低碳城市离不开森林碳汇

当前低碳城市建设中最大的问题是森林碳汇的缺位。这是参加7月28日在贵阳举行的森林碳汇论坛的专家学者们的共识。这个论坛是北京林业大学和贵州省林业厅举办的,其主题是“森林碳汇与低碳城市”。森林碳汇和减排同等重要论坛主席、北京林业大学校长宋维明强调,森林在应对气候变化等方面具有多重效益且不可替代。     

低碳经济背景下森林碳汇领域人才培养战略分析

在全球气候变暖的背景下,以低碳经济为核心的森林碳汇产业成为中国林业发展新的战略目标之一。从挖掘与提高现有森林资源的碳汇功能、碳汇林营造与可持续经营、碳汇产业的经济管理、森林碳汇的行政管理、气候变化与碳汇林业的发展、从业人员的培训和相关技术的推广等6个方面,系统分析了森林碳汇领域对高等林业教育人才培养的战略需求。由于高等学校的人才培养周期长,相对于社会需求而言,培养的人才“产品”具有明显的滞后性,所以建议高等林业院校及时调整人才培养战略,及早增设森林碳汇本科专业,并在林学一级学科下设置森林碳汇二级学科,以满足碳汇林业发展对高级专业人才的迫切需求。同时,提出森林碳汇二级学科的主要研究方向应包括碳汇林营造与可持续经营技术、森林碳汇生态经济和碳汇项目管理。     

发展森林碳汇 迎接低碳时代

气候变化深刻影响着人类生存和发展,也是世界各国共同面临的重大挑战。积极应对气候变化,是我国经济社会发展的一项重大战略。林业在应对气候变化中具有不可替代的作用和地位,是生态建设的主体和生态文明建设的主要承担者。发展森林碳汇、低碳经济,已经成为应对气候变化的战略选择。     

基于低碳经济的河南省森林碳汇对策研究

低碳经济是一种正在兴起的经济形态和发展模式。河南省自然条件的优越性决定森林的生长条件比较有利于发展碳汇林业,具有很强的碳汇潜力,依据2008年河南省第7次森林资源连续清查结果,分杨树等13个森林类型计算得到全省森林每年固碳总量1956．64万t,到2012年,河南省森林碳汇潜力可以达到26514．12万t。要发挥出河南...     

森林碳汇建设

全球社会经济的可持续发展正受到气候变化的严重影响,为了有效的应对气候变化带来的危害,提出了森林碳汇,并得到了社会各界的重视,为了响应社会的号召,广东省也开始建设森林碳汇,对生态环境也产生了一定的影响,因此本文主要研究建设森林碳汇的意义,并提出具体的建设策略,希望能够为广东省的森林碳汇建设、维护生态平衡提供借鉴,     

发展低碳经济 建设低碳林业

在应对经济与环境的双重危机过程中,发展低碳经济成为推进人类可持续发展的重要共识。林业是发展低碳经济的重要力量,建设低碳林业是我国实现科学发展、建设生态文明、应对气候变化以及解决\"三农\"问题的重要途径。文中综述了低碳经济发展的理论基础与发展路径,分析了国内外低碳经济的发展现状与趋势,阐述了我国林业所面临的重要低碳发展机遇,指出中国林业应对气候变化的主要建设行动。     

碳汇林业与低碳经济二者关系的浅析

通过发展低碳经济,实现可持续发展,成为国际社会的共识.低碳经济的背景是气候问题,而林业在应对气候变化中具有不可替代的作用和地位,是生态建设的主体和生态文明建设的主要承担者.树立大林业观,大力发展碳汇林业,从而推动经济社会可持续发展,是低碳经济建设的关键.     

湖南省森林生态系统碳汇经济价值初探

通过利用立木蓄积量及森林面积等基本监测数据,对湖南省森林生态系统的碳汇能力及其经济价值进行了初步估算。结果表明:湖南省森林生态系统总贮碳量为2164.95Mt,年固碳量为12.73Mt,其经济价值分别为6603.10亿元和38.84亿元;湖南省森林生态系统平均碳密度为215.42t·hm-2。预计我省森林生态系统固碳增长潜力415.51Mt碳或1524.93MtCO2,由此产生的经济效益平均每年可达60.35亿元。同时还对湖南14个市州的森林碳汇及其经济价值分别进行了估算,并进一步对通过林业建设实现CO2减排进行了探讨。     

我国森林碳库特点与森林碳汇潜力分析

森林生态系统在稳定全球碳循环和缓解全球气候变暖方面发挥着重要的作用,合理发展林业,可以实现固碳增汇,是缓解全球气候变化的重要措施。综述了森林碳库的重要地位、我国森林生态系统碳库特点,分析了通过增加森林面积和提高森林经营水平来增加森林碳汇的潜力。     

全球气候变化与森林碳汇研究概述

以变暖为主要特征的全球气候变化不仅严重影响了经济社会的可持续发展,并日趋国际化、政治化而成为世界各国当今面临的最重大挑战之一,对此国际社会高度重视并积极采取各种措施,其中,通过林业活动增加森林碳汇(减缓碳释放)是重要途径.此外,研究表明通过森林固碳来减缓碳释放不仅潜力巨大,而且具明显的成本优势,更主要的是这种方法不会对...     

Post-fire salvage logging reduces carbon sequestration in Mediterranean coniferous forest

Post-fire salvage logging is a common silvicultural practice around the world, with the potential to alter the regenerative capacity of an ecosystem and thus its role as a source or a sink of carbon. However, there is no information on the effect of burnt wood management on the net ecosystem carbon balance. Here, we examine for the first time the effect of post-fire burnt wood management on the net ecosystem carbon balance by comparing the carbon exchange of two treatments in a burnt Mediterranean coniferous forest treated by salvage logging (SL, felling and removing the logs and masticating the woody debris) and Non-Intervention (NI, all trees left standing) using eddy covariance measurements. Using different partitioning approaches, we analyze the evolution of photosynthesis and respiration processes together with measurements of vegetation cover and soil respiration and humidity to interpret the differences in the measured fluxes and underlying processes. Results show that SL enhanced CO₂ emissions of this burnt pine forest by more than 120 g C m⁻² compared to the NI treatment for the period June-December 2009. Although soil respiration was around 30% higher in NI during growing season, this was more than offset by photosynthesis, as corroborated by increases in vegetation cover and evapotranspiration. Since SL is counterproductive to climate-change and Kyoto protocol objectives of optimal C sequestration by terrestrial ecosystems, less aggressive burnt wood management policies should be considered.     

Reconciliation of research on forest carbon sequestration and water conservation

Carbon sequestration and water conservation are two of the key ecosystem services that forests provide for societal need to address environmental issues.Optimization of the dual services is the ultimate goal in forest management for mitigating global climate change and safeguarding terrestrial water balance.However,there are some tradeoffs between gain in forest productivity and ecosystem water balance.We conducted literature review based on published articles for learned knowledge on forest carbon fixation and hydrological regulations.Some knowledge gaps and research needs are identified by examining the inter-connections between forest carbon sequestration and water conservation.Past researches have helped gain basic understanding of the mechanisms and controls of forest carbon fixation and hydrological regulations as two separate issues.Tools and approaches are well established for quantifying and monitoring forest carbon and hydrological issues,operating at different spatial and temporal scales.There are knowledge gaps on how to design afforestation schemes facilitating enhanced ecosystem services in forest carbon sequestration and water conservation.For the top-down planning of afforestation in regions where water availability is anticipated to be problematic,the questions of how much and where to plant for given land availability,known environmental implications,and sustained regional development and livelihood need to be addressed.For local management considerations,the questions of what and how to plant prevail.Efforts are needed in joint studies of forest carbon sequestration and water conservation functionalities,specifically in relation to establishment and management of planted forests aiming for delivering regulatory ecosystem services in carbon sequestration,water conservation and other social values.We propose an integrated framework with dual consideration of carbon sequestration and water conservation in forest management for future research pursue.     

岛东林场森林碳汇能力分析与评价

为了探讨森林碳汇能力、森林碳汇贮存量,该研究利用IPCC(政府间气候变化专门委员会)制定计算方法,通过对岛东林场2009年森林资源二类清查数据进行分析,得出目前岛东林场碳汇蓄积量约31.4万t。数据分析结果表明,当前岛东林场森林经营方式不能满足国家层面上以应对全球气候变化为目的的多功能森林经营要求,也不能满足海南国际旅游岛建设中对森林游憩资源开发需求,在这基础上提出对岛东林场人工林科学合理的近自然化改造模式。     

Long-term nitrogen addition further increased carbon sequestration in a boreal forest

In recent decades, global warming and nitrogen (N) deposition have been increasing obviously, which have led to some strong responses in terrestrial ecosystems, especially the carbon (C) cycle. The boreal forest occupies an important position in the global C cycle with its huge C storage. However, the impact of global change such as N deposition on boreal forest ecosystem C cycle has been not very clear. In order to solve this problem, the field experiment of N addition in a boreal forest has been built in the Greater Khingan Mountains of Northeast China since 2011. Four N addition gradients (0, 25, 50, 75 kg N ha^?1 year^?1) were set up to study the response of above- and belowground C pool to N addition. The results showed that the total forest C sequestration of low-, medium- and high-N treatments was 104.4?±?5.9, 20.2?±?2.7 and 5.3?±?0.4 g C/g N, respectively. Aboveground trees were the largest C pool, followed by soil, roots and floor C pool. Low-N increased the input of C by promoting photosynthesis. Trees of Larix gmelini increased the investment in the belowground root system and increased the belowground C pool. High-N reduced the inter-annual litter biomass and decreased litter C:N that accelerated the decomposition of litter, resulting in a reduction in the floor C pool. Low-N increased total soil respiration, while medium- and high-N inhibited heterotrophic respiration and then increased soil C sequestration. The estimation of forest C pool provides valuable data for improving the C dynamic characteristics of boreal forest ecosystem and is of great significance for us to understand the impact of climate change on the global C cycle.

     

Multi-coefficient goal programming in thinning schedules to increase carbon sequestration and improve forest structure

Context

Current decision analysis techniques are ineffective for planning thinning operation to improve the forest structure.

Aims

The purpose of this study is to use multi-coefficient goal programming (GP) to plan a thinning schedule that allows more carbon sequestration and diverse forest structure.

Methods

A multi-coefficient GP is applied to plan a thinning schedule for a 2,633-ha plantation forest.

Results

This technique efficiently fine-tunes the thinning schedule to obtain 420,500 tons of carbon sequestration which was a little higher than the result by a multi-segment goal programming (MSGP). Moreover, a fixed-ratio multi-coefficient GP is applied to efficiently generate mosaic of thinned areas with various thinning intensities. Although the captured carbon by a fixed-ratio multi-coefficient GP is lower, the thinned areas can provide various habitats for forest life with multiform contrasting edges.

Conclusion

The use of a multi-coefficient GP allows practicable planning of better thinning alternatives to increase carbon sequestration and forest structure.     

Comparison of uncertainties in carbon sequestration estimates for a tropical and a temperate forest

We compare uncertainty through sensitivity and uncertainty analyses of the modelling framework CO2FIX V.2. We apply the analyses to a Central European managed Norway spruce stand and a secondary tropical forest in Central America. Based on literature and experience we use three standard groups to express uncertainty in the input parameters: 5%, 10% and 20%. Sensitivity analyses show that parameters exhibiting highest influence on carbon sequestration are carbon content, wood density and current annual increment of stems. Three main conclusions arise from this investigation: (1) parameters that largely determine model output are stem parameters, (2) depending on initial state of the model, perturbation can lead to multiple equilibrium, and (3) the standard deviation of total carbon stock is double in the tropical secondary forest for the wood density, and current annual increment. The standard deviation caused by uncertainty in mortality rate is more than 10-fold in the tropical forest case than in the temperate managed forest. Even in a case with good access to data, the uncertainty remains very high, much higher than what can reasonably be achieved in carbon sequestration through changes in forest management.     

Policy design for forest carbon sequestration: A review of the literature

Forest carbon enhancement provides a low-cost opportunity in climate policy, but needs efficient policy design to be implemented. This paper reviews studies in economics on efficient design of policies for forest carbon sequestration and compares their findings against design systems in practice. Specific design problems are associated with the heterogeneity of landowners, uncertainty, additionality, and permanence in carbon projects. Different types of discounting of the value of the forest carbon sink compared with emissions abatement are suggested in the literature for management of most design problems, together with optimal contract design and emissions baselines for managing additionality and permanence in carbon sequestration. Design systems in practice, where forest carbon corresponds to 0.5% of all carbon volume subject to a pricing mechanism, mainly rely on additionality tests by approved standards on a project-by-project basis, and on buffer credits for management of permanence. Further development of forest carbon sinks as offsets in voluntary and compliance markets can be facilitated by applying tools for contract design and offset baseline management recommended in the literature.     

吉林市森林固碳释氧生态效益评价

以吉林市现有森林资源面积和各林龄组面积、蓄积为基础数据,按国家林业行业标准规定的方法,测算森林年净生产力、固碳量与释氧量和货币价值量.结果表明:森林净生产力为1 822 783.3 t·a-1,固碳量为2 835 277.2 t·a-1,释氧量为2 168 711.2 t·a-1;固碳价值为34.02亿元·a-1,释氧...     

Cost-effectiveness analysis of subsidy schemes for industrial timber development and carbon sequestration in Japanese forest plantations

This study uses simulations to investigate the effects of implementing two different Japanese forestry subsidy systems on timber production and carbon stock, and examines the consequences for harvesting strategies. An existing Local Yield Table Construction System (LYCS), a wood conversion algorithm, and a harvesting cost model were used in the simulations to test the applicability of different subsidies to the thinning of stands. Using forest inventory data collected by local government staff, simulation output was used to calculate forestry profits, carbon stocks, subsidies, the amount of labor required, and the cost effectiveness of investing in subsidies. By comparing the output of simulations based on two scenarios, we found that both the clear-cutting area and the amount of harvested timber were larger under Scenario 2, in which the rules governing subsidy allocations are more relaxed, than under Scenario 1, in which the rules are more restrictive. Because the harvested timber under Scenario 1 was mainly produced by clear-cutting, the forestry profits and the subsidy predicted in the early period of the simulation, were larger under Scenario 1 than under Scenario 2. In contrast, the carbon stock was larger under Scenario 2 than under Scenario 1. The simulation model is likely to be useful for improving Plan-Do-Check-Act cyclesimplemented in Japanese forest management systems.     

河南省森林固碳释氧效益年际变化研究

按照森林生态系统服务功能评估规范,分不同林分类型对河南省森林的固碳、释氧动态进行了研究。结果表明:全省森林总固碳量及其价值、总释氧量及其价值的年际变化情况一致,即在2006年都是最小,2007—2009年都连续增加。而不同类型林分的固碳量及其价值、释氧量及其价值的变化是不同的;不同类型林分单位面积固碳量是不同的,单位面积释氧量也不同;不同类型林分单位面积释氧量与固碳量由大到小排序一致。