低糖甘草蜜柚柚子皮蜜饯的研制

为充分利用高营养价值的废弃柚子皮,以蜜柚柚子皮为原料、甘草为辅料,对低糖甘草蜜柚柚子皮蜜饯的工艺和配方进行研究,并对产品进行感官、理化及微生物分析。结果表明,最佳工艺条件是蜜柚皮直接切分,1.5%Na Cl溶液脱苦,0.7%Ca Cl2溶液硬化2.5 h,二次糖煮30 min后浸渍24 h,45℃干燥24 h;最佳原料配方为糖液40%,Na Cl溶液1.5%,Ca Cl2溶液0.7%,甘草液0.5%。研制出的柚子皮蜜饯色泽金黄、组织透明、酸甜适中、具有柚子皮清香,营养丰富且安全性高。     

低糖冬瓜果脯的加工工艺

以冬瓜为原料,探讨了冬瓜果脯的加工工艺。实验结果表明,采用质量分数为0.3%的CaCl2对冬瓜条处理5h后,硬化效果较好;最佳糖液配方和工艺条件为:蔗糖溶液的质量分数为30%,淀粉糖浆质量分数为40%,塔格糖含量为0.02%,柠檬酸含量为总量的0.2%;煮制条件为,先在质量分数为35%的糖液中煮10min后浸泡10h,然后置于质量分数为50%的糖液中煮制10min,糖渍18h。最后将其放入质量分数为60%￣65%的糖液中煮制30min。     

低糖红心薯脯的研制

以红薯为主要原料,研究了低糖红心薯脯的加工工艺,试验所得最佳工艺配方为:0.1%柠檬酸护色,0.4%CaCl2溶液硬化处理,以质量分数为40%的糖液煮35min,浸糖16h,并添加质量分数为0.05%的柠檬酸进行浸糖处理。     

羊奶果果糕加工工艺的研究

以新鲜羊奶果为主要原料,对羊奶果果糕的加工工艺配方进行了研究.以色泽、口感、形态等感官质量评价为考察指标,通过复合胶、糖配比、料液比这三个因素的不同用量进行L9(33)正交试验,确定制作羊奶果果糕的最佳配方:复合胶为2％瓜尔豆胶+1％卡拉胶,糖配比为30％蔗糖-30％麦芽糖浆,料液比为1∶1.5(质量比),在熬煮过程中...     

低糖胡萝卜脯的研制

以优质新鲜胡萝卜为主要试验材料,研究了低糖胡萝卜脯的加工工艺。试验所得最佳工艺参数为:质量分数为0.1%的NaHSO3溶液护色,质量分数为0.3%的CaCl2溶液硬化处理,在质量分数为45%的糖液中煮制10 min,渗糖处理10 h,同时添加质量分数为0.4%的柠檬酸。     

酸甜风味葵花子加工工艺

以传统风味葵花子的生产加工技术为基础,通过单因素和正交试验,研究酸甜风味葵花子的最佳调味液配方和加工工艺条件。结果表明,酸甜风味葵花子的最佳调味液配方为：白砂糖20％,蛋白糖1％,柠檬酸4％,食盐1％,桂皮2％,八角4％,甘草3％,小茴香2％,丁香1％;最佳加工工艺条件为：焖煮时间0．5h,烘干温度70℃,烘干时间6h。按此配方及加工条件制得的酸甜风味葵花子香味浓郁、酸甜适口、入味均匀、质地与脆性良好。     

复合红薯保健果脯的研制

以红薯为主要原料,配加不同含量橘汁、蜂蜜、甘草、食盐为辅料,设计四因素,研制出复合红薯保健果脯制作工艺。确定了糖液中最佳配方为橘汁30%,水30%,蜂蜜5%,甘草1.0%,食盐0.5%。     

竹荪蜜柚复合酵素的制备工艺研究

以竹荪和蜜柚为主要原料,添加青金桔、糖和盐等辅料通过发酵制成酵素,通过正交试验确定制备竹荪蜜柚复合酵素的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,制备竹荪蜜柚复合酵素最佳发酵条件为:酵母菌接种量0.1%,发酵时间10 d,竹荪酵素初液∶蜜柚酵素初液=1∶2(V/V),白砂糖添加量30%。制得的竹荪蜜柚酵素呈淡黄色,组织均匀一致,口感酸甜适中,有独特的菇香和天然果汁香味,营养丰富。     

响应面法优化金银花茶精制备工艺研究

为研究-种金银花茶精的制备方法,首先以金银花为原料,水为提取溶剂,以绿原酸得率为考察指标,优化金银花绿原酸提取工艺,工艺优化结果为:料液比1∶8(g/mL),提取时间2h,提取次数2次,在此工艺条件下绿原酸得率最高.随后以口感、溶解性及澄清度为考察指标,获得一种金银花荼精配方:金银花提取物粉60％、乳糖20％、低聚果糖10％、白砂糖8％、柠檬酸2％.所制备的金银花茶精绿原酸含量高、口感好、溶解迅速、溶液澄清,感官评分为75分.     

柚子皮总黄酮提取工艺的研究

以柚子皮为试验原料,采用乙醇浸提法从柚子皮中提取总黄酮,研究柚子皮提取总黄酮的最佳工艺条件。结果表明：在提取温度为90℃的情况下,提取时间2 h,乙醇浓度50%,稀释倍数20倍时总黄酮提取率最高,达0.607%。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.