外源有机碳和温度对土壤有机碳分解的影响

研究凋落物等外源有机碳输入和温度变化对土壤有机碳分解的影响对我们深入理解森林土壤碳动态具有非常重要的意义。以亚热带天然次生林和杉木人工林土壤为研究对象,向土壤中添加13C标记的杉木凋落物和葡萄糖,研究不同温度下外源有机碳添加对原有土壤有机碳(SOC)分解的影响。结果显示:外源有机碳添加使原有SOC分解速率显著提高,表现出显著的正激发效应。葡萄糖引发的激发效应强度显著高于杉木凋落物,并且杉木人工林土壤的激发效应强度显著高于天然次生林。激发效应强度随着培养温度升高呈下降趋势。此外,由于外源有机碳的加入,SOC分解的温度敏感性显著降低。研究表明:凋落物输入及温度在亚热带森林SOC周转过程中发挥重要作用。     

红壤恢复林地微团聚体形成与稳定的影响机制研究进展

微团聚体是土壤团粒结构的基本组成单元,较大团聚体具有更强的稳定性,其形成与稳定对于土壤有机碳的长期吸存起着决定性作用。目前关于微团聚体形成与稳定性的研究多专注于农业土壤,红壤侵蚀地植被恢复后土壤团聚体稳定性、有机碳分布及微生物群落特征研究也主要集中在大团聚体上,而土壤微团聚体的动态变化及其主要影响因素尚不明确,对于其内在机制更缺乏了解。通过总结土壤微团聚体的形成过程及稳定性,综述了凋落物、根系和菌根对土壤微团聚体形成与稳定的影响,阐述了土壤微团聚体内微生物群落、化学结合态有机碳及有机碳结构是土壤有机碳稳定的重要机制,并提出了未来微团聚体研究方向,以期揭示红壤侵蚀退化地森林恢复过程中微团聚体形成和稳定的生物化学机制,从而为深入阐明有机质—土壤团聚结构—微生物—化学耦合作用和森林土壤碳吸存机制提供参考。     

氮输入对森林土壤有机碳截存与损耗过程的影响

大气氮沉降对受氮限制的陆地生态系统碳截存/损耗的机理尚不清楚,尤其是对土壤有机碳(SOC)的输入、转化和输出过程的认识明显不足。本文论述了外源性氮素(氮沉降、人为增氮)对凋落物分解、土壤有机碳各组分周转的影响,以及土壤呼吸各组分(根系自养呼吸、根际微生物呼吸和SOM分解)对增氮的响应等领域的最新研究进展,指出了在上述研究领域中存在的问题,并提出拟解决的途径以及未来的可能研究方向,以期为该领域的研究提供参考。     

丛枝菌根真菌介导的土壤有机碳稳定机制研究进展

土壤有机碳(SOC)的稳定是陆地生态系统碳循环的关键过程之一,对维持土壤肥力和减少温室气体排放具有重要意义。以往认为植物残体中难降解性物质的物理保护和腐殖质影响土壤中有机碳库的稳定性。最近的研究结果表明,微生物介导的碳循环过程在土壤有机碳稳定中发挥着重要作用。丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)作为土壤中一类重要的共生微生物,参与植物光合碳向土壤的转运和分配,是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要一环,但其在土壤有机碳稳定中的作用潜力还未得到充分挖掘。基于此,本文估算了植物光合碳在AMF根外菌丝的分配量;总结了AMF介导的土壤有机碳稳定机制,主要包括AMF活体菌丝对碳的截留,分泌物及残体的分子结构抗性和土壤矿物吸附,提高植物源碳的质量和数量,菌丝分泌物及残体的激发效应和稳定土壤团聚体;探讨了影响AMF介导的稳定性有机碳形成的非生物(气候因子、土壤养分和土壤矿物)和生物因子(植物和AMF种类);提出了AMF与土壤有机碳周转互作机理进一步的研究方向,包括探究菌根植物光合碳转化为稳定性SOC的机制,解析不同生态系统中AMF对稳定性SOC的贡献及影响因素,并厘清...     

气候变化对土壤有机碳库分子结构特征与稳定性影响研究进展

气候变化与土壤碳库之间的相互作用及耦合机制一直是学术界研究的热点与难点。虽然目前在群落—生态系统、区域—全球等不同尺度上开展了大量研究,然而在分子尺度上探究气候因子波动对土壤有机碳库化学结构特征影响机制方面却鲜有研究。本文综述了近年来气候因子变化及其导致的环境、生态因子变化与土壤有机碳库分子结构特征的关系。气温升高不仅将改变土壤中源自植物部分的有机碳来源特征,同时也会将加速土壤木质素等碳组分分解,排水或者旱化引起有机质分解加速,土壤中C=O键增加。植被演替、土壤动物及微生物等与气候变化密的切相关的生态因子则会影响输入土壤植被残体性质,加速糖类、脂类及木质素分解、并改变有机碳结构的生物分子标志物;土壤中有机碳稳定性与分子结构特征密切相关,土壤中具有高的苯环结构(芳香族化合物)及O-烷基碳通常表明土壤碳库具有更高的稳定性,而之前认为较为稳定的木质素等结构在气候变暖背景下可能并不稳定。未来研究中应着重关注与土壤有机碳分子标志物的识别与生态意义判读、生物对土壤有机碳分子结构转换过程的调控作用及机制、大尺度环境/生态过程与碳库分子结构转变的耦合机制及新的土壤有机碳分子结构辨识技术及判读等方面的研究。     

杉木人工林凋落物添加与去除对土壤碳氮及酶活性的影响

为了解未来气候变化过程中森林生产力增加的背景下,凋落物增加如何影响土壤碳氮过程,在杉木人工林中通过模拟实验研究凋落物添加(一倍)与去除对土壤中碳氮、碳氮同位素(δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N)、微生物生物量碳氮(MBC、MBN)及酶活性的影响。结果表明:凋落物添加后土壤中氮获得酶(β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶)活性显著上升,加速对土壤中有机质的分解获取氮素;凋落物添加与去除处理对土壤碳的影响较小,土壤有机碳(SOC)与可溶性有机碳(DOC)均未发生显著变化;土壤中δ~(13)C丰度与凋落物处理之间未呈现出相关规律性,而δ~(15)N丰度在凋落物添加处理后显著上升。这些结果说明,凋落物处理对杉木林土壤中氮的影响较为敏感,对土壤碳的影响较小。因此,未来气候变化导致森林生产力提高、凋落物输入增加,可能会导致土壤中氮素的损失,迫使土壤微生物分泌更多的氮获得酶同植物竞争土壤氮,最终可能会造成土壤碳氮循环的不平衡,对整个生态系统造成严重影响。     

应用~(13)C核磁共振技术研究土壤有机质化学结构进展

土壤有机质化学结构对准确评价土壤有机质的稳定性及其在土壤中的功能具有重要意义。土壤有机质化学结构的研究方法中,固态~(13)C核磁共振波谱技术(Solid-state ~(13)C-NMR spectroscopy)具有独特优势,对土壤有机质化学结构的解析更贴近真实状态,近年来已取得诸多新进展和新突破。综述了近年来应用~(13)C-NMR测定土壤全土、团聚体和密度组分、腐殖质组分的有机碳化学结构特征,分析了影响化学结构变化的因素。不同气候条件、植被类型、土地利用管理方式、土壤类型、土壤有机碳含量的全土中有机碳化学结构比较相似,均表现为烷氧碳比例最高,其次为烷基碳和芳香碳,羧基羰基碳比例最低。土壤有机碳主要来源于外源植物残体,植物残体化学结构的相似性可能是导致土壤有机碳化学结构相似的主要原因,环境条件、土壤自身属性和微生物活性的差异使土壤有机碳化学结构产生微小差异。土壤颗粒及化学组分间的有机碳分子结构差异较大,大颗粒有机碳中烷氧碳比例最高,小粒径及与矿物颗粒结合的有机碳中烷基碳和羧基羰基碳比例更高,粉黏粒和腐殖酸组分的有机碳化学结构在土壤类型间差异较大。今后的研究重点应更多地关注土壤有机质来源的定量化分析、土壤微生物对土壤有机碳组分和结构稳定性的贡献及调控机制、土壤有机碳稳定性的生物物理化学保护机制、空间大尺度环境因子/土壤生态过程与微观尺度的有机碳化学分子结构的耦合作用机制、跨学科的多种土壤有机碳化学分子结构测定辨识技术等方面的研究。     

杉木人工林凋落物添加与去除对土壤碳氮及酶活性的影响

为了解未来气候变化过程中森林生产力增加的背景下,凋落物增加如何影响土壤碳氮过程,本研究在杉木人工林中通过模拟实验研究了凋落物添加（Litter addition）（一倍）与去除(Litter exclusion)对土壤中碳氮、碳氮同位素（δ13C、δ15N）、微生物量碳氮（MBC、MBN）、及酶活性的影响。研究结果表明,凋落物添加后导致土壤中氮获得酶（β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶）活性显著上升,加速对土壤中有机质的分解获取氮素,这可能是由于凋落物添加后导致植物细根生物量增加,增强了植物吸收氮素的能力,从而使土壤中可溶性有机氮（DON）、铵态氮、硝态氮含量下降,迫使微生物分泌更多的氮获得酶去获取氮素;凋落物添加与去除处理对土壤碳的影响较小,土壤中SOC、DOC均未发生显著变化;土壤中δ13C丰度与凋落物处理之间未呈现出相关规律性,而δ15N丰度在凋落物添加处理后显著上升。这些结果说明,凋落物处理对杉木林土壤中氮的影响较为敏感,对土壤碳的影响较小。因此,未来气候变化导致森林生产力提高、凋落物输入增加,可能会导致土壤中氮素的损失,迫使土壤微生物分泌更多的氮获得酶同植物竞争土壤氮,最终可能会造成土壤碳氮循环的不平衡,对整个生态系统造成严重影响。     

稻田土壤微生物残体积累对外源秸秆输入的响应研究进展

稻田土壤碳循环是我国陆地生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分。促进稻田生态系统碳的固定及稳定对减缓全球气候变化起着不容忽视的作用。微生物主导的有机碳转化过程是土壤碳循环研究的核心,微生物同化代谢介导的细胞残体迭代积累在土壤有机碳长期截获和稳定过程中发挥重要作用。与旱地土壤相比,关于稻田土壤中微生物残体积累动态对外源有机物质如作物秸秆输入的响应及主要影响因子的认识还相对有限,对微生物通过同化作用参与土壤固碳的过程和机制尚缺乏系统认识。基于此,本文介绍了微生物残体对土壤有机碳库形成和积累的重要性及评价指标,重点探讨了秸秆还田对稻田土壤微生物残体积累动态以及外源秸秆碳形成细胞残体转化过程的影响,分析了影响微生物残体积累转化的主要气候因素和土壤因素,最后提出了未来应借助先进的光谱和高分辨率成像技术并结合同位素示踪对微生物残体的稳定性与机理开展更为深入的研究。     

外源氮输入对土壤有机碳矿化和凋落物分解的影响

目前,由人类活动造成的陆地生态系统氮输入量已经远远超过了其自身的生物固氮,外源氮输入的增多已经并将继续对土壤有机碳矿化和凋落物分解产生影响。本文分析了国内外有关氮输入增多对土壤有机碳矿化和凋落物分解的影响及其机理:由于研究点环境状况不同,凋落物性质的差异和分解阶段的不同等原因,氮输入对土壤有机碳矿化的结果主要表现为抑制或促进作用;对凋落物分解的影响表现为促进、无影响和抑制三种效果,有关其作用机理还有待进一步深入研究。着重指出对于作为大气CO2"汇"的沼泽湿地,氮输入的增多能够对其碳"汇"功能产生影响,因此进行氮输入对湿地土壤有机碳矿化和凋落物分解方面的研究,对于探讨湿地碳循环对外源氮输入的响应及其机理非常重要。     

Identification of labile and stable pools of organic matter in an agrogray soil

The intensity of decomposition of the organic matter in the particle-size fractions from a agrogray soil sampled in a 5-year-long field experiment on the decomposition of corn residues was determined in the course of incubation for a year. The corn residues were placed into the soil in amounts equivalent to the amounts of plant litter in the agrocenosis and in the meadow ecosystem. A combination of three methods—the particle-size fractionation, the method of ¹³C natural abundance by C3–C4 transition, and the method of incubation—made it possible to subdivide the soil organic matter into the labile and stable pools. The labile pool reached 32% in the soil of the agrocenosis and 42% in the meadow soil. Owing to the negative priming effect, the addition of C4 (young) carbon favored the stabilization of the C3 (old) carbon in the soil. When the young carbon was absent, destabilization or intense decomposition of the old organic matter was observed. This process was found even in the most stable fine silt and clay fractions.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi reduce decomposition of woody plant litter while increasing soil aggregation

The decomposition of plant organic matter and the stability of soil aggregates are important components of soil carbon cycling, and the relationship between decomposition rate and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) has recently received considerable attention. The interaction of AMF with their associated microorganisms and the consequences for litter decomposition and soil aggregation still remain fairly unclear. In a laboratory pot experiment we simultaneously tested the single and combined effects of one AMF species (Rhizophagus irregularis) and a natural non-AMF microbial community on the decomposition of small wooden sticks and on soil aggregation. To disentangle effects of hyphae and roots we placed mesh bags as root exclusion compartments in the soil. The decomposition of the wooden sticks in this compartment was significantly reduced in the presence of AMF, but not with the non-AMF microbial community only, compared to the control, while aggregation was increased in all treatments compared to the control. We suggest that AMF directly (via localized nutrient removal or altered moisture conditions) or indirectly (by providing an alternative carbon source) inhibited the activity of decomposers, leading to different levels of plant litter degradation under our experimental settings. Reduced decomposition of woody litter in presence of AMF can be important for nutrient cycling in AMF-dominated forests and in the case of woody plants and perennials that develop lignified roots in grasslands.     

From forest to fen: Microarthropod abundance and litter decomposition in a southern Appalachian floodplain/fen complex

Our study compared decomposition and litter microarthropod abundance among five plant communities in a mountain floodplain/fen complex located in the southern Appalachian Mountains, USA. We found that the least disturbed plant communities, red maple in particular, have the quickest decomposition, the greatest number of litter microarthropods, the highest soil organic carbon, and the lowest soil pH. Positive correlations were shown between soil organic carbon and total microarthropods; negative correlations were found between soil pH and total microarthropods. No correlations were found between soil moisture and decomposition or total microarthropod numbers. We conclude that soil characteristics related to disturbance, rather than to the presence of a closed canopy, are the main influences on decomposition and litter microarthropods.     

植物残体向土壤有机质转化过程及其稳定机制的研究进展

土壤有机质的数量和质量不仅是衡量土壤肥力状况的核心要素,其形成、转化及稳定过程还与全球气候变化密切相关。植物残体是土壤有机质的初始来源,但由于其腐解过程的复杂、多变性以及土壤有机质、微生物的高度异质性,植物残体向土壤有机质的转化和稳定机理尚不十分明确。本文介绍并讨论了近年来关于植物残体向土壤有机质转化相关研究的新发现,探讨了微生物源和植物源有机质对土壤有机质的贡献,概述了土壤有机质形成的微生物驱动机制,并综述了植物残体输入后土壤有机质稳定性的相关研究,最后对该研究领域未来的发展进行展望,以期能够为科学地提高土壤的固碳能力提供参考。     

Legacies of plant litter on carbon and nitrogen dynamics and the role of the soil community

There is increasing awareness of the importance of ecological legacies in contemporary ecosystem processes. Decomposition is regulated by a set of interacting hierarchically organized factors. As spatial and temporal scales decrease, decomposition is largely dependent on the quality of resources and the decomposer community, but whether and how these factors manifest via historical legacy effects is not well understood. We tested whether the history of plant litter inputs had short-term legacy effects on contemporary litter and soil organic matter carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) mineralization. Using a field/laboratory microcosm approach, we exposed soils to two litters of contrasting chemistry and, after adding fresh substrates, we monitored C and N dynamics. In a parallel experiment, we manipulated the soil community to reduce litter-history impacts on its composition and size to investigate whether the soil community could be an important contributor to legacy effects We found strong short-term litter legacy effects on contemporary litter and soil N mineralization, the duration of which was dependent on the contemporary substrate for decomposition. These strong effects were not consistent with the home field advantage phenomenon, as exposure to a specific litter did not favor the decomposition of the same litter when it was applied as a contemporary substrate. Reduction of the litter-history effects on soil biota decreased the impact of litter history on N immobilization, suggesting that plant litter impacts on the soil community may be an important component of plant litter legacies on N decomposition. In contrast to N, litter legacies appeared to be much less important for C decomposition, suggesting that legacy effects might uncouple contemporary C and N dynamics.     

Plant species richness leaves a legacy of enhanced root litter-induced decomposition in soil

Increasing plant species richness generally enhances plant biomass production, which may enhance accumulation of carbon (C) in soil. However, the net change in soil C also depends on the effect of plant diversity on C loss through decomposition of organic matter. Plant diversity can affect organic matter decomposition via changes in litter species diversity and composition, and via alteration of abiotic and/or biotic attributes of the soil (soil legacy effect). Previous studies examined the two effects on decomposition rates separately, and do therefore not elucidate the relative importance of the two effects, and their potential interaction. Here we separated the effects of litter mixing and litter identity from the soil legacy effect by conducting a factorial laboratory experiment where two fresh single root litters and their mixture were mixed with soils previously cultivated with single plant species or mixtures of two or four species. We found no evidence for litter-mixing effects. In contrast, root litter-induced CO₂ production was greater in soils from high diversity plots than in soils from monocultures, regardless of the type of root litter added. Soil microbial PLFA biomass and composition at the onset of the experiment was unaffected by plant species richness, whereas soil potential nitrogen (N) mineralization rate increased with plant species richness. Our results indicate that the soil legacy effect may be explained by changes in soil N availability. There was no effect of plant species richness on decomposition of a recalcitrant substrate (compost). This suggests that the soil legacy effect predominantly acted on the decomposition of labile organic matter. We thus demonstrated that plant species richness enhances root litter-induced soil respiration via a soil legacy effect but not via a litter-mixing effect. This implies that the positive impacts of species richness on soil C sequestration may be weakened by accelerated organic matter decomposition.     

亚热带山地森林源头溪流米槠凋落叶分解的水溶性碳氮磷动态

以亚热带常绿阔叶林建群种米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)凋落叶为研究对象,对照地表环境,研究了溪流和间歇性溪流凋落叶分解过程中水溶性有机碳、氮、磷含量变化及其累积损失特征。结果表明:(1)3种生境中凋落叶水溶性有机碳的含量在分解过程中均表现出逐渐降低的趋势,但在溪流中降低程度最大,损失率达92.18%;水溶性氮含量在溪流和间歇性溪流释放时间提前,其变化程度相对较小;相比于地表和间歇性溪流,溪流中的凋落叶水溶性磷含量在分解过程中持续降低,损失率达86.75%。(2)相对于地表,溪流和间歇性溪流显著促进了凋落叶中的水溶性有机碳、氮、磷的释放速率,表明源头溪流持续流动的水体促进凋落叶水溶性组分的释放。(3)尽管3种生境中凋落叶水溶性有机碳、氮、磷元素的损失率共同受到温度、降水、环境中营养元素含量的影响,但源头溪流持续流动的水流和间歇性溪流频繁的干湿交替促进凋落叶水溶性组分的释放。研究结果为揭示亚热带山地森林凋落叶分解过程中水溶性碳氮磷在不同生境中的释放动态提供基础数据。