中国的沙暴、尘暴及其防治

沙尘暴在进入 90年代以来有进一步加剧趋势 ,其原因在于此期我国西北地区气候干暖化态势明显 ,人类超负荷开发资源加剧 ,从而导致沙尘暴的频繁发生 ,但总体上仍属于正常的灾害现象。我国沙暴只能发生于干旱半干旱区 ,尘暴则可波及半湿润与湿润区 ,由此而论 ,北京的沙尘暴属于尘暴范畴 ,北京不会形成沙漠区。防治沙尘暴必须采取水、土、植被综合防治措施 ,基本对策是 :1 .搞好流域为单元的水土资源合理利用规划 ,进行水土保持综合防治 ;2 .增加地表植被复盖 ,搞好防护林体系建设 ;3 .减轻土地利用强度 ,恢复提高土地抗蚀能力 ;4.加强管理体系建设 ,依法建设生态环境。建议国家设立水土保持为主要职能的生态环境建设委员会 ,统一协调布署我国的生态环境建设工作。     

生物除草剂研发现状及其面临的机遇与挑战

杂草危害是农业生产中最主要的生物灾害之一,人类已建立起以化学防除为主体的杂草防除技术体系。化学除草剂大量使用引起了许多生态问题。生物除草剂技术是解决这一困境的途径之一。迄今已经开发出20余个生物除草剂产品。但是,由于受到生物除草剂产品的局限性和与化学除草剂比较经济效益的影响,生物除草剂的市场规模仍然有限。不过,世界许多国家和地区均制定出有利于生物除草剂技术发展的相关政策。文章回顾了我国近年来在生物除草剂研发方面取得的显著进展,分析了存在的差距及其原因,提出了对策和建议。     

螺虫乙酯及其代谢物在梨和土壤中的残留及消解动态

为建立梨和土壤中螺虫乙酯及其代谢物螺虫乙酯-烯醇-糖苷 (S-glu)、螺虫乙酯-酮-羟基 (S-keto)、螺虫乙酯-烯醇 (S-enol) 和螺虫乙酯-单羟基 (S-mono) 的残留分析方法,以及明确螺虫乙酯在梨中的残留规律,采用体积分数为1%的乙酸乙腈为提取剂,以N-丙基乙二胺 (PSA) 和无水硫酸镁为分散净化剂的QuEChERS方法,利用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱 (UPLC-MS/MS) 在选择反应监测模式 (SRM) 下检测,外标法定量。结果显示:螺虫乙酯在0.0005~0.1 mg/L范围内,S-glu在0.005~0.5 mg/L范围内,S-keto、S-enol和S-mono在0.0005~0.5 mg/L范围内各化合物的质量浓度与质谱峰面积间均具有良好的线性关系 (R2 ≥ 0.999);在0.005~0.7 mg/kg添加水平下,螺虫乙酯及其代谢物在梨果中的平均回收率为84%~109%,相对标准偏差 (RSD) 为1.2%~3.3%;在土壤中平均回收率为86%~102%,RSD为1.1%~3.6%。最低检测浓度 (LOQ)为5 μg/kg。该方法检测速度快、灵敏度高、重现性好,适用于梨和土壤中螺虫乙酯及其代谢物残留的快速检测和确证。按推荐剂量进行田间施药,当梨果成熟采收时,螺虫乙酯及其代谢物在梨中的残留量之和在0.023~0.056 mg/kg之间,低于中国规定的最大残留限量标准 (0.7 mg/kg);在土壤中的残留量在0~0.015 mg/kg之间。螺虫乙酯及其代谢物在梨果和土壤中的消解动态均符合一级反应动力学方程,半衰期分别为为12.4 d和7.1 d。田间残留试验结果表明,螺虫乙酯用于梨树害虫防治是安全的。     

壬菌铜和吡唑醚菌酯在苹果和土壤中的残留及消解动态

建立了同时测定苹果及其土壤中壬菌铜和吡唑醚菌酯残留的分散固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱（DSPE-HPLC-MS/MS）方法,并采用该方法研究了24%吡唑醚菌酯·壬菌铜微乳剂在苹果和土壤中的残留及消解动态。其中壬菌铜以硫化钠为破络剂,将其转化为壬基酚磺酸后进行检测。样品用乙腈提取,同时加入硫化钠,经N-丙基乙二胺（PSA）净化后,采用C₁₈色谱柱,以甲醇-水为流动相梯度洗脱分离,于多反应监测模式下经正负离子同时扫描进行定性,基质匹配标准曲线外标法定量。结果表明:在0.1~10 mg/kg添加水平下,壬菌铜在苹果及土壤中的回收率范围为92%~103%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为1.3%~5.1%;在0.01~1 mg/kg添加水平下,吡唑醚菌酯在苹果及土壤中的回收率范围为96%~105%,RSD为2.4%~4.6%。苹果及土壤中壬菌铜和吡唑醚菌酯的最低检测浓度（LOQ）分别为0.1和0.01 mg/kg。2014-2015年,中国宁夏、北京和山东两年三地的田间残留试验表明:壬菌铜在苹果和土壤中的消解半衰期分别为2.7~5.4和2.0~5.8 d,吡唑醚菌酯在苹果和土壤中的消解半衰期分别为4.3~8.3和3.6~10.2 d;采用24%吡唑醚菌酯·壬菌铜微乳剂,分别按推荐剂量（有效成分300 mg/kg）和推荐剂量的1.5倍（有效成分450 mg/kg）于苹果幼果期施药,最多施药4次,距末次施药14 d时,壬菌铜在苹果中的最大残留量为0.31 mg/kg,远低于日本规定的最大允许残留限量（MRL）值（5 mg/kg）,吡唑醚菌酯在苹果中的最大残留量为0.27 mg/kg,低于中国规定的MRL值（0.5 mg/kg）。     

Sorption-desorption of flucarbazone and propoxycarbazone and their benzenesulfonamide and triazolinone metabolites in two soils

Sorption-desorption interactions of pesticides with soil determine the availability of pesticides in soil for transport, plant uptake and microbial degradation. These interactions are affected by the physical and chemical properties of the pesticide and soil and, for some pesticides, their residence time in the soil. While sorption-desorption of many herbicides has been characterised, very little work in this area has been done on herbicide metabolites. The objective of this study was to characterise sorption-desorption of two sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides, flucarbazone and propoxycarbazone, and their benzenesulfonamide and triazolinone metabolites in two soils with different physical and chemical properties. K(f) values for all four chemicals were greater in clay loam soil, which had higher organic carbon and clay contents than loamy sand. K(f-oc) ranged from 29 to 119 for the herbicides and from 42 to 84 for the metabolites. Desorption was hysteretic in every case. Lower desorption in the more sorptive system might indicate that hysteresis can be attributed to irreversible binding of the molecules to soil surfaces. These data show the importance of characterisation of both sorption and desorption of herbicide residues in soil, particularly in the case of prediction of herbicide residue transport. In this case, potential transport of sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicide metabolites would be overpredicted if parent chemical soil sorption values were used to predict transport.     

重金属对畜禽的危害及其防控

综述了我国重金属污染的主要来源,重点阐述了几种主要重金属的污染和对畜禽的毒害作用,并且提出了重金属污染的综合防控措施.     

茚嗪氟草胺及其代谢物在柑橘和土壤中的残留及消解动态

为明确茚嗪氟草胺及其代谢物indaziflam-diaminotriazine(IND-D),indaziflam-carboxylic acid(IND-C),indaziflam-triazine-indanone(IND-T),indaziflam-hydroxyethyl(IND-H),indaziflam-o...     

陕西省水土环境现状与问题及对策刍议

文章在分析陕西省水土环境存在的问题的基础上 ,提出了陕西省水土环境整治建设的对策与建议 ,以期能为陕西经济和社会发展有所助益。     

吡虫啉和百菌清在设施内外葫芦和黄瓜中的残留特性比较

采用高效液相色谱和气相色谱法,分别研究了吡虫啉和百菌清在薄膜大棚设施内外葫芦叶和黄瓜中消解动态及其在葫芦和黄瓜中的残留量,并结合气象因子对产生残留差异的原因进行了分析。样品中的吡虫啉经乙腈和盐酸溶液提取,中性氧化铝和弗罗里硅土层析柱净化后,用高效液相色谱检测;百菌清经乙腈提取,中性氧化铝层析柱净化后,用气相色谱检测。结果表明:吡虫啉在设施内外葫芦叶和黄瓜中均消解迅速,施药7 d后,其在设施内外葫芦叶上的消解率分别为90.4%和98.7%,在黄瓜中的消解率分别为67.8%和85.9%;而百菌清在葫芦叶上的消解速率均比在黄瓜中的稍慢,施药7 d后其在设施内外葫芦叶上的消解率分别为15.4%和38.1%,在黄瓜中的消解率分别为87.8%和91.5%。表明2种农药在设施外2种蔬菜上的消解速率均快于设施内的。两种农药均是在设施外葫芦及黄瓜中的残留量低于设施内的,而降雨和光照强度可能是引起农药在设施内外蔬菜上残留差异的主要因子。     

Influence of subacute and subchronic treatment of abcisic acid and gibberellic acid on serum marker enzymes and erythrocyte and tissue antioxidant defense systems and lipid peroxidation in rats

This study describes the subacute and subchronic effects of two plant growth regulators (PGRs) [abcisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA₃)] on serum marker enzymes [aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), γ-glutamil transpeptidase (GGT)], antioxidant defense systems [reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT)] and lipid peroxidation level (Malondialdehyde = MDA) in various tissues of rats. Rats (Sprague-Dawley albino) were exposed to 75 ppm (parts per million) of ABA and GA₃. Seventy-five parts per million of PGRs as drinking water was administered orally ad libitum for 25 and 50 days continuously. The PGRs treatments caused different effect on the serum marker enzymes, antioxidant defense systems and the content of MDA in comparison to those of control rats. Results show that ABA caused a significant decrease in serum LDH and CPK activity with both periods. Also, GA₃ significantly decreased serum AST, CPK, and LDH activity with subacute and decreased serum ALT, CPK, LDH, and GGT treated with subchronic periods. The lipid peroxidation end product MDA significantly increased in the erythrocyte, liver, brain, and muscle of rats treated with both the period of GA₃ without significantly change in the erythrocyte and muscle of rats treated with the subacute period of ABA. The GSH levels were significantly depleted in the erythrocyte and brain of rats treated with both the period of GA₃ without any change in the erythrocyte, liver, brain, and muscle of rats treated with both the period of ABA. Also GSH levels in the muscle significantly depleted with the subchronic period of GA₃. Antioxidant enzyme activities such as SOD significantly decreased in the erythrocyte, liver and brain tissues but increased in the muscle tissue of rats treated with both the periods of GA₃. Meanwhile, SOD significantly decreased in liver and brain, and increased in muscle of rats treated with both the period of ABA. While CAT significantly decreased in the all tissues of rats treated with both the period of GA₃, decreased in the liver and muscle of rats treated with both the periods of ABA too. On the other hand, the ancillary enzyme GPx and GR activity in the erythrocytes, liver, brain and muscle were either significantly depleted or not changed with two periods of PGRs. The drug metabolizing enzyme GST activity significantly decreased in the brain of rats treated with subacute period of PGRs but increased in the erythrocytes of rats treated with subacute period of GA₃. As a conclusion, ABA and GA₃ had significantly increased the activity of hepatic damage enzymes. Also the rats resisted to oxidative stress via antioxidant mechanism. However, the antioxidant mechanism could not prevent the increases in lipid peroxidation in rat’s tissues. These data, along with changes, suggest that PGRs produced substantial systemic organ toxicity in the erythrocyte, liver, brain, and muscle during the period of a 25-day subacute and 50-day subchronic exposure.     

Absorption and metabolism of permethrin and cypermethrin in the cockroach and the cotton-leafworm larvae

Permethrin was metabolised by attack at the ester bond, in vivo by adult cockroaches, Periplaneta americana and in vitro by esterase preparations. Metabolites retaining the ester linkage could not be detected. In all cases, the (1RS)-trans-isomer (transpermethrin) was more labile than the (1RS)-cis-isomer. Cypermethrin was metabolised at one-fifth the rate for permethrin. In-vitro and in-vivo studies with synergists indicated that cleavage of the ester bond in permethrin can be both oxidative for the (1RS)-cis-isomer and hydrolytic for the (1RS)-trans-isomer. The penetration of permethrin through the cuticle of the cockroach was significantly greater than that of cypermethrin. The penetration and metabolism of permethrin and cypermethrin in sixth-instar larvae of susceptible and resistant strains of the Egyptian cotton-leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis, were studied as possible factors in resistance. No significant differences were found. It is suggested that the major resistance factor to permethrin in S. littoralis is probably non-metabolic.     

Photoperiod and temperature effects on growth and development of Emex australis and E. spinosa

The effects of temperature and photoperiod on Emex australis and E. spinosa were studied in a pot experiment. E. spinosa was more precocious than E. australis in terms of earlier flowering, runner and seed formation under conditions similar to those of daylength and mean daily temperatures in the field and it produced three times more seeds. Optimum day/night temperatures for both species, however, were between 15/10 and 20/15°C. Both the lowest (10/5°C) and highest (30/25°C) temperatures tested delayed flowering and there was a terminal necrosis of runners at high temperatures. Flowering in both species also was generally hastened and seed production greater at the longest photoperiod (16 h) compared with the shortest (8 h). The results are discussed in terms of the distribution of E. australis, the similar environmental requirements of both species and the possible encroachment of the less desirable E. spinosa, which is as yet more restricted in distribution in Australia, into areas already colonised by E. australis.     

Changes in agronomic practices and incidence and severity of diseases in winter wheat in England and Wales between 1999 and 2019

In continuation of the annual national surveys of winter wheat, which began in 1970, samples from between 250 and 350 randomly selected wheat crops in England and Wales between 1999 to 2019 were visually assessed for disease symptoms during the milky ripe development stages (GS 73–75). Septoria tritici blotch was the most prevalent and severe foliar disease each year, although annual levels fluctuated considerably and there was no overall significant change over the two decades. Incidence of brown rust, yellow rust, take-all, and barley yellow dwarf virus also showed no significant overall change during the survey period, whereas glume blotch, powdery mildew, eyespot, and sharp eyespot all showed significant decline. Fusarium ear blight has significantly increased in both incidence and severity, causing a serious epidemic in 2012, when 96% of crops were affected. Tan spot has been the third most prevalent foliar disease since 2009 although severity is still very low. Regional disease levels were consistent over the two decades, providing reliable baselines to measure changes in seasonal disease severity. There were significant changes in agronomic practice with a rise to predominance of minimum tillage over the use of ploughing, decreases in overall disease susceptibility of cultivars grown, a major increase in the use of oilseed rape in the rotation and a long-term trend towards earlier sowing. Fungicide use increased considerably, with over 98% crops sprayed and an average of 3.5 applications made per crop each year since 2014. Implications of changes over the last 21 years are discussed.     

露地和大棚条件下啶虫脒在黄瓜和土壤中的残留及消解动态

采用乙腈提取、固相萃取净化和高效液相色谱法,分析测定了啶虫脒在露地和大棚2种种植条件下黄瓜和土壤中的残留及消解动态。结果表明:9%啶虫脒可湿性粉剂同时在露地和大棚中按有效成分30.375 g/hm2剂量(推荐高剂量的1.5倍)施药1次,啶虫脒在露地和大棚黄瓜及其土壤中的原始沉积量分别为0.20、0.13 mg/kg和0.29、0.14 mg/kg,露地黄瓜和土壤中的原始沉积量均分别低于大棚;相应地,啶虫脒在黄瓜和土壤中的半衰期分别为9.7、9.4 d(露地)和10.1、11.9 d(大棚)。9%啶虫脒可湿性粉剂同时在露地和大棚中按有效成分20.25 g/hm2和30.375 g/hm2的剂量施药1次和2次,在相同施药剂量、施药次数和采收间隔期情况下,除个别情况外,露地黄瓜中啶虫脒的最终残留量均低于大棚,分别为0.01~0.05 mg/kg(露地)和0.01~0.09 mg/kg(大棚)。     

EPTC persistence and phytotoxicity influenced by pH and manure

The degradation of EPTC and consequently its phytotoxicity to ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) was greatly influenced by the pH in the three sail types tested. On raising the pH from approximately 5 to 7 the microflora and the degradation in the soil increased and the phytotoxic period was shortened by 2–3 weeks in glasshouse experiments. A similar increase in degradation of EPTC was also found on adding manure. The results indicated that EPTC could be ineffective in soils with high microbiological activity. On the other hand, a delayed breakdown of EPTC on acid soils could result in damage to the crops. In the period 2–4 weeks alter the disappearance of phytotoxicity there was an increase in the yield of ryegrass. This corresponded to a concentration of 0.1 g/g or less of EPTC in the soil.     

国内外荒漠化动态监测与评价研究进展与存在问题

从荒漠化这一概念背景入题,全面分析介绍了荒漠化动态监测及评价体系的构成,并通过对比,阐述了国内外荒漠化研究的背景、指征、动态监测、评价及其评价信息系统等方面的研究成果,指出了目前国内外荒漠化监测与评价存在的问题,进而提出了建立新的监测与评价体系的基本思路和目标.     

噻虫嗪及其代谢物噻虫胺在麦叶和麦穗中的痕量检测方法及其应用

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)测定麦叶和麦穗中噻虫嗪及其代谢物噻虫胺残留的痕量、快速检测方法.麦叶或麦穗中噻虫嗪及其代谢物噻虫胺用乙腈提取,NH2/Carb固相萃取柱净化,内标法定量.结果表明:噻虫嗪和噻虫胺在0.001～～0.5 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r大于0.99;噻虫嗪和噻虫...     

嫩江中下游湿地生态水文功能及其退化机制与对策研究

嫩江中下游湿地是我国自然湿地主要集中分布区之一,是东北松嫩平原生态安全的重要保障。近50年来,在全球气候变化和高强度人类活动的作用下,湿地生态系统严重受损,生态水文功能急剧退化,抵御自然灾害的能力减弱或丧失。本文重点阐述了嫩江中下游湿地的主要生态水文功能,并系统地分析了湿地生态水文功能退化的自然因素与人为因素,认为全球气候变化导致的气温上升和降水量减少、中上游用水量增加与水利工程建设导致流域下游湿地水源补给量锐减、大规模的湿地农田化和过度放牧、农业非点源污染是湿地景观演变和生态水文功能退化的主要机制。根据统筹人与自然和谐的科学发展观,提出了恢复和重建嫩江中下游湿地生态系统的对策和措施,从而保证湿地生态水文功能的正常发挥,保障区域生态环境与社会经济协调、稳定与可持续发展。     

阿维菌素乳油和微囊悬浮剂的光解及其在土壤和小麦中的消解动态

通过光解动态研究、土壤消解试验和小麦种皮消解试验,研究了1.8%阿维菌素乳油和2%阿维菌素微囊悬浮剂在3种不同环境下的光解及消解动力学。结果表明:阿维菌素乳油与微囊悬浮剂在3种环境中的消解均符合一级反应动力学规律;微囊悬浮剂抗光解能力强,光化学分解缓慢,而乳油则在紫外光下分解较快;5、20 mg/kg的阿维菌素微囊悬浮剂和乳油在土壤中的消解半衰期分别为88.86、157.52 d和22.14、82.51 d。阿维菌素微囊悬浮剂在小麦种皮上的残留量明显高于乳油,有较长的持效期。     

噻虫胺在番茄和土壤中的残留及消解动态

通过两年3地的田间试验,采用分散固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱法,研究了50%噻虫胺水分散粒剂在番茄和土壤中的残留及消解动态。结果表明:在0.005、0.01和0.05 mg/kg添加水平下,噻虫胺在番茄中的回收率为90%～121%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为4.0%～4.5%（n=5）,在土壤中的回收率为88%～92%,RSD为3.6%～5.8%（n=5）,番茄和土壤中噻虫胺的定量限均为0.005 mg/kg,可满足现有限量标准的要求。噻虫胺在番茄中的消解动态符合准一级动力学方程,半衰期为3.5～17.3 d。当50%噻虫胺水分散粒剂以推荐剂量（有效成分）60 g/hm2在番茄生长到成熟个体一半大小时施药3次,施药间隔7 d时,噻虫胺在番茄上的最终残留量在< LOQ～0.32 mg/kg之间,远低于日本规定的最大允许残留量（MRL）值3 mg/kg,推荐采收安全间隔期为1 d。