光皮木瓜渣中齐墩果酸提取工艺研究

以光皮木瓜渣为原料,研究微波辅助提取齐墩果酸的工艺,通过单因素试验和L9(34)正交试验确定齐墩果酸的最佳提取工艺。结果表明,微波辅助提取光皮木瓜渣中齐墩果酸的最佳工艺为微波功率200 W,料液比1∶8,乙醇体积分数70%,提取温度65℃,提取时间30 min。该条件下,齐墩果酸的提取量为2.712 mg/g。     

光皮木瓜渣多酚的提取及其抗氧化活性的研究

利用超声法辅助提取光皮木瓜渣中的多酚,考察了乙醇浓度、料液比、超声时间、提取温度等因素对提取量的影响。通过单因素试验和正交试验确定了光皮木瓜渣多酚提取的适宜工艺条件为:乙醇体积分数55%,料液比1∶17,超声时间40 min,提取温度60℃,在此优化条件下,光皮木瓜渣多酚提取量为9.73%;该类光皮木瓜渣多酚粗提液具有较强的抗氧化活性,是一类具有开发价值的天然抗氧化剂。     

光皮木瓜渣中水不溶性膳食纤维提取工艺的研究

采用化学法从光皮木瓜渣中提取水不溶性膳食纤维,对液料比、Na OH浓度、提取温度、提取时间4个因素进行单因素试验,利用正交试验确定最佳提取工艺条件。结果表明:光皮木瓜渣中水不溶性膳食纤维提取的最佳工艺条件为:液料比20∶1(m L/g),Na OH浓度0.75 mol/L,提取时间70 min,提取温度60℃,在此工艺条件下的提取率为25.229%。     

微波辅助提取光皮树油的工艺研究

用光皮树种子为原料,微波辅助有机溶剂提取光皮树油,试验了几种溶剂、溶剂与物料比、微波辐射时间及功率对提取得率的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验寻求最佳萃取工艺条件。结果表明,微波辅助萃取光皮树油的最佳工艺条件为:溶剂为石油醚,溶剂与物料比为1∶3,辐射时间7 min,辐射功率800 W,得率为7.13%。     

微波辅助提取柿蒂熊果酸和齐墩果酸的工艺研究

为了充分利用柿蒂资源,采用微波法辅助乙醇提取了柿蒂中的活性成分熊果酸和齐墩果酸,以供社会发展需求。采用L9(34)正交分析法检验了料液比、乙醇体积分数、提取时间、微波功率等因素对熊果酸和齐墩果酸总提取含量的影响,并以高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定2种有机酸的总提取量为评价指标。结果表明,各因素影响次序为料液比提取时间乙醇体积分数微波功率;微波法辅助提取柿蒂中熊果酸和齐墩果酸的最优提取方案为料液比1∶25,乙醇体积分数85%,提取时间90 s,微波功率300 W。     

响应面法优化超声波提取山楂皮渣三萜酸工艺

以山楂皮渣为原料,在单因素试验的基础上,通过响应面法对超声波提取三萜酸物质的工艺条件进行优化。结果表明,超声波辅助提取山楂皮渣三萜酸的最佳工艺条件为:超声温度58℃,超声时间30 min,乙醇浓度81%,液料比9∶1(m L/g),提取2次。在此工艺条件下,山楂皮渣中三萜酸的提取率达(2.332±0.031)%。经过验证,所得工艺参数准确,可用于山楂皮渣三萜酸的提取。     

微波辅助提取石榴果渣中黄酮类物质的研究

以乙醇作为溶剂,采用微波辅助提取石榴果渣中黄酮类物质。在单因素试验基础上,设计正交试验,研究微波功率、乙醇体积分数、料液比和提取时间对石榴果渣中黄酮类物质提取率的影响。结果表明,最佳提取工艺条件为:微波功率600 W,乙醇体积分数90%,料液比1∶20,提取时间7 min,此条件下石榴果渣黄酮类物质提取率可达3.665%。     

光皮木瓜中黄酮类物质提取工艺的研究

采用浸提法,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验对光皮木瓜中黄酮类物质的提取工艺进行研究。结果表明,对光皮木瓜中黄酮提取率影响较大的因素是提取温度,其次是乙醇浓度;确定其最佳提取工艺条件为:固液比1∶40,乙醇浓度80%,提取温度80℃,提取时间1.5h。在此工艺条件下提取的黄酮类物质得率为11.230mg/g,为索氏提取法提取得率的2.56倍。     

木瓜咀嚼片的制备工艺研究

以木瓜粉为原料,添加一定的辅料,采用湿法制粒法研制木瓜咀嚼片,通过单因素和正交试验筛选木瓜咀嚼片的最佳配方。结果表明,木瓜咀嚼片的最佳配方为:木瓜粉和辅料的质量比1∶3,糊精添加量40%,甘露醇与蔗糖质量比1∶2,PVP-K30的70%乙醇溶液添加量12%为黏合剂,硬脂酸镁添加量1.1%为润滑剂,每片质量为0.40 g。按此配方制得的木瓜咀嚼片中齐墩果酸和熊果酸含量分别为0.076 4、0.135 6 mg/片,该咀嚼片酸甜可口,具有木瓜特有的清香味,表面完整光滑,硬度适中,色泽均匀,市场前景较好。     

响应面法优化荸荠皮保鲜物质微波提取工艺

采用微波辅助乙醇法提取荸荠皮中的保鲜活性成分,以荸荠皮提取液保鲜后的冷却猪肉的挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)值降低率为考查指标,在单因素试验基础上,利用Design-Expert 8.0软件进行响应曲面设计试验,建立荸荠皮保鲜活性成分提取条件的数学回归模型,并经验证试验得到微波辅助乙醇法提取荸荠皮保鲜活性成分的最优工艺条件为:乙醇体积分数70%,液料比32∶1(m L/g),提取时间120 s,功率320 W。所得荸荠皮保鲜液处理的冷却猪肉保存7 d后的TVB-N值降低率为40.287 5%,保鲜效果最佳。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.