The little fish that can feed the world

Peru is home to the world's biggest fishery with catches of over 95 million tonnes of anchoveta (Engraulis ringens), since 2000, yet one in six small children in Peru suffer from chronic malnutrition. This is not because anchoveta is unsuitable for human consumption—on the contrary, they are nutritious, tasty and available year‐round, close to the coast. Almost all anchoveta are, however, reduced to provide fishmeal and oil for export. Only a few per cent of the landings are used for direct human consumption, and while this use has increased significantly over the last decade, the growth has stopped because of perverse incentives that encourage landing for reduction purposes, combined with production methods that are expensive and unsuitable for large‐scale operations. We discuss the roadblocks and prospects for significantly increasing the contribution of anchoveta to global food security and provide an outlook for how big this contribution potentially could be. It is time to change how anchoveta is used.     

Fish stress and mortality can be predicted using reflex impairment

Fish stress and mortality can be significant problems in both capture and culture operations. In addition to inexpensive and real-time metrics, ones that are simple to use are also desirable for measuring fish stress and predicting mortality. Current methods to define stress rely on expensive, laboratory-based measurements of changes in fish pathology such as disease, necropsy and histology, in physiology such as plasma cortisol, lactate, glucose and ions and in complex behaviour determined from swimming, feeding and predator evasion. All of these methods are often not rigorously linked to fitness outcomes. An alternative is to observe reflex impairment as a direct sign of stress which can be easily and rapidly measured in free swimming or restrained fish responding to peripheral stimuli such as gravity, light, sound and touch. Reflex impairment is correlated with stress and mortality outcomes, eliminating the need for prolonged holding or monitoring of fish. A few examples of reflexes that may be impaired include orientation, startle responses, fin erection, body flex upon restraint, operculum and mouth clamping or gaping, gag response and vestibular–ocular response. Reflex impairment combines the effects of stressors and their interactions and is not dependent on fish size, motivation states and acclimation which make it a consistent sign of stress across a wide range of stressor types and fish ages. Use of reflex impairment to measure stress and predict mortality would significantly improve monitoring of fish health and welfare in many types of field operations such as commercial and recreational fishing, aquaculture, live transport, stock enhancement and tagging.     

Fish feed quality is a key factor in impacting aquaculture water environment: evidence from incubator experiments

为提高海水养殖尾水中总磷 (Total phosphorus, TP) 的检测效率,使用酶标仪代替分光光度计进行海水养殖尾水TP的测定,并对TP的消解方法、酶标板类型与加样量等进行优化。结果表明,使用控温加热板消解60 min与高压灭菌器消解30 min的效果无显著差异 (P>0.05);使用48孔板加样1 mL,检测的灵敏度优于其他实验组 (96孔板200 µL,96孔石英板200 µL,48孔板200和500 µL,24孔板500 µL和1 mL),48孔板加样1 mL与96孔板加样200 µL,磷酸盐浓度与吸光度的线性相关性最高 (R²=0.999 9);对养殖尾水TP测定的精确度和准确度验证结果显示,48孔板加样1 mL的相对误差 (Relative error, RE) 和相对标准偏差 (Relative standard deviation, RSD) 分别介于−2.97%~1.59%和0.42%~4.06%,对甘油磷酸二钠 (β-GLP) 和六偏磷酸钠 (SHMP) 的回收率分别介于98.2%~99.6%和93.4%~97.1%,TP的测定限 (Limit of quantification, LOQ) 为0.25 µmol·L⁻¹;96孔板加样200 µL的RE和RSD分别介于−14.03%~0.21%和2.63%~14.23%,对β-GLP和SHMP的回收率分别介于94.7%~99.0%和88.9%~97.3%,TP的LOQ为0.55 µmol·L⁻¹。在TP浓度介于0.55~6.4 µmol·L⁻¹内,两种优化法的准确度和精密度均符合测定要求,可用于海水养殖尾水TP的测定。     

鱼蛋白的综合利用途径2.酸贮液体鱼蛋白

酸贮液体鱼蛋白是开发低值鱼及水产加工废弃物中鱼蛋白的有效途径之一,本文就酸贮液体鱼蛋白的生产和使用状况进行了分析和讨论,并将鱼粉和酸贮液体鱼蛋白二者进行了比较。     

鱼蛋白的综合利用途径1.鱼粉

就有关低值鱼及水产加工废弃物中鱼蛋白的开发研究及应用情况做系列介绍,本文就低值鱼蛋白主要利用形式即鱼粉进行了分析和讨论。     

Fish spawning aggregations: where well‐placed management actions can yield big benefits for fisheries and conservation

Marine ecosystem management has traditionally been divided between fisheries management and biodiversity conservation approaches, and the merging of these disparate agendas has proven difficult. Here, we offer a pathway that can unite fishers, scientists, resource managers and conservationists towards a single vision for some areas of the ocean where small investments in management can offer disproportionately large benefits to fisheries and biodiversity conservation. Specifically, we provide a series of evidenced‐based arguments that support an urgent need to recognize fish spawning aggregations (FSAs) as a focal point for fisheries management and conservation on a global scale, with a particular emphasis placed on the protection of multispecies FSA sites. We illustrate that these sites serve as productivity hotspots – small areas of the ocean that are dictated by the interactions between physical forces and geomorphology, attract multiple species to reproduce in large numbers and support food web dynamics, ecosystem health and robust fisheries. FSAs are comparable in vulnerability, importance and magnificence to breeding aggregations of seabirds, sea turtles and whales yet they receive insufficient attention and are declining worldwide. Numerous case‐studies confirm that protected aggregations do recover to benefit fisheries through increases in fish biomass, catch rates and larval recruitment at fished sites. The small size and spatio‐temporal predictability of FSAs allow monitoring, assessment and enforcement to be scaled down while benefits of protection scale up to entire populations. Fishers intuitively understand the linkages between protecting FSAs and healthy fisheries and thus tend to support their protection.     

水产诱食剂在虾料中的应用

近年来,对虾养殖业发展迅速,由传统的自然放养转向高密度集约化养殖,水产饵料的需求量不断攀升,大量的集约化饲养几乎全靠人工饵料.然而,人工饵料与传统天然饵料相比,其风味和适口性往往存在很大差异,饵料中添加诱食成分即诱食剂,用来提高饵料产品的诱食作用是当前饵料生产中面临的主要问题之一.下面就对虾饵料中的诱食剂作用及原料选择问题谈一下自己的观点.     

鱼类的鳞片

介绍了鱼类鳞片的类型、形态、作用,阐明了鱼类鳞片是研究鉴定鱼类的年龄、生长速度、生殖季节、性别的重要材料,具有重要的生物学意义.了解鱼的年龄,可以帮助人们测定鱼群的年龄组成,做到捕大留小,适时捕捞,达到保护和合理利用水产资源的目的.     

The Introduced Fish Problem and the Aquarium Fish Industry

Of the 46 species of foreign fishes known to be established as reproducing populations in open waters of the contiguous United States, approximately 65% are known or presumed to have originated from the aquarium fish trade. Many escaped or were released from aquarium fish culture facilities and some were introduced by aquarists. More than 50 additional, non-established fishes, mostly aquarium species, have been collected in the wild. These introductions, with established populations, have not been restricted to the so-called Sun Belt states, but have occurred throughout the U.S.
Because many introductions have resulted in serious negative impcts to native fishes, and most have the potential to do so, it is imperative that the aquarium fish industry and trade take measures to curtail such releases. The means of accomplishing this goal are relatively inexpensive. Industry must assist in public education to reduce introductions by aquarists.     

加工鱼产品种类的电泳鉴定

介绍了几种鱼的白肌在乳酸脱氢酶和蛋白电泳表型上种的特异特征。链,镛,草,青,尼罗罗非鱼白肌乳酸脱氢酶的谱带数不同,活性强度亦不同;蛋白质电泳图谱的迁移率也有差异。这类特征可为加工产品的种类鉴定提供可靠判据。鱼类电泳鉴定技术的标准化及其应用将为规范鱼品加工业,检验鱼产品提供理想的检测手段。     

Identification of the Fish Species Processed to Fish Meal

Abstract

As a consequence of the BSE crisis in Europe, the components of meal produced from fish or warm-blooded animals are under stricter control. PCR-based techniques for species identification of fish meal have been developed and applied to meals produced from a single species each, including herring, capelin, anchovy, horse mackerel and blue whiting. DNA was extracted by means of the cationic detergent cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and a region of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was amplified using universal primers. The amplicon was further characterized by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. A number of fish meals could be differentiated due to their species-specific DNA patterns.     

Fish under exercise

Improved knowledge on the swimming physiology of fish and its application to fisheries science and aquaculture (i.e., farming a fitter fish) is currently needed in the face of global environmental changes, high fishing pressures, increased aquaculture production as well as increased concern on fish well-being. Here, we review existing data on teleost fish that indicate that sustained exercise at optimal speeds enhances muscle growth and has consequences for flesh quality. Potential added benefits of sustained exercise may be delay of ovarian development and stimulation of immune status. Exercise could represent a natural, noninvasive, and economical approach to improve growth, flesh quality as well as welfare of aquacultured fish: a FitFish for a healthy consumer. All these issues are important for setting directions for policy decisions and future studies in this area. For this purpose, the FitFish workshop on the Swimming Physiology of Fish () was organized to bring together a multidisciplinary group of scientists using exercise models, industrial partners, and policy makers. Sixteen international experts from Europe, North America, and Japan were invited to present their work and view on migration of fishes in their natural environment, beneficial effects of exercise, and applications for sustainable aquaculture. Eighty-eight participants from 19 different countries contributed through a poster session and round table discussion. Eight papers from invited speakers at the workshop have been contributed to this special issue on The Swimming Physiology of Fish.     

鱼类监测系统及预警鱼类的选择

从鱼类行为学、鱼类毒理学、鱼类生理学等方面综述了鱼类监测系统建立的基础,介绍了预警鱼类的选择条件及几种常用的预警鱼类,并对鱼类监测预警系统的未来进行了展望.     

Radiological risk assessment of fish feed and feed raw materials

In this study, natural radioactivity concentrations of fish feed and feed raw materials were assessed. Several feeds and raw materials were provided from the suppliers who dominate the aquaculture sector. ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K concentrations were determined by using a high‐purity germanium detector. The measured activity concentrations of samples ranged from 3.28 ± 0.27 to 15.90 ± 1.36, from 1.27 ± 0.10 to 12.07 ± 1.21 and from 52.01 ± 2.60 to 1,158.96 ± 54.42 Bq/kg for ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K respectively. The gamma dose rate and annual effective dose rate of samples were calculated to be in the range of 1.99–50.47 nGy/h and 2.44–61.89 µSv/yr respectively. Since the calculated radiological risk parameters of the samples were lower than the world wide average values, the radiation hazard is insignificant for human handlers.     

绿色饲料添加剂在水产饲料中的应用

在饲料工业的发展历程中，抗生素和化学抗菌合成物、重金属盐类、激素类物质的使用，曾经一度在防治动物疾病、提高动物生产性能等方面起到了巨大的作用，但因为它们的滥用所造成的严重后果也日益得到广泛的认识：药物残留、耐药性、免疫功能下降、动物易受应激的影响等，对生物本身、环境及人类生存均造成了严重的威胁。近年来，人们一直希望找到一些既安全又能有效地提高动物生产性能的饲料添加剂，它既有利于动物本身的生长，又能保持或改善动物的肌体品质，还不会影响生态环境和人类的健康，有利于可持续发展。“绿色饲料添加剂”正是在…