化的主要因素。北部和中部质地以粉(砂)壤土为主,阳离子交换量、盐基饱和度及粘粒含量均高于南部和东部地区,因此缓冲性能也较强。施肥及其他人为因素对辽宁耕地棕壤酸碱缓冲容量及酸化速率的影响有待进一步研究。     

Use of agricultural by-products to study the pH effects in an acid tea garden soil

The amelioration of an acid Alfisol from a tea garden was studied by incorporating various plant materials: canola straw, wheat straw, rice straw, corn straw, soybean straw, peanut straw, faba bean straw, Chinese milk vetch shoot and pea straw prior to incubation for a maximum of 65 days. Soil pH increased after incubation with all the incorporated materials with the legumes causing the largest increases. The final soil pH was correlated with ash alkalinity ( r ² = 0.73), base cations ( r ² = 0.74) and N content ( r ² = 0.93) of the applied materials. It was assumed that the incubation released the base cations in plant materials as they decomposed which ultimately increased the base cation saturation of the soil. Similarly, soil exchangeable Al was also decreased with the incorporation of the legume plant materials and corn straw and rice straw. Our investigation demonstrated that legumes are the preferred choice for controlling the soil acidity and also for reducing the toxicity of Al in acid soils.     

农业废弃物及其制备的生物质炭对酸性土壤的改良作用

The liming potential of some crop residues and their biochars on an acid Ultisol was investigated using incubation experiments. Rice hulls showed greater liming potential than rice hull biochar, while soybean and pea straws had less liming potential than their biochars. Due to their higher alkalinity, biochars from legume materials increased soil pH much compared to biochars from non-legume materials. The alkalinity of biochars was a key factor aflecting their liming potential, and the greater alkalinity of biochars led to greater reductions in soil acidity. The incorporation of biochars decreased soil exchangeable acidity and increased soil exchangeable base cations and base saturation, thus improving soil fertility.     

Some Approaches to the Research of Forest Soils Affected by Acidification in the Czech Republic

Soil acidification in mountainous regions of the Czech Republic presents a serious problem. This paper summarizes several projects dealing with this problem exploiting different methods and having different objectives: 1) Long-term soil and forest development in the Krkonoše Mountains. 2) Soil and forest development along an elevation transect in the Šumava Mountains. 3) Long-term effects of liming. 4) Comparison of soil acidification between three mountainous regions, with emphasis on labile Al content. 5) Spatial distribution and factors of soil acidification and Al release in the Jizera Mountains. The results of these projects showed that acidification in forest soils in the mountainous areas is caused by a combination of different factors, especially by the type of vegetation, atmospheric deposition, parent rock, altitude, and others. A slight improvement of soil properties is apparent after the decrease of immissions in the 1990's.     

土壤加速酸化的主要农业驱动因素研究进展

土壤酸化是土壤质量退化的一个重要方面,农业活动对其有极其重要的驱动作用。本文从土壤酸化加速的农业主驱因素:化肥、作物及有机物料等方面阐述它们对土壤酸化的影响。认为化肥尤其是生理酸性肥料和含硫肥料的不合理施用加速土壤酸化,而氮肥的致酸除受氮素形态影响外,硝化作用及硝化产物的淋溶是重要的致酸原因,同时豆科作物的固氮致酸作用也不容忽视。作物通过选择性吸收盐基阳离子,通过秸秆和子粒转移出生产系统后,导致土壤盐基量减少,土壤表面交换性酸增加;作物根系呼吸、根系分泌物及土壤溶液中重碳酸盐的淋溶也引起土壤酸化;而秸秆和畜禽粪便对土壤酸化的影响除受土壤本身性质影响外,秸秆中的灰化碱含量、畜禽粪便中的碳及氮和盐分去向对酸化也有重要的影响。