蜉金龟堆肥和自然堆肥类胡敏酸的表征及特性研究

分别用焦磷酸钠和氢氧化钠浸提新鲜牛粪、蜉金龟堆肥(APCM)和自然堆肥(腐熟牛粪)产物中的类胡敏酸,采用元素组成、红外光谱及差热分析研究了其结构特征。元素分析结果表明,蜉金龟堆肥焦磷酸钠浸提物——类胡敏酸(NaHLA)的芳香性低于新鲜牛粪和自然堆肥,而碳水化合物及氮元素含量增加。蜉金龟堆肥氢氧化钠浸提物——类胡敏酸(PAHLA)的碳水化合物和氮元素含量也高于新鲜牛粪和自然堆肥,而自然堆肥PAHLA的芳香性略低于新鲜牛粪和蜉金龟堆肥。红外光谱分析结果表明,与自然堆肥NaHLA相比,蜉金龟堆肥NaHLA中羧酸脂类化合物、酮类化合物、脂肪族化合物及碳水化合物有所增加。与新鲜牛粪PAHLA相比,蜉金龟堆肥和自然堆肥PAHLA的碳水化合物、脂肪族化合物、酚类化合物及纤维素酯类减少,同时蜉金龟堆肥PAHLA的酰胺化合物在蜉金龟消化过程中被其吸收。差热分析结果表明,自然堆肥NaHLA的热稳定性高于新鲜牛粪和蜉金龟堆肥,而蜉金龟堆肥NaHLA的脂族化合物、外围官能团和分子内部芳香结构含量较高,分子结构较复杂。蜉金龟堆肥PAHLA存在两个放热峰,而新鲜牛粪和自然堆肥的中温放热峰消失。综上,蜉金龟堆肥和自然堆肥采用两种提取液浸提出类胡敏酸的结构特征存在差异性。     

Enzymatic hydrolysis of organic phosphorus in extracts and resuspensions of swine manure and cattle manure

Animal manure can be a valuable resource of P for plant growth. Organic phosphates (P_o) are considered bioavailable if they can be hydrolyzed to inorganic P (P_i). Therefore, investigation of the susceptibility of manure P_o to hydrolysis may increase our understanding of manure P_o bioavailability. In this study, we demonstrate that three orthophosphate-releasing enzymes, acid phosphatase from wheat germ, alkaline phosphatase from bovine intestinal mucosa, and fungal phytase from Aspergillus ficcum, were able to hydrolyze certain amounts of P_o in animal manure. A scheme of sequential enzymatic release of P_o in manure was developed and then used to investigate changes in swine and cattle manure P distribution after storage at –20°C, 4°C or 22°C for about a year. Assuming that the P distribution in manure maintained at –20°C remained unchanged (i.e., similar to fresh manure), bioavailable P (P_i and enzyme-hydrolysable P_o) in swine manure remained relatively constant [72.8–76.3% of total P (P_t)]. Soluble but enzymatically unhydrolysable P_o (P_ue) increased from 7.2% to 32.1% of P_t during storage at 4°C. In cattle manure, bioavailable P decreased from 71.6% to 62.9% of P_t, and P_ue increased from 21.7% to 37.2% of P_t during storage at 22°C. These data indicated that the major change during the storage of animal manure for a year was the increase in P_ue, so manure P solubility may increase with storage, but the increase would not produce more bioavailable P in the manure. The effects of storage on the bioavailability of manure P should be further investigated to develop an efficient manure-P management strategy.Trade or manufacturers' names mentioned in the paper are for information only and do not constitute endorsement, recommendation, or exclusion by the USDA-ARS     

Agronomic effectiveness of poultry manure composts

Abstract

Two field experiments were conducted to examine the agronomic value of poultry manure composted in the presence of both phosphate rock (PR) and elemental sulphur (S°) (sulphocompost) and PR alone (phosphocompost). Winter cabbage and summer maize were used as test crops. For the first season's winter cabbage, the phosphocompost and sulphocompost were approximately 12% and 60% as effective as urea and both composts were equally effective as urea for the second season's maize crop. The greater agronomic effectiveness of sulphocompost could be attributed to the improved nitrogen (N)‐use efficiency increased PR dissolution and improved S nutrition. Distribution of nitrate‐nitrogen (NO₃‐N) in the soil profile of field plots indicated greater potential for winter leaching of N from urea than poultry manure which could be the reason for the improved residual value of the manure reflected in summer maize yields. The results from the field experiments indicated that composting poultry manure with S° and PR not only reduces environmental pollution associated with manure application, but also increases the agronomic effectiveness of manure.     

Dairy manure treatment effects on manure phosphorus fractionation and changes in soil test phosphorus

In this research, a sequential fractionation procedure coupled with enzyme hydrolysis was used to categorize the phosphorus (P) forms of 18 manure samples collected from in-barn composted bedded pack (beef manure), anaerobic digestion with liquid–solid separation (dairy manure), and liquid–solid separation systems (dairy manure). This research also determined the effects of those P forms on the increase in soil test P (STP) of five soil series. The soils used had initial Bray-1 P ranging from 16 to 43 mg P kg^?1. Total dry-ash P (P_t) of the manures ranged from 1.4 to 15.0 g P kg^?1; total inorganic P (P_it) accounted for 20 to 81 % of P_t; and enzymatically hydrolysable P (P_et) accounted for 5 to 26 % of P_t. Liquid–solid separation tended to concentrate the manure P in the liquid fractions. In contrast, anaerobic digestion did not affect the manure P distribution compared with the undigested raw manure from the same system. No differences in P distribution were found for the compost bedded pack manure. In the soil incubation study, manure and fertilizer were applied at 40 mg total P kg^?1. Separated liquid manure from two systems tended to increase STP more than the separated solid manures from the same systems. Although anaerobic digestion modified some of the physical and chemical properties of the treated manures, it did not clearly impact how digested manure increased STP compared with the raw manures. Overall, the increase in STP after treated manure application was found to be a function of soil clay content and manure P_it?+?P_et applied.     

Long-term cattle manure application in soil

Studies were conducted to investigate the effects of long-term management practices on level and distribution of soil P and enzyme activities involved in P transformations in soil. Treatments included manure, P, NP, NPK, and NPK plus lime. Cattle manure was applied every 4 years at 269 kg N ha^-1 for over a century and chemical fertilizers were applied every year at 67 kg N, 14.6 kg P, and 28 kg K ha^-1 for over 69 years. Total soil P increase in soils ranged from 4.5 to 10.3 kg P ha^-1 year^-1 with the highest increase detected in the P-treated and the lowest in the manure-treated plot. Approximately 77-86% of the applied inorganic fertilizer-P in the past 69-71 years was recovered either in the harvested grain or remained in the top 30 cm of soil, while only 32% of the applied manure-P was recovered. Microbial biomass C and activities of alkaline phosphomonoesterase, phosphodiesterase, inorganic pyrophosphatase, and dehydrogenase were significantly higher in the soil treated with cattle manure. Acid phosphomonoesterase activity, however, was significantly higher in soils treated with chemical fertilizers. Results from this study suggested that manure-P is relatively more mobile than inorganic fertilizer-P. Long-term application of cattle manure promoted microbiological activities and P cycling, but did not result in P accumulation to levels close to those in inorganic P fertilizer-treated soils.     

Treatment of dairy manure effluent using freshwater algae: elemental composition of algal biomass at different manure loading rates

The cultivation of algae on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in animal manure effluents presents an alternative to the current practice of land application. However, the use and value of the resulting algal biomass as a feed or soil supplement depend, in part, on whether the biomass contains any harmful components such as heavy metals. The objective of this study was to determine how the elemental composition of algae changed in response to different loading rates of anaerobically digested flushed dairy manure effluent. Algal biomass was harvested weekly from laboratory-scale algal turf scrubber (ATS) units using four manure loading rates (2, 4, 6, or 9 L m(-2) day(-1)) corresponding to daily loading rates of 0.8-3.7 g of total N and 0.12-0.58 g of total P. Mean N and P contents in the dried biomass increased 1.6-1.8-fold with increasing loading rate up to maximums of 6.5% N and 0.84% P at 6 L m(-2) day(-1). Concentrations of Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Zn showed similar 1.4-1.8-fold increases up to maximums at a loading rate of 6 L m(-2) day(-1), followed by plateaus or decreases above this loading rate. Concentrations of Cd, Mo, and Pb initially increased with loading rate but then declined to levels comparable to those at the lowest loading rate. Concentrations of Si and K did not increase significantly with loading rate. The maximum concentrations of individual components in the algal biomass were as follows (in mg kg(-)(1)): 1100 (Al), 9700 (Ca), 0.43 (Cd), 56 (Cu), 580 (Fe), 5.0 (Pb), 2300 (Mg), 240 (Mn), 3.0 (Mo), 14,700 (K), 210 (Si), and 290 (Zn). At these concentrations, heavy metals in the algal biomass would not be expected to reduce its value as a soil or feed amendment.     

施用有机肥对土壤肥力的影响

在潮棕壤上进行了5年的定位试验,研究不同有机肥用量对作物产量和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,施用有机肥处理与对照处理相比,施用有机肥有明显的增产和稳产作用。不施肥处理,除土壤全钾以外,土壤其他各项养分指标（C、N、P）均有所下降;施用有机肥能显著提高速效P、K养分含量和有机碳及全磷含量。5年时间,低量有机肥处理土壤碱解氮含量下降了9.19mg/kg,说明低量有机肥并不能保证土壤氮的供给;中量有机肥处理土壤碱解氮含量略有上升,土壤全氮收支基本平衡;高量有机肥处理土壤碱解氮含量有明显增加,土壤全氮也有较大程度的盈余。     

接种微生物菌剂对猪粪堆肥的效果研究

研究了接种微生物菌剂对猪粪堆肥的效果。结果表明,添加菌剂堆肥温度第4 d达到50℃,50℃以上持续时间达10 d,第25 d粪大肠菌群值减少到102个/g,种子发芽指数达89%,NH4 -N含量为64.9 mg/kg,C/N下降为18.6∶1,上述指标均达到腐熟要求;对照堆肥温度第7 d达到50℃,50℃以上持续时间为4 d,第25 d粪大肠菌群值为9.6×103个/g,NH4 -N含量为916 mg/kg,C/N为21.0∶1,种子发芽指数为46.5%,均未达到腐熟要求。说明接种微生物菌剂能明显加速堆肥的腐熟进程。     

不同作物还田秸秆的养分释放特征试验

为了探索秸秆还田与化肥的合理搭配施用,采用尼龙网袋法,研究了水稻秸秆、小麦秸秆、油菜秸秆在淹水培养下养分释放特征。结果表明,供试秸秆腐解速率均表现在培养前期腐解较快,不同秸秆之间表现为油菜秸秆大于水稻秸秆和小麦秸秆;后期腐解速率逐渐变慢,3种秸秆之间差异不明显。经过124 d的培养,水稻秸秆、小麦秸秆、油菜秸秆的累积腐解率分别为49.17%、52.17%和49.81%。秸秆中养分释放速率均表现为K＞P＞C＞N,释放量表现为C＞K＞N＞P。经过124 d的腐解,水稻秸秆、小麦秸秆、油菜秸秆的碳释放率分别为7.53%、66.58%、52.54%;氮分别为42.05%、49.26%、57.83%;磷分别为68.28%、59.93%、67.32%;钾在培养12 d后释放率均达到98%。根据秸秆腐解特征及养分含量,作物推荐施肥量中可以减少钾肥用量,并适当延后施用;在还田初期可以不调整氮磷肥的施用量。     

添加腐熟猪粪对猪粪好氧堆肥效果的影响

为明确添加腐熟猪粪对猪粪好氧堆肥启动期和高温期微生物数量及酶活性变化规律,探讨微生物影响堆肥温度的机制,揭示影响畜禽粪便堆肥持续高温的主要微生物,该研究比较了猪粪自然堆肥与添加腐熟猪粪(质量分数3%)堆肥过程中有机质降解及嗜温、嗜热微生物数量和脱氢酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶活性变化特征。结果表明,24 h内添加腐熟猪粪堆肥温度比自然堆肥高出5℃,但高温期平均温度较自然堆肥低8℃,高温（＞50℃）期比自然堆肥短4 d。自然堆肥和添加腐熟猪粪堆肥嗜温菌数量先高后低,嗜热菌数量随着温度的升高而上升。添加腐熟猪粪堆肥升温期嗜温、嗜热细菌和纤维素降解菌增殖速度较快,且数量分别比自然堆肥高出12.2%、152.6%、60.3%。添加腐熟猪粪堆肥脱氢酶、纤维素酶活性高峰提前,并使蛋白酶活性增加4.9%。但高温期后,嗜热纤维素降解菌数量比自然堆肥少22.5%,纤维素酶活性及有机质损失率也分别比对照低25.8%、6.1%。以上结果表明,在猪粪高温好氧堆肥中添加腐熟猪粪可以加快堆肥初期升温速度,但由于高温期嗜热纤维素降解菌数量减少,纤维素酶活性降低,不能促进猪粪堆肥持续高温。该研究为猪粪堆肥菌剂的筛选及适宜的接种时间提供依据。     

我国油菜绿肥研究进展

油菜具有适应区域广、抗逆性强、生产成本低、生物量大、养分含量高、还田易腐解等优势,同时我国南北方分别拥有大量的冬闲田和秋闲田,发展油菜绿肥生产和利用潜力巨大。基于大量研究文献,就油菜绿肥改善土壤理化性质、生态效益、减肥增效以及关键种植和利用技术进行归纳与论述,为油菜绿肥的推广与应用提供参考依据。     

肉鸭粪便排放特征的季节性变化

本研究旨在探讨肉鸭粪便的特性,并对其不同季节的污染物排放特征进行评价,为肉鸭养殖场废弃物处理和资源化利用提供依据。分4个季节进行了北京Z型肉鸭饲养试验(饲养期37 d),记录采食量、产粪量,并定期测定饲料和粪便中水分和有机质含量及总氮(TN)、P、Cu、Zn含量。结果表明:肉鸭粪便中Zn含量秋季最高, TN、P、Cu含量均为冬季最高;冬季粪便中TN含量极显著高于夏、秋两季(P0.01); P、Cu含量在冬季均极显著高于其余季节(P0.01);粪便中Cu、Zn含量均为春季最低。肉鸭粪便平均含水率为84.61%,夏季最高,春季最低;平均有机质含量为83.38%,表现为冬春秋夏。春夏秋冬四季的粪便产生量分别为338.3g?d~(-1)?只~(-1)、275.9 g?d~(-1)?只~(-1)、317.6 g?d~(-1)?只~(-1)和327.0 g?d~(-1)?只~(-1),夏季最低。TN、P、Cu、Zn的排泄系数分别为2.13 g?d~(-1)?只~(-1)、2.48g?d~(-1)?只~(-1)、2.56 mg?d~(-1)?只~(-1)、21.10 mg?d~(-1)?只~(-1);春冬两季的TN日排泄量显著高于夏秋两季; P的日排泄量表现为冬季极显著高于其余3个季节;夏季Cu的日排泄量与春季差异不显著,极显著低于秋、冬两季(P0.01)。TN在秋季排泄占比最低,春季最高;而P排泄占比为秋季最高,春季最低。肉鸭在饲养期TN、P、Cu、Zn的排泄量与对应元素的摄入量具有极显著的正相关关系(P0.01)。研究表明:季节因素能对肉鸭粪便中含水率、有机质、TN、P、Cu和Zn含量产生显著影响,同时各季节各元素的排泄量与相应元素的摄入量显著相关。     

大豆绿肥腐解特性研究

在田间条件下,采用埋入和覆盖尼龙袋子的方法,研究了大豆绿肥的腐解特征。结果表明,绿肥埋入和覆盖后随着时间的延长而逐渐分解,不同时间绿肥干物质量存在着显著差异。其腐解速率随着时间的延续而逐渐降低。大豆绿肥在种植玉米比不种植玉米的条件下腐解得快,在玉米施肥比玉米不施肥的条件下腐解得快,埋深10 cm比覆盖在地表腐解得快,但差异不显著。大豆绿肥使用量对其腐解速率几乎没有影响。大豆绿肥经过52 d的分解,在玉米施肥、不施肥和不种植玉米的条件下,其腐解率分别为59.63%、53.94%和43.61%。在整个腐解过程中,最初4 d腐解最快,8～16 d腐解速率中等,24 d至试验结束腐解最慢。3个阶段的腐解速率存在着显著差异。     

低温下复合发酵剂对牛粪与鸡粪混合堆肥有机氮变化的影响

从低温条件下牛粪、鸡粪混合堆肥过程中有机氮组分变化入手,研究接种不同的复合发酵剂对堆肥有机氮素形态转化的影响.结果表明,各处理全氮、酸水解有机氮、氨基酸态氮含量均呈先降低后升高的趋势;堆肥结束时接种复合发酵剂的处理全氮量较不接种的对照提高30.81%;接种含纤维素分解菌发酵剂的处理全氮量较接种复合发酵剂的处理提高6.54%.表明接种含纤维素分解菌的复合发酵剂能有效减少堆肥氮损失,提高产品肥效.     

Application of hydrochar and pyrochar to manure is not effective for mitigation of ammonia emissions from cattle slurry and poultry manure

Nitrogen (N) loss as ammonia (NH₃) from agricultural systems is one of the major sources of atmospheric pollutants and is responsible for more than 50% of global NH₃ emissions. Ammonia volatilization from animal manures may be altered by amendment with chars derived from pyrolysis (pyrochars) or hydrothermal carbonization (hydrochars) by providing exchange sites for ammonium (NH₄⁺) or changing the pH of manure. Pyrochar and hydrochar differ in chemical and structural composition, specific surface area, and pH and therefore may affect NH₃ volatilization differently. In a laboratory incubation experiment, we investigated the effect of pyrochar (pH 9.0) and hydrochar (pH 3.8) from Miscanthus on NH₃ emission after addition to poultry manure and cattle slurry. We analyzed manure treatments with and without char addition and acidification and determined the effect of char addition on immobilization of manure-derived NH₄⁺. Ammonia emission from pure poultry manure amounted 84% of the applied NH₄⁺-N, while 67% of the applied NH₄⁺-N was lost as NH₃ from cattle slurry. Addition of pyrochar or hydrochar had no or only marginal effects on NH₃ emissions except for a reduction in NH₃ emissions by 19% due to hydrochar application to CS (p?<?0.05), which seems to be primarily related to the char pH. Sorption of NH₄⁺ by admixture of chars to manure was generally small: between 0.1- and 0.5-mg NH₄⁺-N g^?1 chars were sorbed. This corresponds to between 0.1 and 3.5% of the NH₄⁺ applied, which obviously was not strong enough to reduce emissions of NH₃. Overall, our results do not provide evidence that addition of pyrochar or hydrochar to cattle slurry and poultry manure is an effective measure to reduce NH₃ volatilization.     

接种菌剂对鸡粪堆肥的影响

将鸡粪与稻草混合均匀后接种芽孢杆菌菌剂,接种发酵菌剂处理发酵温度显著提高,堆体温度≥50℃的时间比对照增加3 d.发酵前期接种处理的pH值高于对照,第7 d接种处理和对照的pH值分别为9.23和8.87.发酵后期接种处理的pH值低于对照,发酵结束时,接种处理和对照的pH值分别为8.22和8.31.接种处理和对照的电导率和碳氮比总体变化趋势相同,都呈现下降趋势,但是接种处理的电导率和碳氮比在堆肥后期显著低于对照.发酵结束时,接种处理和对照的电导率值分别为1.78和2.12 mS/cm,碳氮比分别为14.2和16.9.     

固液分离对牛粪利用效果的影响

预处理可以提高牛粪利用的效果,该文研究了利用螺旋压榨固液分离机对牛粪加水固液分离后固形物和分离液的纤维含量,固形物的热值、分离液的黏度和碳氮比。利用压块成型机对分离后固形物进行压块,为沼气发酵增温保温提供燃料,并将分离液与未分离的原牛粪进行厌氧发酵对比试验,结果表明,分离液发酵可提高甲烷产率,缩短发酵水力停留时间。在（35±2）℃条件下,原料挥发性固体含量（VS）分别为4.86%和4.98%时,30%接种量,分离液的产气率比原牛粪提高32.68%。研究结果对高寒地区牛粪资源化利用具有参考价值。     

不同载体对微生物菌剂质量的影响

研究以草炭、硅藻土、蔗渣和水为载体对固氮菌E57-7吸附能力,有效菌数释放率及不同时期菌体存活率的影响,用扫描电镜观察了不同载体对E57-7的吸附状态,表明载体是影响菌剂质量的重要因素.