采用顺序统计和杰克奈夫法估测立木材积

立木是指生长在地面上的树木。测算立木材积,无论是在大面积的森林调查,还是在林业科学研究工作中,都是一项不可缺少的基础工作,然而,立木材积的测定工作与伐倒木相比,虽有共同的材积测定因子(即     

一种测算材积生长率的新方法

<正> 测算立木材积生长率的方法很多,目前较常用的是施耐德(Schneider)公式p_V=K/n·d普来斯勒(Pressler)公式p_V=(v_b-v_a)/(v_b+v_a)·(200)/n和材积差法。这三种方法,是以各自的工作效率和测算精度相互补益而被广泛采用的。其中以施耐德公式方法最简单,但是由于K值在400～800之间,常因确定不当影响测算精度;材积差法的计算精度较高,但计算过程最复     

立木材积生长系数k值与k值表法

<正> 立木生长量估测是森林资源管理的重要环节,也是制定各项森林经营措施的科学依据。本文针对目前常用材积生长率公式在不同方面存在的不足之处,从材积生长率的定义式出发,根据立木材积与胸径之间的相依关系,提出了材积生长系数k值的概念。並通过拟合曲线方程,编制k值表,提出了新的材积生长率公式和测算方法——k值表法。     

杉木断梢木立木材积测算方法研究

在研究正常杉木任意横断面以下树干材积随着横断面高度升降而增减的规律的基础上,提出了一种根据杉木断梢木树高与其所在林分中同径阶正常杉木平均树高的比率来测算断梢木立木材积的方法。     

水杉幼林立木干形指标调查简报

形率和形数是测算立木材积的两个主要干形指标。为了比较水杉幼林材积的生产水平,我们对水杉幼林的两个主要干形指标——形率和形数进行了调查和测算,大大方便了立木材积的计算,现将结果整理如下。1 调查方法调查在1986年以来营造的687ha 水杉速生丰产林内进行,选设8块标准地,总株数为1667株,调查株数共254株,占标准地总株数的15%。     

椴树胸径 根径和立木材积相关关系的研究

通过利用椴树（ＴａｌｉａＳＰ．）的胸径和立木材积、根径和立木材积间的相关性，运用回归分析的方法建立了回归方程，经过选择，确定了各自的合理模型，为了克服材积方程异方差性的影响，采用加权最小二乘法估计了模型的参数，找到了胸径和立木材积、根径和立木材积的最佳模型，提高了材积方程的适用精度。     

海南省一元立木材积检验与更新模型研建

林木材积是我国森林资源监测的一项重要内容。海南省森林资源清查林木材积估计一直沿用广东省70年代未建立的一元立木材积表,已使用30多年,急需进行检验、更新。以海南省橡胶、桉树、相思、加勒比松、木麻黄5个树种单株立木材积实测数据,对海南省森林资源清查中使用的原一元立木材积方程进行适应性检验,更新建立新一元立木材积方程,并就原一元立木材积方程估计的森林资源清查林木材积偏差进行了分析。研究结果表明:海南省上述5个树种原一元立木材积方程均存在较大的系统偏差,每个树种总相对偏差(TRB)和平均系统偏差(MSB)均达到了15%以上,预估值明显低于实际值,已经不再适用;更新建立的5个树种新一元立木材积方程,其预估精度均在95%以上,总相对偏差(TRB)均在3%以内,平均系统偏差(MSB)接近于0,拟合效果良好;以5个树种新一元立木材积方程估计得到的2013年全省森林资源清查蓄积增加1.389 85×107 m3,增幅达23.80%。     

白龙江中上游林区华北落叶松人工林一元立木材积模型研究

在白龙江中上游林区华北落叶松人工林中,建立胸径与树高相关关系,应用形数法、一元材积公式法和二元材积公式法分别建立了6种立木材积模型,经材积系统偏差分析和材积误差分析后,从中筛选出V模(v)=0.012 067-0.003 397D+0.000 582D2作为该林区华北落叶松人工林一元立木材积模型,其误差为1.409 0...     

论北京市一元立木材积表的数式化方法

针对目前北京市森林资源连续清查所采用的一元立木材积表没有数式、应用不便的问题,提出了根据胸径、材积成对值及相应的二元材积式,建立内含树高-胸径回归模型的一元立木材积式的方法,并建立了北京市7个树种组的一元立木材积式,为森林资源连续清查的材积估计提供了方便。     

三峡库区常见树种一元立木材积表的编制

林业案件查处过程中，滥伐或盗伐的林木无法测定树木胸径，通常是根据经验直接估计树木胸径后查阅《一元立木材积表》算出材积。如何利用树木地径科学地计算胸径和材积，本研究选择了马尾松、杉木、柏木、麻栎4个常见树种，通过实地随机抽样测量、数据分析、建模估算、分析汇总、实地验证，在三峡库区秭归县分析得出各树种地径与胸径的关系，编制出4个树种地径一元立木材积表，并在Excel中编制程序代入相关数据，制作出了地径一元立木材积计算表，选择树种后输入该树种的地径数值即得该树木的胸径和材积，实现了在办案过程中科学、快速、准确地测算立木材积的目标。     

Effect of resin‐top disease caused by Peridermium pini on the volume and value of Pinus sylvestris saw timber and pulpwood

The role of the resin‐top disease caused by Peridermium pini in volume and value losses to Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was surveyed in two heavily infected stands in northern Finland. Of the Scots pines, 26% were infected by the disease. Peridermium pini caused 2% volume losses to saw timber trees and 3% volume losses to pulpwood trees in the stem‐lesion class and 10% and 14% in the dead‐top class, respectively. The disease caused saw timber volume losses to saw timber trees of 34% and 22% in the stem‐lesion and dead‐top class, respectively. However, saw timber volume losses increased the pulpwood volume in both disease classes. The disease reduced the marketing value of saw timber trees and pulpwood trees by 18% and 3% in the stem‐lesion class and by 15% and 14% in the dead‐top class.     

Schnittholzqualität und Furniereignung von Douglasien aus linksrheinischen Anbaugebieten

Summary Douglas fir sample trees from 9 various stands were cut in sawmills. Every board of the converted timber was graded; all defects in timber were analysed, especially all black and sound knots on the surface of the boards were measured. The percentage of good boards prooved to be comparatively low. From fertile sites the sawn timber quality seems to be inferior compared with wood from poorer and dryer sites. Douglas firs grown single between broadleaved stands showed the lowest timber quality. Throughout the quantity and thickness of black knots were responsible for poor quality. Experiments with production of veneer yielded useful carved veneers when sliced of quartered and clear logs. Branchless logs from 80 years old Douglas firs could be worked up to carved veneers, but are too young for peeled veneers. For full veneer logs diameters of 70 cm and structure of small annual rings is essential. For saw timber as well as for veneerwood production short rotation below 120 years is not suitable. Moreover pruning is necessary.      

Timber harvest,damage to crop plants and yield reduction in two Costa Rican coffee plantations with Cordia alliodora shade trees

Both model and field estimations were made of the damage inflicted to coffee plants due to the harvest of timber shade trees (Cordia alliodora) in coffee plantations. Economic analyses were made for different coffee planting densities, yields, and both coffee and timber prices.Damage due to tree felling and log skidding should not be a major limitation to the use of timber shade trees in coffee plantations. The timber price that would balance all discounted losses and benefits to zero, for scenarios with and without trees ranged between 8–20 US $/m³ (current overbark log volume at the saw mill yard is US$ 66/m³). There will be lower margins for coffee damage in high yielding plantations, specially in years of good coffee prices. Nevertheless, the use of timber shade trees is recommended even in these scenarios.     

Comparing model-based approaches with bucking simulation-based approach in the prediction of timber assortment recovery

The aim of the study was to compare model-based approaches inthe prediction of timber assortment recovery with bucking simulationbased on detailed stem data. A correction function for the totallength of saw log fragments and two optional saw log reductionmodels, that is, the MELA96 version and MELA05 version, wereapplied. In the bucking simulation, the volumes by timber assortmentswere calculated using a bucking-to-value simulator. The predictionof saw log recoveries varied between the bucking simulationand different versions of saw log reduction models. The levelof the reduction from the MELA96 version was at the same levelas from the bucking simulation where defects were taken intoaccount, but the saw log reduction had a very low variance dueto a small amount of independent variables. The saw log reductionof the MELA05 version included more variation although the levelof the reductions was higher and the variation did not meetwith the bucking simulation. As a conclusion, the model-basedapproaches seem applicable at least for the prediction of sawlog recovery in the large area forest inventories where thevariance of the standwise timber assortment recoveries neednot be predicted.     

短周期工业用材多锯片剖分过程的数学模拟研究

采用截顶椭圆一抛物面原木数学模型，应用原木的四个实测参数，测定出经多锯片裁分锯剖分的各块毛边板、板皮的精确材积；精确算出锯路的损耗和出材率。应用本文提出的理论，可以设计出简单的多锯片裁分锯数控检测系统，使短周期工业用材加工实现数控化。     

国外木材切削刀具设计理论研究新进展

在综述国外木材切削刀具设计理论新进展的基础上,总结了国外木工刀具行业的先进技术和成果,特别是木工刀具检测技术的新进展.文章着重介绍了圆锯片研究、带锯条研究、刀具磨损和腐蚀、木材铣刀方面的新技术及木材高速切削的一些研究成果,综述了刀具设计和刀具磨损方面新的研究理论.     

Models for Assessing Timber Grade Distribution and Economic Value of Standing Birch Trees

In order to obtain a more precise prediction of the distribution of each timber grade or log grade with regard to the volume of birch (Betula pendula Roth., B. pubescens Ehrh.) in models for long-term planning, ordered probit models were developed. These models were developed by using data from three mixed birch and Norway spruce stands in Norway. The data consisted of 168 stems. In Norway, three ordinary birch saw log grades are commonly used, with pulpwood as a fourth grade. In this study, these four grades were applied in addition to waste timber, which was treated as a fifth grade. The developed models showed that the grade distribution of birch trees of mixed birch and spruce stands was highly correlated with tree height (p<0.01) and height to first visible dry branch (p=0.081). The statistical significance of both models was good (p<0.0001), as measured by log likelihood test statistics. Classifying the 168 stems by saw timber or pulpwood in butt log led to greatly improved estimates (p<0.01). The developed models would allow the incorporation of timber grade in stand simulators, enabling more precise predictions regarding the economic implications of alternative management strategies for birch trees.     

关于合理造材作业的几点探讨意见

本文论述了进入市场经济合理造材工作的重要意义;搞好合理造材工作的基本环节;量材设计是合理造材工作的关键环节;针对量材、造材作业提出了几点探讨性意见与建议。     

An Economic Evaluation of a Small-Scale Timber Harvesting Operation in Western Maryland, USA

As forests of the eastern United States become fragmented into smaller ownership parcels, there is a growing need for timber harvesting contactors who can economically harvest timber and perform silvicultural operations on small tracts. Traditional large-scale harvesting operators are ill-suited for work on small parcels, due to their high fixed costs. By contrast, small-scale operators, characterized by few workers and low capital investment, offer an opportunity to serve this landowner segment. This paper presents financial and productivity results from a small-scale timber harvesting pilot study conducted on small forested parcels in western Maryland, USA. Acceptable financial performance is possible for these operations, provided that the operator pays close attention to the important factors determining productivity and profitability, including: (1) average tree volume, (2) net delivered price, (3) time utilization, and (4) distance to the site. Although profitable harvesting of saw log quality trees on parcels less than 10 ha is possible, harvesting of small or poor-quality trees remains economically unattractive.     

带锯切削速度及进料速度与锯材表面粗糙度的关系

本试验对锯材试件表面粗糙度进行了检量,依此反映带锯切削长度相进料速度不同时对材面质量的影响.冻材表面粗糙度值明显小于暖材的值,表面粗糙度值不受齿尖强化的影响.