米比萨饼皮加工工艺的研究

从制作米比萨饼皮的原料选择入手,研究探讨米比萨饼皮加工工艺过程中的重要参数,如蒸饭时间、浸泡时间、水与泡米质量比和浸泡温度,并设计正交试验进行工艺参数的优化,确定其最佳工艺参数为蒸饭时间40 min,浸泡时间60 min,水与泡米质量比1.4,浸泡温度常温;最后通过对比试验,确定饼皮的最佳烘烤工艺条件为205℃下烘烤110 s。     

响应面法优化草本风味核桃加工工艺

为研制草本风味即食手剥核桃,以新疆纸皮核桃为原料,着重对杀青条件、浸泡和烘烤条件进行研究。以单因素试验为基础,选择浸泡时间、烘烤温度和烘烤时间3个影响因素的水平,根据Box-Benhnken试验设计,以感官评分为响应值,运用响应面法确定草本风味手剥核桃最优工艺条件。结果表明,核桃的最佳杀青条件为80 ℃杀青8 h。通过响应面分析建立的回归模型显著,各因素对核桃感官评分的影响顺序为烘烤温度＞烘烤时间＞浸泡时间。确定草本手剥核桃最佳工艺条件为：烘烤温度80 ℃,烘烤时间7 h,浸泡时间2.5 min。按照优化的工艺条件加工的草本风味核桃感官品质最佳,核桃色泽美观,核桃仁金黄,草本风味佳,无苦涩味,口感酥脆。研究结果为核桃制品的开发及其产业化利用提供了技术支撑。     

海红米司康饼的研制

以低筋面粉为主,辅以海红米粉,研制独具海红米香味、色泽和营养的新型司康饼。以感官评价为指标,采用单因素试验和正交试验法研究低筋面粉和海红米粉的混合比例、黄油和淡奶油的用量、烘烤温度和时间对司康饼感官品质的影响,最终确定产品最佳配方。结果表明,经过优化后的海红米司康饼的最佳配方为低筋面粉75 g,海红米粉25 g,黄油29 g,淡奶油40 g,糖粉25 g,鸡蛋20 g,泡打粉2.5g,食盐1.6 g;烘烤条件为烘烤温度170℃,烘烤时间34 min。     

发芽糙米米面包的加工工艺研究

试验以发芽糙米粉和小麦粉为原料,按一定比例采用直接发酵法制成米面包。工艺中通过添加转谷氨酰胺酶(TG)和谷朊粉提高面包品质、增加发芽糙米粉的添加量。通过单因素试验和正交试验确定发芽糙米米面包的最佳配方(质量分数)为:转谷氨酰胺酶(TG)0.15%,谷朊粉12%,发芽糙米粉22%,水55%(以小麦粉和发芽糙米粉的总量为基准);最佳工艺参数为:发酵时间2.5 h,醒发时间60 min,烘烤温度(底火)220℃(180℃),烘烤时间22 min。     

龙安柚柚皮硬化工艺研究

为解决龙安柚柚子皮的浪费问题,提高柚果附加值,以四川广安产龙安柚果皮为原料,通过清洗、热烫、硬化等工艺,以硬化剂质量浓度、浸泡温度和浸泡时间作为试验因素,以柚子外表皮硬度和感官评分作为评价指标,采用多指标正交试验法确定龙安柚柚皮硬化的最佳工艺。结果表明,当氯化钙溶液添加量为1.5%,浸泡温度为60℃,浸泡时间为20 min时,龙安柚柚皮硬化效果最好。     

新型烤蛋关键工艺参数的研究

为了研发口感好、风味独特的新型烤蛋制品,对烤蛋采用冷冻、卤制、烘烤、上色4种关键工艺参数进行了研究。结果表明,在-5^-16℃冷冻24 h后的鸡蛋不会出现破裂的现象,冷冻温度为-16℃时蛋黄的弹性最大;最佳的卤制温度和时间组合为70℃,4 h;最佳的烘烤温度和时间组合为190℃,17 min;麦芽糖质量分数5%,其浸泡时间45 min时,成品颜色最佳。     

光皮木瓜渣中水不溶性膳食纤维提取工艺的研究

采用化学法从光皮木瓜渣中提取水不溶性膳食纤维,对液料比、Na OH浓度、提取温度、提取时间4个因素进行单因素试验,利用正交试验确定最佳提取工艺条件。结果表明:光皮木瓜渣中水不溶性膳食纤维提取的最佳工艺条件为:液料比20∶1(m L/g),Na OH浓度0.75 mol/L,提取时间70 min,提取温度60℃,在此工艺条件下的提取率为25.229%。     

井冈红米方便米饭加工工艺研究

研究了井冈红米方便米饭的加工工艺,通过优化参数,得出最佳工艺条件:浸泡温度为30℃,时间为60min;蒸煮时的加水量为1∶0.6,蒸煮时间为30min;采用正交实验分析得出,在浸渍离散时加酶量为0.3g/100g大米,浸泡料液比1∶5,浸泡时间20min,制成的井冈红米饭成品滋味好,营养丰富,香气诱人。     

香菇柄肉松加工工艺的研究

摘要：本实验以香菇柄和猪肉为原料,通过单因素试验及正交试验,探讨香菇柄肉松加工中主要工艺参数的最佳组合及辅料的最佳用量。结果表明,辅料添加量的最佳配比：白砂糖16%、酱油6%、食盐1.2%。工艺参数的最佳组合为：烘烤温度60℃、烘烤时间60min、炒制时间35min。制得的产品颜色金黄,呈松散的絮状。     

香菇柄松加工工艺的研究

以干香菇柄为原料,探讨香菇柄松加工中主要工艺参数的最佳组合及辅料的最佳用量,进而得到香菇柄松加工的最佳工艺。结果表明,辅料添加量的最佳配比为食盐3%,白砂糖6%,酱油1.0%;工艺参数的最佳组合为一次烘烤温度70℃,时间90 min;二次烘烤温度60℃,时间55 min。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.