Assay of hypocholesterolaemic agents for antifungal activity

The presence of steroids, mainly of ergosterol, in the protoplasmic membrane of fungi provides a potential target for selective antifungal action. Several nonsteroidal hypocholesterolaemic agents used in human chemotherapy were tested for fungitoxicity. Most of the compounds, especially those of the phenyl- and phenoxyalkanecarboxylic acid type (I-V) as well as the bis-aminomethyl-cyclohexane derivative (VII) revealed a moderate antifungal activity, encouraging further studies on this line.     

利迪链霉菌A02的抑菌谱及其抑菌活性的稳定性

离体抑菌试验表明,利迪链霉菌A02对植物病原真菌具有广谱的抑制活性,不同病原菌种类对其敏感性有一定的差异,果蔬灰霉病菌、番茄早疫病菌、小麦赤霉病菌和小麦纹枯病菌的敏感性较高;无菌发酵滤液稳定性测定显示,A02抑菌活性物质具有很好的热稳定性和耐酸碱、抗日光照射的特性,在70℃以下、pH5～8的条件下能较好地保持其抑菌活性。研究结果表明,拮抗菌A02在植物真菌性病害,尤其是半知菌引起的病害的生物防治中具有较高的应用价值。     

新疆棉花立枯病根际拮抗放线菌的筛选

从采集的新疆棉苗根际土样中经分离、纯化获得优势放线菌菌株95个,采用平板对峙培养法对立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)进行根际拮抗放线菌的筛选。结果表明,共获得根际拮抗放线菌菌株22株,其中菌株M-1抑菌谱广,抑菌活性强,热稳定性较好,是一株具有良好应用潜力的防治棉花立枯病的生防菌。     

牛耳枫果实中抑菌活性成分的初步分离

为探索牛耳枫Daphniphyllum calycinum在农业病害防治方面的应用前景,采用柱层析和重结晶等分离技术,从牛耳枫果实甲醇提取物的乙酸乙酯萃取物中分离得到10个已知化合物,并以水稻纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia solani、番茄白绢病菌Sclerotium rolfsii和香蕉枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense 3种植物病原菌为指示菌种,对化合物的抑菌活性成分进行了测定。经核磁共振氢谱和碳谱解析,10个化合物分别鉴定为:对甲氧基苯甲酸(1)、对羟基苯甲醛(2)、5,7-二羟基色原酮(3)、对羟基苯甲酸(4)、反式对羟基肉桂酸(5)、5,7,4'-三羟基-3'-甲基黄酮(6)、山奈酚(7)、 β-胡萝卜苷(8)、木犀草素(9)和3,4-二羟基苯甲酸(10)。菌丝生长速率法测定结果表明:在100 mg/L下,化合物3、6、7和10对水稻纹枯病菌的抑制率分别为58.1%、74.3%、85.0%和79.5%;化合物6和7对番茄白绢病菌的抑制率分别为66.2%和72.5%;化合物6对香蕉枯萎病菌的抑制率为54.5%。化合物1～7和9～10为首次从该植物的果实中分离得到。     

特基拉芽胞杆菌JN-369抗菌粗蛋白的理化性质和抑菌效果

特基拉芽胞杆菌Bacillus tequilensis JN-369是1株对稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe oryzae有较好拮抗作用的植物内生细菌,其发酵液经硫酸铵沉淀后得到抗菌粗蛋白。为明确菌株JN-369抗菌粗蛋白的抑菌机理,首先确定了该抗菌粗蛋白抑菌谱、热稳定性、酸碱稳定性、紫外稳定性以及酶稳定性,并观察研究了抗菌粗蛋白对稻瘟病菌菌丝和分生孢子的抑制作用。并采用针刺离体接种法测定了40%稻瘟灵EC、25%三环唑WP及不同浓度JN-369抗菌粗蛋白对水稻稻瘟病的拮抗效果。结果表明：菌株JN-369抗菌粗蛋白抑菌谱广,对葡萄灰霉病菌、草莓灰霉病菌和水稻稻瘟病菌等13种植物病原真菌及卵菌表现出抑制作用,而对油菜菌核病菌没有抑制作用;该粗蛋白理化性质相对稳定,具有应用于粮食作物生物防治的潜力;对稻瘟病菌的菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发有双重抑制作用,能使病原菌菌丝细胞膨大,并可抑制病菌分生孢子的萌发;离体防效试验显示,供试杀菌剂对水稻稻瘟病均有显著的拮抗效果,菌株JN-369抗菌粗蛋白在浓度为50～100 μg/mL时对稻瘟病的拮抗效果最好,该菌株有望开发为防治稻瘟病的生防菌株。     

Antimicrobial Activity of Culture Filtrate of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RC-2 Isolated from Mulberry Leaves

ABSTRACT A potential antagonist, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain RC-2, against Colletotrichum dematium, mulberry anthracnose fungus, was obtained from healthy mulberry leaves by in vitro and in vivo screening techniques. Application of culture filtrate of RC-2 inhibited disease on mulberry leaves, indicating that suppression was due to antifungal compounds in the filtrate. Development of mulberry anthracnose on mulberry leaves was inhibited only when the culture filtrate was applied before fungal inoculation, and it was not inhibited by application after inoculation. These results suggest that the antifungal compounds in the filtrate exhibit a preventive effect on the disease. Peptone significantly increased production of the antifungal compounds. The culture filtrate of RC-2 also inhibited the growth of several other phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria, such as Rosellinia necatrix, Pyricularia oryzae, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, in vitro. From the culture filtrate of RC-2, seven kinds of antifungal compounds were isolated by high performance liquid chromatography analysis, and one of the compounds was determined as iturin A2, a cyclic peptide, by nuclear magnetic resonance and fast atom bombardment mass analysis.     

氯康唑类似物的合成及抑菌活性

为了发现更多抑菌活性优于抗菌药物盐酸氯康唑的化合物,在盐酸氯康唑的结构基础上,设计、合成了其类似物,并进行了抑菌活性测定。以芝麻酚为原料,经过酰化、1,2,4-三氮唑基团的引入以及醚化3步反应,合成了19个新型氯康唑类似物4a~4s。所有目标化合物的结构均经过1H NMR、13C NMR和ESI-MS等确认。采用抑制菌丝生长速率法测定了目标化合物对水稻稻瘟病菌、番茄早疫病菌、马铃薯干腐病菌、玉米弯孢病菌、烟草赤星病菌、小麦赤霉病菌和棉花枯萎病菌7种植物源病原真菌的抑制活性,并进一步测定了部分化合物的EC50值。结果显示,在50 μg/mL时,大多数目标化合物对供试菌株表现出不同程度的抑制作用。其中,化合物4d和4m对番茄早疫病菌的EC50值分别为6.28和4.61 μg/mL,4m对烟草赤星病菌的EC50值3.58 μg/mL,与对照药剂腈菌唑（对番茄早疫病菌和烟草赤星病菌的EC50值分别为1.63和1.05 μg/mL）在同一数量级,具有开发为新型抗菌药物的潜能。     

一株马铃薯干腐病生防菌的鉴定及其抑菌活性研究

镰孢菌引起的马铃薯干腐病是影响马铃薯贮存期间产量与品质的重要病害之一。寻找高效低毒的防治马铃薯干腐病的生防药剂对提高马铃薯的产量与质量具有重要意义。本研究以腐皮镰孢Fusarium solani为病原菌, 测定分离自马铃薯块茎的菌株2-1-9-CJK-2的抑菌活性。该菌株发酵液、无菌发酵液、菌悬液、胞内组分以及挥发性有机物对腐皮镰孢均具有抑菌活性, 抑制率分别为93.37%、61.92%、80.82%、44.01%和49.16%。结合形态学、生理生化特征和多基因系统发育树构建鉴定其为贝莱斯芽胞杆菌Bacillus velezensis。马铃薯切片试验和马铃薯块茎试验表明, 当菌株发酵液浓度为1×109 cfu/mL时, 对病原菌的抑制效果最好。除此之外, 菌株可以分泌蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶, 具有溶磷能力和生物膜形成能力, 但不具有溶血性, 并且对供试的其他6种病原真菌有较强的抑菌活性。研究表明贝莱斯芽胞杆菌2-1-9-CJK-2抑菌谱广, 具有生物安全性, 对腐皮镰孢有较强的抑菌活性, 在植物病害防治中具有一定的应用潜力, 可为马铃薯干腐病生防制剂的开发奠定基础。     

含单萜酚结构酰胺类杂合分子的设计与合成及抑菌活性

为寻找具有良好抑菌活性的酰胺类化合物,本研究将天然单萜酚类化合物香芹酚和百里香酚与琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂(SDHI)药效团拼合,设计并合成了30个酰胺类杂合分子,其结构经核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)、碳谱(13C NMR)及高分辨质谱(HRMS)等确认。采用菌丝生长速率法测定了目标化合物对5种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性。结果表明,目标化合物对茄链格孢菌Alternaria solani和灰葡萄孢Botrytis cinerea的抑菌活性较好,其中 7e (N-(4-羟基-5-异丙基-2-甲基苯)-3-甲基噻吩-2-酰胺)的活性最高,对茄链格孢菌和灰葡萄孢的EC₅₀值分别为3.28和15.06 μg/mL,且 7e 与啶酰菌胺之间没有交互抗性。琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)活性测定表明, 7e 对灰葡萄孢敏感、抗性和B-P225F突变菌株的SDH均具有较强的抑制活性。分子对接研究表明, 7e 与野生型和突变型灰葡萄孢琥珀酸脱氢酶(BcSDH)之间具有较强的亲和力;推测 7e 是潜在的新型SDHI,其与啶酰菌胺之间对菌株SDH抑制活性的差异和与野生型和突变型BcSDH之间结合模式的差异,可能是二者之间没有交互抗性的原因。     

Screening study for potential lead compounds for natural product-based fungicides: I. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of coumarins against Botrytis cinerea

An efficient, one-pot synthesis of angular and linear dihydropyranocoumarins, along with C-6 and C-8 prenylated coumarins is reported. These compounds, together with single- and furanocoumarins, were tested for their potential antifungal activity against the phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea Pers ex Fr. The results show that furanocoumarins may be able to control the fungus B cinerea.     

Crossover between the control of fungal pathogens in medicine and the wider environment,and the threat of antifungal resistance

Fungal propagules existing in the natural environment can easily be transmitted to the human body, mostly by inhalation of contaminated air or direct contact onto the skin, nails, and mucosa. Fungal infections in humans are, as compared to viral and bacterial infections, rarely serious (life-threatening) unless the immune system is weakened. Because azole fungicides (demethylation inhibitors, DMIs) are among the most important antifungal compounds used broadly in human and animal medicine as well as in agriculture and material protection, fungal propagules may come into contact with azoles almost everywhere, presenting a potential “crossover-use-pattern” and “cross-contamination-risk” for resistant propagules in all areas. A “hot-spot” in terms of the emergence of azole resistance in a fungal species is defined as a habitat in which the species is actively propagating and exposed to a fungicidally effective azole at available concentrations high enough to select for resistant individuals, potentially multiplying and spreading to other habitats. Intrinsic antifungal resistance may exist in less sensitive or insensitive species independent of previous exposure to antifungal compounds, whereas acquired antifungal resistance can evolve if triggered by the exposure of an originally sensitive species (or population) to agricultural or medical antifungal agents, resulting in the selection of resistant individuals. The origin and risks of these developments in medical settings and the wider environment are elucidated for the most relevant life-threatening fungal human pathogens, including several species of Cryptococcus, Candida, Pneumocystis, Aspergillus, Histoplasma, Coccidioides, Rhizopus, Mucor, Fusarium, and Scedosporium.     

Comparative antifungal activities and biochemical effects of monoterpenes on plant pathogenic fungi

The antifungal activity of twelve monoterpenes, camphene, (R)-camphor, (R)-carvone, 1,8-cineole, cuminaldehyde, (S)-fenchone, geraniol, (S)-limonene, (R)-linalool, (1R,2S,5R)-menthol, myrcene and thymol was evaluated against four plant pathogenic fungi Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Penecillium digitatum and Asperigallus niger by using mycelial growth inhibitory technique. (S)-limonene and thymol were examined for their inhibitory effects on pectin methyl esterase (PME), cellulase and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) of tested fungi. Thymol was the most potent antifungal compound against the four test fungi with EC₅₀ values of 33.50, 50.35, 20.14 and 23.80 mg/L on R. solani, F. oxysporum, P. digitatum and A. niger, respectively. The antifungal activity of thymol was comparable to a reference fungicide, carbendazim. (S)-limonene and 1,8-cineole exhibited pronounced antifungal activity against the four tested fungi. The most effective antifungal compounds thymol and (S)-limonene showed strong inhibitory effect on the activity of PME and cellulase but revealed no inhibitory effect on PPO. The results showed that PME was more sensitive than cellulase to thymol and (S)-limonene. This is the first report on the inhibitory effects of monoterpenes thymol and (S)-limonene on PME, cellulase and PPO. The results indicated that monoterpenes may cause their antifungal activity by inhibiting PME and cellulase. The strong antifungal activity of thymol, (S)-limonene and 1,8-cineole reported in this study indicated that these compounds have a potential to be used as fungicides.     

新型喹唑啉-4(3H)-酮Schiff碱的合成及生物活性

为探索具有高杀菌活性的新型喹唑啉酮类先导化合物,以4-氯-2-氨基苯甲酸为起始原料,经重氮化、叠氮化、酯化等系列反应,得到17个未见文献报道的喹唑啉-4(3H)-酮Schiff碱类化合物。所有目标化合物的结构均经IR、1H NMR、MS及元素分析确证。初步生物活性测定结果表明,目标化合物表现出一定的杀菌活性,特别是对芒果褐色蒂腐病菌Phomopsis mangiferae Ahmad活性较好。化合物7-氯-3-(2,4-二氯-苯基)亚氨乙基-2-苯氨基喹唑啉-4(3H)-酮 (7e) 在 100 μg/mL 时,对橡胶棒孢霉叶斑病菌Corynespora cassiicola Wei和芒果褐色蒂腐病菌Phomopsis mangiferae Ahmad的抑制率分别为26.21%±1.11%和98.18%±1.07%,与对照药剂百菌清(25.64%±1.31%和100%)相当。初步的构效关系表明,吸电子基团有利于提高目标化合物的杀菌活性。     

Evaluation of Gram-positive rhizosphere and endophytic bacteria for biological control of fungal rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryzia sativa</Emphasis> L.) pathogens

Gram-positive bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere and inside the roots of rice were characterized for plant growth promoting (PGP) traits and antifungal activity against some rice plant pathogenic fungi of rice. The results showed the endophytic and rhizosphere isolates had different PGP traits and antifungal activity. Only one rhizosphere isolate and one endophytic isolate showed highly inhibitory effects against the mycelial growth of all fungal rice pathogens tested in this study. The best bacterial isolates, based on multiple PGP traits and inhibitory effects against the mycelial growth of all fungal rice pathogens, were identified. Based on biochemical tests and by comparison of 16S rDNA sequences, the endophytic isolate REN₃ and the rhizosphere isolate REN₄ were closely related to Bacillus cereus and Bacillus mojavensis respectively. The broad-spectrum antifungal strains, the REN₃ and REN₄ isolates analyzed here, exert multiple PGP and antagonistic activity and represent an excellent option to be used as either potent bio-promoting or bio-control agents in rice under in vitro conditions. This application may help to minimize dependence on pesticides, which have adverse effects on the environment, finally leading to have sustainable environments. In conclusion, the results of antifungal activity showed rice harbors bacteria with a good potential in biocontrol of rice fungal pathogens.     

毛竹提取物的抑菌活性及其有效成分的初步分离

 本文以小麦赤霉菌(Fusarium graminearum)、苹果炭疽菌[Colletotrichum gloeosporioides(Penz.) Penz.&Sacc.]为供试植物病原菌,评价了毛竹提取物的抑菌活性,并采用生物活性追踪法对其中抑菌有效成分进行了初步分离。结果表明,毛竹粗提物对2种供试菌具有不同程度的抑制作用,48h EC₅₀分别为1.2509 g/L和2.4652 g/L。毛竹粗提物经萃取分离得到的石油醚与乙酸乙酯组分中,乙酸乙酯组分具有较强的抑菌作用,对小麦赤霉菌和苹果炭疽菌48 h抑制率分别为100%和89.23%;对乙酸乙酯组分进行硅胶柱层析分离,得到9个流份,其中第一流份(F1)与第三流份(F3)具有显著的抑菌活性,对小麦赤霉菌48 h抑制率分别为97.84%和87.03%。对流份F1进行GC-MS分析鉴定,初步判定其中抑菌有效成分为苯酚类化合物,有关其抑菌有效成分的纯化与鉴定有待进一步研究。     

枯草芽胞杆菌与氟环唑联用对禾谷镰孢霉的增效作用机制

为验证枯草芽胞杆菌与氟环唑联用对禾谷镰孢霉的增效作用,用平板倒扣法和固体平板扩散法—打孔法测定菌药联用后枯草芽胞杆菌挥发性物质、抗真菌蛋白对禾谷镰孢霉的抑菌活性,观察抗真菌蛋白对禾谷镰孢霉菌丝形态的影响,并用刚果红染色法测定菌药联用后枯草芽胞杆菌纤维素酶活性。结果表明:菌药联用对禾谷镰孢霉的最高抑菌活性可达74.44%,表现增效和持效作用;枯草芽胞杆菌挥发性物质和抗真菌蛋白分别与氟环唑联用均可增强禾谷镰孢霉抑菌活性;菌药联用后枯草芽胞杆菌纤维素酶活性提高。研究表明枯草芽胞杆菌与氟环唑联用的增效机制是增强枯草芽胞杆菌挥发性物质对禾谷镰孢霉的抑菌活性,抗真菌蛋白活性的提高加强了禾谷镰孢霉菌丝溶解的程度,纤维素酶活性的增强提高了禾谷镰孢霉空间竞争作用和生物防治潜能。     

海洋生境棘孢木霉TCS007菌株的鉴定及抑菌活性

为研究一株分离自南极海洋沉积物的菌株TCS007的分类地位、菌株抗逆性能及抑菌活性,采用形态及ITS序列分析对菌株进行了鉴定;比较了低温、高温及高盐3种胁迫条件下与正常条件下TCS007的菌丝生长差异,以评价菌株的抗逆性能;通过平板对峙试培养法测定了TCS007对16种植物病原真菌的抑菌谱;用乙酸乙酯提取TCS007发酵滤液中的代谢产物,并通过菌丝生长速率法测定了其对油菜菌核病菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum的抑制活性。结果显示:TCS007菌株被鉴定为棘孢木霉Trichoderma asperellum,并展现出在高盐胁迫下具有良好的抗逆性能;其对16种供试植物病原真菌的抑制率在56.65%~87.62%之间,其中对小麦全蚀病菌Gaeumannomyces graminsis的抑制活性最高。TCS007发酵滤液乙酸乙酯提取物对油菜菌核病菌具有明显的抑制作用,其EC₅₀值为38.80 μg/mL。研究结果表明,TCS007及其代谢产物具有拮抗植物病原真菌的生防功能,具有开发成生物农药的潜在价值。     

竹提取物的抗真菌作用

研究结果表明，毛金竹、毛竹、青皮竹、短穗竹等竹提取物表现出较强的抗真菌作用，72h对小麦赤霉病菌的菌丝抑制率均在80％以上。其中，毛竹提取物在96h后的菌丝抑制率仍达100．0％。毛竹的乙醚和乙酸乙酯提取物表现出较强的抗菌活性，对小麦赤霉病菌的菌丝抑制率均达100％；水提取物的抗菌活性最小，96h内菌丝抑制率不超过25％。用索氏抽提法得到的毛竹乙醚粗提物，对小麦赤霉病菌的抗菌活性明显强于用间歇振荡提取物，前者EC50为0．5178g／L(Y=1.2491X 4.1079,r=0.9860)，后者为1．3046g／L(Y=2.2590X 2.4801,r=0.9949)。毛竹乙醚粗提物经初步分离，其中酸性组分的抗菌活性明显强于碱性及中性组分，有关抗菌有效成分的分离鉴定正在深入研究。     

链霉菌3-10发酵液及提取物的稳定性研究

为合理利用链霉菌3-10的代谢产物,本研究采用不同极性的有机溶剂提取链霉菌3-10发酵液中的抗真菌物质并得到发酵液的提取物.在此基础上测定了温度、紫外线辐射、酸碱度和贮存条件对3-10抗真菌物质稳定性的影响.结果表明,乙酸乙酯为最佳提取溶剂,链霉菌3-10发酵液的乙酸乙酯提取物对灰霉病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用最强,提取后余...     

Accumulation of toxigenic <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium</Emphasis> species and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stenocarpella maydis</Emphasis> in maize grain grown under different cropping systems

Entomopathogenic nematodes in the genus Steinernema are associated with Xenorhabdus spp. bacteria. When steinernematid colonise an insect host the nematode-bacterium association overcomes the insect immune system and kills the host within 48 h. Xenorhabdus spp. produce secondary metabolites that are antifungal to protect nematode-infected cadavers from fungal colonization. The concentrated, or cell-free metabolites of X. szentirmaii exhibit high toxicity against various fungal plant pathogens and show potential as natural bio-fungicides. In the current study, we determined 1) thermo-stability, 2) dose-response, and 3) shelf-life of antifungal metabolites of X. szentirmaii against Monilinia fructicola (cause of brown rot of peach and other stone fruit) and Glomerella cingulata (cause of antharacnose). Thermo-stability was determined by autoclaving bacterial culture broths (121 °C and 15 psi for 15 min) and measuring fungal growth on in potato dextrose agar (PDA) containing 10% of the supernatants. Autoclaving had no impact on the antifungal activity of the secondary metabolites. Over a test period of 9 months, the activity of both extract types did not decline when stored at 4 or 20 °C. A dose-response study (10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% supernatant-containing metabolite) using both phytopathogens demonstrated that a greater dose of supernatant increased antifungal activity. The antifungal-metabolite containing supernatant of X. szentirmaii has potential as a bio-fungicide. These results demonstrate the metabolite(s) are thermo-stable, they have a long shelf-life and require no stabilizing formulation, even at room temperature.