断奶仔猪日粮能量水平以及日粮组成对小肠黏膜形态的影响

本文研究了低能量水平日粮对断奶仔猪肠黏膜形态的影响,以及日粮组成(通过改变乳糖/蛋白质比)与肠黏膜形态的关系。该试验分三个处理组,这三个处理组分别是食低乳糖/高蛋白(LL/HP)、对照组日粮(C)和高乳糖/低蛋白日粮(HL/LP),三种日粮能量水平相同。断奶后第四天剖解取小肠上段、小肠中部、小肠上段作组织切片,在显微镜下观察其绒毛高度、隐窝深度。结果表明,食三种低能量日粮的仔猪,其绒毛都有不同程度的缩短,隐窝都会加深。与食其它两种料的仔猪相比,食HL/LP日粮的仔猪有较高的绒毛高度(P<0.10)。说明,断奶仔猪日粮的能量水平和日粮组成对仔猪肠黏膜形态都有影响。     

不同蛋白源日粮对断奶仔猪小肠形态的影响

为了探讨不同蛋白源日粮对仔猪小肠组织形态影响的差异,试验选择24头21日龄断奶仔猪,随机分为2组,处理2组为全植物蛋白日粮,处理1处由乳源蛋白替代30%总蛋白。本研究利用光镜和透射电镜技术对不同蛋白源日粮处理后的断奶仔猪(断奶0,3,8 d和14 d)肠道上皮结构进行观察。光学显微镜观察结果表明,与断奶0 d相比,乳源蛋白替代30%总蛋白日粮组(处理1)和全植物蛋白日粮组(处理2)在断奶后3、7 d和14 d的绒毛高度、绒毛宽度、隐窝深度和固有膜厚度差异极显著(P<0.01)。与处理1组相比,处理2组显著减低了空肠绒毛高度、隐窝深度、绒毛宽度(P<0.01)。透射电镜观察显示,断奶3 d处理1组的吸收细胞微绒毛的整齐度较好,线粒体、粗面内质网和游离核糖体很丰富,处理2组肠道微绒毛稀疏、变短,部分微绒毛丝心小根不清晰,粗面内质网及线粒体部分扩张病变。断奶14 d时,处理1组仔猪空肠上皮细胞超微结构中线粒体个数增加,微绒毛密度增加,但粗面内质网变化不大,处理2日粮组仔猪空肠上皮细胞微绒毛严重脱落,粗面内质网和核糖体数量较少,并大部分发生病变。结论:不同蛋白源日粮对早期断奶仔猪肠道形态组织结构均有显著的影响,且在断...     

日粮添加谷氨酰胺对断奶仔猪小肠形态结构的影响

试验选用60头21d断奶、体重均一的杜长大仔猪。按单因素完全随机化设计随机分为2组,一组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮;一组为试验组,基础日粮添加0.5%的谷氨酰胺,研究谷氨酰胺处理对断奶仔猪小肠黏膜形态变化的影响。在断奶当天及断奶后7d和14d每个处理随机选取3头仔猪屠宰,取小肠组织,测定肠黏膜的形态结构变化。结果表明:日粮中添加谷氨酰胺提高了小肠绒毛高度和固有层厚度及皱褶深度。     

断奶仔猪饲粮能量水平和饲粮组成对小肠黏膜形态的影响

该试验研究了低能量水平饲粮对断奶仔猪肠黏膜形态的影响，同时观测饲粮组成(通过改变乳糖／蛋白质比)与肠黏膜形态的关系。试验分三个处理组，分别是令断奶仔猪采食低乳糖／高蛋白质饲粮(LL/HP)、对照饲粮(C)和高乳糖／低蛋白质饲粮(HL/LP)，三种饲粮能量水平相同。仔猪断奶后第四天剖杀取小肠前段、中段、后段作组织切片，在显微镜下观察其绒毛高度和隐窝深度。结果表明，采食三种低能量饲粮的仔猪，其绒毛都有不同程度的缩短，隐窝都表现加深。与采食其它两种饲粮的仔猪相比，采食HL/LP饲粮的仔猪小肠前段有较高的绒毛高度(P＜0．01)和较浅的隐窝深度(P＜0．01)。说明断奶仔猪饲粮的能量水平和饲粮组成对其肠黏膜形态都有影响。     

壳聚糖锌对断奶仔猪小肠组织学形态与功能的影响

通过对血浆D-乳酸、内毒素、二胺氧化酶和肠道菌群及肠道黏膜形态等指标的测定,探讨壳聚糖锌(CS-Zn)对断奶仔猪小肠组织学形态和功能的影响。选择体重7.25 kg左右的"杜长大"三元杂交断奶仔猪120头随机分为5组,分别饲喂5种日粮,基础日粮不添加外源锌(对照组),试验组在基础日粮基础上分别添加501、00mg/kgCS-Zn、100 mg/kg硫酸锌和3 000 mg/kg氧化锌(均以锌计),试验期28 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,CS-Zn-100组血浆D-乳酸水平,DAO活性和内毒素含量显著降低(P<0.05),盲肠和结肠内容物中大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌数量显著降低(P<0.05),乳酸杆菌数量显著提高(P<0.05),十二指肠、空肠绒毛高度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度显著提高(P<0.05),隐窝深度显著降低(P<0.05)。结果提示,壳聚糖锌具有调节断奶仔猪肠道菌群平衡、改善肠黏膜形态的作用。     

日粮导致仔猪断奶后的腹泻及其防止

仔猪断奶后腹泻是养猪业普遍存在问题,尤其是早期断奶的仔猪更为严重。过去多认为,病原微生物和应激因素在仔猪断奶后腹泻发生中起主要作用。近年来的研究表明,日粮中的抗原成分导致过敏反应是引起本病的启动因素。因而具有重要的意义。１日粮导致仔猪断奶后的腹泻在仔猪日粮中,含有丰富的蛋白质。蛋白质进人胃肠道后,大部分分解成氨基酸和简单的多肽被胃肠粘膜吸收,从而使蛋白质丧失其抗原性。但也有极少一部分蛋白质以原形被肠粘膜吸收,成为引起仔猪发生过敏反应的抗原物质。特别是早期断奶的仔猪,肠粘膜对原形蛋白质的吸收作用更…     

日粮中添加谷氨酰胺对断奶仔猪小肠形态和木糖吸收影响

本研究的目的是评定日粮中添加谷氨酰胺对断奶仔猪小肠形态,木糖吸收能力以及生长性能的影响。48头（28±2）日龄的仔猪被随机分成3组。玉米—大豆型基础日粮含有20.3%的蛋白质和14.49DEMJ/kg。试验的日粮处理组分别为：基础日粮（对照组）,1%（1%谷氨酰胺）日粮处理组和2%（2%谷氨酰胺）日粮处理组。仔猪采食试...     

仔猪断奶后的三阶段日粮

在英国,猪群中应用仔猪断奶后三阶段日粮的饲养方法,取得了很好的效果,仔猪保持较高的日增重,70日龄体重可达30～31kg。这种方法是基于仔猪在不同生长阶段,对日粮消化率的要求不同而改变日粮的成分。 Paul Toplis(1992)报道了使用3阶段日粮的仔猪,从断奶(21～28天)到10周龄的生长发育情况(图1)。仔猪在断奶后的头7     

日粮抗原与早期断奶仔猪腹泻的关系

腹泻是早期断奶仔猪生长受阻和死亡率高的重要原因。据美国调查,仔猪中腹泻率占57％,腹泻造成的死亡率达10.8％(Muirhead,1992)。 腹泻是消化道功能紊乱的一种综合症状,通常将粪便中水分含量高于80％的症状叫临床性腹泻(正常情况下,粪水含量约在60％左右)。腹泻时体内水分大量散失,这是肠道功能紊乱打破了肠腔和血液水和电解质     

Effects of dietary supplementation of Chinese medicinal herbs on polymorphonuclear neutrophil immune activity and small intestinal morphology in weanling pigs

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary Chinese medicinal herbs (CMH) supplementation composed of Panax ginseng, Dioscoreaceae opposite, Atractylodes macrocephala, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Ziziphus jujube and Platycodon grandiflorum, on the performance, intestinal tract morphology and immune activity in weanling pigs. Two hundred and forty weaned pigs were assigned randomly to four dietary groups including the negative control (basal diet), 0.1% CMH, 0.3% CMH and 0.114% antibiotic (Chlortetracycline calcium Complex, Sulfathiazole and Procaine Penicillin G) supplementation groups for a 28-day feeding trial. Results indicated that both CMH supplementation groups had a better gain and feed/gain than control group (CT) during the first 2 weeks of the experimental period. The 0.3% CMH had a significant decrease in the diarrhoea score in first 10 days of experimental period when compared with other groups. The CMH supplementation groups had a higher villous height, increased lactobacilli counts in digesta of ileum and decreased coliform counts in colon compared with CT. The immune activities of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs), including the respiratory burst and Salmonella-killing ability, were significantly enhanced in CMH supplementation groups at day 7 of experiment period. The CMH and antibiotic supplementations increased the nutrient digestibility such as dietary dry matter, crude protein and gross energy in weanling pigs. In conclusion, the dietary CMH supplementation improved intestinal morphology and immune activities of PMNs, thus giving rise to nutrient digestibility and reduce diarrhoea frequency in weanling pigs.     

The effect of dietary vitamin D supplementation on sodium-dependent phosphate uptake and expression of NaPi-IIb in the small intestine of weanling pigs

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of 1,25(OH)₂D₃ to stimulate Na⁺-dependent phosphate uptake in Caco-2 cells, and the effects of dietary vitamin D supplementation to vitamin D-deficient nursery pigs on Na⁺-dependent nutrient uptake and mRNA expression of NaPi-IIb cotransporter and calbindin D9k in the jejunum. In Exp. 1, 250,000 Caco-2 cells were seeded on Costar 12 mm Snapwell inserts with a 0.40 µm polycarbonate filter and a seeding density of 0.25 × 10⁶ and studied at 15 d postconfluence. Cells were treated with 10 nM of either 1,25(OH)₂D₃ or vehicle for 48 h and then mounted in modified Ussing chambers for transepithelial measurements. In Exp. 2, pigs (n = 32) were removed from sows at 3 d of age, placed on a vitamin D-deficient milk replacer diet and housed in a room devoid of sunlight and UV light in the range of 280 to 300 nm. On day 28, serum 25(OH)D₃ concentrations were measured to verify low vitamin D status. Pigs (BW 10.10 ± 0.38 kg) were then individually housed day 28 postweaning and allotted to 1 of 2 dietary treatments. Dietary treatments consisted of corn-soybean-based diets with vitamin D supplementations of 0 or 1,500 IU/kg diet for 12 d. Blood samples were taken from the brachiocephalic vein on the initial (day 0) and final day (day 10, 11, or 12) of the study for analysis of serum 25(OH)D₃, P, and Ca. Pigs were euthanized and jejunal segments were harvested and used in modified Ussing chambers and for RNA isolation and subsequent quantitative RT-PCR analysis. In Exp. 1, treating Caco-2 cells with 10 nM 1,25(OH)₂D₃ resulted in a 52% increase (P < 0.005) in Na⁺-dependent phosphate uptake compared with cells treated with a vehicle. In Exp. 2, Na⁺-dependent phosphate and glucose transport did not differ (P > 0.10) among treatment groups. Additionally, NaPi-IIb and calbindin D9k mRNA expression were not different (P > 0.10) between treatment groups. No differences (P > 0.10) were detected in final serum P or 25(OH)D₃ concentrations between treatments. However, serum Ca linearly increased (P < 0.05) as the concentration of supplemental vitamin D increased in the diet. Overall, while 1,25(OH)₂D₃ stimulated Na⁺-dependent phosphate uptake in Caco-2 cells, supplementing diets with 1,500 IU/kg vitamin D₃ from cholecalciferol did not increase jejunal Na⁺-dependent phosphate uptake or NaPi-IIb mRNA expression over that of pigs fed diets with no supplemental cholecalciferol.     

First-pass splanchnic metabolism of dietary cysteine in weanling pigs

Cysteine is a semi-indispensable AA in neonates and is synthesized from the indispensable AA, methionine, by transsulfuration. We previously showed that the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is a metabolically important site of methionine transsulfuration to cysteine, yet the metabolic fate of dietary cysteine in the GIT has not been established. Cysteine use by gut epithelial cells may play an important role for maintenance of glutathione synthesis and cellular redox function. Our aim was to quantify the extent of gastrointestinal first-pass cysteine metabolism in young pigs. Four-week-old weanling pigs (n = 10) were fed a liquid milk-replacer diet and given an intragastric and intravenous [1-(13)C]cysteine infusion on 2 separate days in a crossover design. Arterial and portal blood samples were collected for cysteine isotopic enrichment by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and for (13)CO(2) enrichment by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Our results indicated that dietary cysteine is metabolized during its first-pass splanchnic metabolism, accounting for about 40% of dietary cysteine intake. We also showed that intestinal absorption was the major metabolic fate of dietary cysteine, representing about 75% of intake, indicating that the GIT utilizes 25% of the dietary cysteine intake. Thus, utilization by the GIT represents about one-half (approximately 53%) of the first-pass, splanchnic uptake of dietary cysteine. Moreover, a substantial proportion of dietary splanchnic cysteine metabolism was consumed by the GIT via nonoxidative pathways. We conclude that the gut utilizes 25% of the dietary cysteine intake and that synthesis of mucosal epithelial proteins, such as glutathione and mucin, are a major nonoxidative metabolic fate for cysteine.     

Effects of Oesophagostomum dentatum and dietary carbohydrates on morphology of the large intestine of pigs

The effects of Oesophagostomum dentatum infection and dietary carbohydrates on the morphology and epithelial cell proliferation in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs were investigated experimentally. Thirty-two worm-free pigs (n=32) from a specific pathogen-free farm were randomly divided into four groups (A-D), of eight animals each. Pigs in groups A (control) and B (infected) were fed Diet 1, and pigs in groups C (control) and D (infected) were fed Diet 2. The two diets were formulated: Diet 1 (%) contained barley flour, oat husk meal plus soya bean meal (55:21:24) and Diet 2 (%) contained barley flour, inulin and sugar beet fibre (SBF) (80.1:7:12.9) plus soya bean meal (3:1) to contain carbohydrates from inulin and sugar beet fibre (SBF) that were readily fermentable in the large intestine. The two infected pig groups (16 pigs total) were inoculated with 6000 infective larvae of O. dentatum and all pigs, including the controls, were slaughtered 12 weeks p.i. The combination of O. dentatum infection and highly fermentable dietary carbohydrates affected the mucosal architecture, the epithelial cell proliferation and mucin secretion of the large intestine. Infection had a significant influence on the crypt volume, height and density, and on muscularis externa at the proximal and middle colon. The changes in the affected gut sections were proportional to the number of worms present. However, these parameters appeared unaffected by those diets alone. In pigs without infection non-digestible dietary carbohydrates significantly influenced the tissue weight of colon.     

全脂大豆中抗营养因子对两种猪种小肠和大肠的组织学参数的影响

全脂大豆富含能量和蛋白质,是一种理想的仔猪饲粮原料。但是,生全脂大豆含有许多抗营养因子(Liener等,1980),因此在饲喂前需要进行适当的加工处理。关于全脂大豆饲喂仔猪已有很多研究(Li等,1989;Schulze等,1993;徐良梅等,2001),但是研究全脂大豆的抗营养因子对两种猪种小肠和大肠组织学参数的影响尚未见报道。本试验旨在对小肠和大肠组织学观察,研究在消化能力不同的两猪品种间对全脂大豆抗营养因子反应是否存在差异,为全脂大豆在不同猪种饲粮中合理的加工利用提供科学依据。1材料与方法1.1试验动物及饲养管理试验选用健康的平均体重为22.…     

Effect of dietary copper on intestinal mucosa enzyme activity, morphology, and turnover rates in weanling pigs.

Twenty-four pigs from four litters weaned at 21 d of age (6.6 kg of BW) were used to evaluate the influence of 250 ppm of dietary Cu on intestinal mucosa glucose-6-phosphatase (GP), alkaline phosphatase (AP), and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity; mucosal morphology; and the turnover rate of the intestinal mucosa throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Pigs were allotted into four pens of six pigs each based on sex, litter, and weight. Pens were then assigned to one of two treatments: 1) corn-soybean meal-whey diet with no antimicrobials (CO), or 2) CO + 250 ppm of Cu. Pigs were fed twice daily an amount approximately equal to ad libitum intake for 14 d. On d 14, pigs were injected i.p. with [3H]thymidine (50 microCi/kg of BW) 10 h after the morning meal. One pig from each pen was euthanatized at 1, 6, 12, 20, 32, and 44 h postinjection, and intestinal tissue was collected from the duodenum, two jejunum sites (upper and lower), ileum, cecum, and colon. The activity of GP and AP in the lower jejunum tended to decrease in pigs fed Cu (P less than .11, P less than .08, respectively). The ATPase activity was not affected by treatment (P greater than .10). Crypt death, villus height, or epithelial cell size (P greater than .10) were not affected by feeding Cu. Migration rate of epithelial cells up the villus was also not affected by treatment (P greater than .10).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Efficacy of dietary D-alpha-tocopherol and DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate for weanling pigs.

A 2 x 3 factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design was conducted using a total of 180 weanling pigs in five replicates. The study evaluated the efficacy of two dietary vitamin E sources (D-alpha-tocopherol, DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate) added at three dietary levels (16, 48, 96 IU/kg) during a 35-d postweaning trial. Pigs within each treatment were fed two similarly fortified vitamin E diets in sequence; the first contained 40% milk products and was fed to 14 d, and the second contained 20% milk product and 5% fat and was provided from 15 to 35 d postweaning. Five pigs per pen per replicate were bled weekly for serum analysis of alpha-tocopherol, Se, cholesterol, triglyceride, and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity. At the end of the trial, one pig per pen was randomly selected and killed with liver, loin, lung, and heart excised and frozen for tocopherol analysis. Postweaning gains, feed intakes, and efficiencies were similar between the two vitamin E sources and at the various dietary levels. Serum tocopherol concentrations were consistently higher when D-alpha-tocopherol was provided. Vitamin E sources and levels had no effect nor did they influence weekly serum Se, cholesterol, or triglyceride concentrations or GSH-Px activity. A serum and tissue interaction (P less than .05) response occurred between dietary vitamin E source x level with alpha-tocopherol concentrations increasing linearly (P less than .01) as dietary vitamin E level increased, but at a higher rate when D-alpha-tocopherol than when DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate as fed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Influence of dietary fiber on luminal environment and morphology in the small and large intestine of sows

In this study, the effect of feeding different types and amounts of dietary fiber (DF) on luminal environment and morphology in the small and large intestine of sows was studied. Three diets, a low-fiber diet (LF) and 2 high-fiber diets (high fiber 1, HF1, and high fiber 2, HF2) were used. Diet LF (DF, 17%; soluble DF 4.6%) was based on wheat and barley, whereas the 2 high-fiber diets (HF1: DF, 43%; soluble DF, 11.0%; and HF2: DF, 45%; soluble DF, 7.6%) were based on wheat and barley supplemented with different coproducts from the vegetable food and agroindustry (HF1 and HF2: sugar beet pulp, potato pulp, and pectin residue; HF2: brewers spent grain, seed residue, and pea hull). The diets were fed for a 4-wk period to 12 sows (4 receiving each diet). Thereafter, the sows were killed 4 h postfeeding, and digesta and tissue samples were collected from various parts of the small and large intestine. The carbohydrates in the LF diet were well digested in the small intestine, resulting in less digesta in all segments of the intestinal tract. The fermentation of nonstarch polysaccharides in the large intestine was affected by the chemical composition and physicochemical properties. The digesta from pigs fed the LF diet provided low levels of fermentable carbohydrates that were depleted in proximal colon, whereas for pigs fed the 2 high-DF diets, the digesta was depleted of fermentable carbohydrates at more distal locations of the colon. The consequence was an increased retention time, greater DM percentage, decreased amount of material, and a decreased tissue weight after feeding the LF diet compared with the HF diets. The concentration of short-chain fatty acids was consistent with the fermentability of carbohydrates in the large intestine, but there was no effect of the dietary composition on the molar short-chain fatty acid proportions. It was further shown that feeding the diet providing the greatest amount of fermentable carbohydrates (diet HF1, which was high in soluble DF) resulted in significant morphological changes in the colon compared with the LF diet.