青海省耕地资源开发利用分析及对策研究

分析论述了青海省耕地资源开发利用的现状、特点和问题。在此基础上,提出了对青海省耕地资源进行研究的框架体系和思路,同时基于GIS/RS技术设计了相关的技术路线。最后依据所做设计对青海省耕地资源开发利用做了初步分析,并进行了相关的对策研究分析。     

三门峡水库库岸坍塌成因分析与防治措施研究

三门峡水库自1960年9月蓄水运行以来,库岸坍塌现象频繁发生,平均每年塌岸0.5～0.7亿m3.指出了造成库岸坍塌的原因主要是地质环境的影响以及水力条件的变化;不同的地形、地貌、地质结构和岩性特征,表现了不同的塌岸强度,其中黄土塬区为极强塌岸段,黄河Ⅱ级阶地为强烈塌岸段,黄河Ⅰ级阶地为中等强烈塌岸段;分析了引起库岸坍塌的主要水力条件有大气降水、地表水和地下水,并且不同水力条件及其变化特征,对库岸坍塌影响的方式和程度也不同;最后给出了防治库岸坍塌应采用标本兼治的原则,治标是指对塌岸进行必要的加固、支挡、衬砌等;治本就是根据引起塌岸的原因以及不同地质环境条件下的塌岸特征和水力条件,因地制宜,因害设防,从根本上进行综合治理.     

济南山丘区土壤侵蚀潜在危险度景观格局分析

土壤侵蚀潜在危险度景观格局的形成及其变化是自然的和人为的多种因素相互作用的结果 ,运用景观生态学原理 ,通过分析景观斑块的类型、数量、面积大小和空间组合状况 ,揭示出济南市山丘区的土壤侵蚀潜在危险度分布特征及空间变异规律     

氟对小鼠生精细胞凋亡的影响及锌的保护作用

为观察氟对成年雄性小鼠生精细胞凋亡的影响及锌的保护作用,通过腹腔注射氟化钠建立氟中毒动物模型及锌保护实验。采用石蜡切片、苏木精-伊红染色(HE染色)、末端原位标记(TUNEL)及琼脂糖凝胶电泳的方法检测小鼠生精细胞的凋亡情况。结果显示:(1)氟感染组无论是低剂量组(NaF10 mg/kg)或是高剂量组(NaF 20 mg/kg)生精细胞都发生了明显的凋亡。生精细胞凋亡主要发生在精母细胞和精原细胞,凋亡指数与对照组差异极显著(P<0.05)。(2)无论是高剂量锌(ZnSO430 mg/kg)和低剂量锌(ZnSO415 mg/kg)都可以使凋亡指数明显降低,高剂量锌组的凋亡指数与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

物联网安全及解决措施

物联网是一个集信息通信、数据交换、传感器技术与软件工程于一体的综合性产业,探讨和分析了物联网的结构体系与发展中遇到的安全问题。     

西南某泥石流沟泥石流发生率的研究

泥石流的发生与否是一个极其复杂的问题,而且是由多种因素共同作用的结果,这也给泥石流活动发展趋势的分析预测带来了困难.主要是在前人研究的基础上,对西南地区某泥石流地区的降雨条件加以分析、研究,从降雨方面,给出该泥石流发生的概率.对该泥石流沟的物源及该泥石流发生后的残留物质做颗粒试验,通过实验结果并结合前人的研究成果,从颗粒级配方面,给出了该泥石流的发生概率.并在最后给出了该论文的主要结论.     

PAM对土壤抗风蚀能力的影响

利用室内风洞试验装置模拟了不同地面坡度、不同地表风速、不同PAM处理的土样在净风和挟沙风作用下的风蚀情况。研究发现,PAM施用量为0.2 g/m2和6 g/m2时可分别抵御18 m/s的净风和挟沙风而使土壤不发生风蚀,施用量为0.1 g/m2时可使净风风蚀率降低90%~98%,施用量为4 g/m2且地面坡度不超过10°时可以抑制18 m/s的挟沙风而使土壤不发生风蚀,施用量为2 g/m2时可使挟沙风风蚀率降低23%~99%。     

大豆连作障碍的研究进展

从生物学、微生物学和植物营养生理学的角度及诸多障碍因子等方面,综合评述和分析了国内外大豆连作研究的现状,阐述了目前国内外学者提出的各种应对连作问题的策略和技术措施,提出大豆连作障碍研究仍有待解决的问题和研究方向。     

Effect of Application of Surfactants on Hydraulic Properties of Soils

This study explores the effect of surfactants, commonly found in detergents, on the hydraulic properties of soils. The soil properties examined included hydraulic conductivity, infiltration characteristics, and effective suction at the wetting front, capillary rise and soil penetrability. Two agricultural soils—a loam and a sandy loam, and three surfactants—one anionic surfactant (Sulphonic) and two non-ionic surfactants (Rexol and Rexonic), were used in the study. Changes in hydraulic properties with the application of surfactants were compared with properties obtained with deionised water (control). The results showed that Sulphonic, the anionic surfactant, had a significant effect on hydraulic properties of both soils. Applications of Sulphonic caused decreases in the capillary rise and penetrability, and an increase in the solid–liquid contact angle, shape factor and sorptivity. Except for a slight decrease in hydraulic conductivity resulting from the application of Rexol, the non-ionic surfactants did not reveal significant impact on the hydraulic characteristics of test soils.     

Unity of mechanisms of water and wind erosion of soils

An equation for the threshold velocity of the water or wind flow at which erosion of a homogeneous model soil begins was derived on the basis of accepted and explicitly formulated suppositions and limitations and tested using experimental data. The validity of the proposed mechanisms and equations describing the lifting force of the soil-eroding water or wind flow and the interaggregate cohesion in a model homogeneous incoherent soil was confirmed. The limit for the decrease in the threshold flow velocity with decreasing size of the soil particles (aggregates) was theoretically substantiated. The first unified equation of the threshold velocity of the water or wind flow for a homogeneous model soil in dimensionless variables was derived and experimentally justified.     

陕西洛川中更新统下部黄土入渗规律研究

通过对陕西洛川凤栖镇剖面黄土与红色古土壤8个层位的入渗实验及孔隙度与CaCO3含量测定,研究了黄土与古土壤入渗特征和地下水富集条件。结果表明,陕西洛川西沟L4、L5、L6和L7黄土的稳定入渗率较大,4个层位的平均值为0.65 mm min-1;S4、S5、S6和S7古土壤稳定入渗率较小,4个层位的平均值为0.37 mm min-1;黄土层达到稳定入渗的时间较短,一般为60~90 min,红色古土壤达到稳定入渗的时间较长,一般为90~120 min。黄土层含水空间发育好、渗透性强和利于成为含水层,这是冷干的气候动力条件决定的。红褐色古土壤层含水空间发育较差、渗透性弱和利于成为隔水层,这是温湿的气候动力条件决定的。将洛川西沟剖面渗水实验数据用三种入渗公式分别进行拟合得出,通常采用的三个经验公式均适用于描述40万~70万a间发育的黄土和红色古土壤层的入渗规律。本文的研究拓宽了第四纪气候变化理论应用的新领域,表明更新世气候变化在黄土地层土壤水和地下水资源富集条件、富集规律和水资源开发利用研究中有重要应用价值。     

Towards bioremediation of toxic unresolved complex mixtures of hydrocarbons: identification of bacteria capable of rapid degradation of alkyltetralins

Background, aim and scope  Unresolved complex mixtures (UCMs) of aromatic hydrocarbons are widespread, but often overlooked, environmental contaminants. Since UCMs are generally rather resistant to bacterial degradation, bioremediation of UCM-contaminated sites by bacteria is a challenging goal. Branched chain alkyltetralins are amongst the individual classes of components of aromatic UCMs which have been identified in hydrocarbon-contaminated sediments and a number of synthetic alkyltetralins have proved toxic in laboratory studies. Thus, alkyltetralins should perhaps be amongst the targets for UCM bioremediation strategies. The slow degradation of several alkyltetralins by a microbial consortium has been reported previously; however, the bacteria involved remain unidentified and no single strain capable of alkyltetralin biodegradation has been isolated. The present project therefore aimed to enrich and identify bacterial consortia and single strains of bacteria from a naturally hydrocarbon-contaminated site (Whitley Bay, UK), which were capable of the degradation of two synthetic alkyltetralins (6-cyclohexyltetralin (CHT) and 1-(3’-methylbutyl)-7-cyclohexyltetralin (MBCHT)). Materials and methods  Bacteria were enriched from sediment collected from Whitley Bay, UK by culturing with CHT and MBCHT for a period of 4 months. Biodegradation experiments were then established and degradation of model compounds monitored by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Internal standards allowed the generation of quantitative data. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries were constructed from individual enrichments to allow assessment of microbial community structure. Selective media containing MBCHT were used to isolate single bacterial strains. These strains were then tested in liquid culture for their ability to degrade MBCHT. Results  The consortia obtained through enrichment culture were able to degrade 87% of CHT and 76% of MBCHT after only 46 days compared with abiotic controls. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene clone libraries of these bacteria were dominated by sequences of Rhodococcus spp. Using selective media, a strain of Rhodococcus was then isolated that was also able to biodegrade 63% of MBCHT in only 21 days. Discussion  The present report describes the isolation of a single bacterial strain able to degrade the resistant MBCHT. Although significant losses of MBCHT were observed, putative metabolites were not detectable. Rhodococcus sp. have been reported previously to be able to biodegrade a range of hydrocarbon compounds. Recommendations and perspectives  Due to their environmental persistence and toxicity, aromatic UCMs require bioremediation. The culturing and identification of such bacteria capable of rapid degradation of alkyltetralins may be an important step toward the development of bioremediation strategies for sites contaminated with toxic UCMs.     

Kinetics of Popping of Popcorn

The rate of popping of popcorn was measured in oil and in air. Kinetic data for lifetimes of individual kernels from a large population were obtained in oil at six constant temperatures (180–250°C) and also in an air‐popper at 202°C. The data are characterized by an induction period, which is, significantly, followed by a first‐order decrease in the number of unpopped kernels versus time. The activation energy for the first order process is 166.7 kJ/mol between 180 and 210°C, and 53.8 kJ/mol between 210 and 250°C. These data are consistent with a model that assumes 1) that the rate of heat transfer into a kernel follows Newton's law of cooling; 2) that in a sample of kernels there exists a distribution of critical pressures; 3) that for an individual kernel, the probability of popping is directly proportional to the difference between the internal aqueous vapor pressure and the kernel's critical pressure; and 4) that the measured rate constant at any temperature is an average overall of the kernels in the sample with critical pressures equal to or less than the internal aqueous vapor pressure. Minimum popping temperatures predicted by the model are 181 ± 2°C (oil) and 187 ± 2°C (air), in good agreement with previously reported direct measurements.     

Estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of agrophytocenoses soils of the subtropical zone of Russia

An estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of various soil types under agrophytocenoses of tea, filbert, peach, and pawpaw which grow in the area of Greater Sochi is given. High indicators of nitrogen fixation activity in the soil in the course of vegetation were characteristic of agrocenoses of pawpaw, peach, and filbert. The lowest level of nitrogen fixation was noted in the soil of a tea plantation. A negative correlation dependence of potential nitrogen-fixing activity on the acidity of the soil solution was established. A study of the seasonal dynamics of the activity of nitrogen fixation of soils of agrocenoses of the subtropical zone of Russia made it possible to distinguish a less active winter and more active spring-summer-autumn periods.     

不同样点数量对土壤有机质空间变异表达的影响

以南京市六合区为研究区,通过完全随机和限制最小采样间距抽样分别设置5个样点系列,基于每个样点系列100次重复抽样的变异结构推断及空间预测误差结果,探讨了不同样点数量对土壤有机质(SOM)空间变异表达的影响。结果表明,两种抽样方式降低样点数量后推断的SOM含量的块金效应(C0/C0+C)均随样点数量减少而降低且限制最小采样间距抽样推断的C0/C0+C要低于完全随机抽样方法,说明适当的减少样点数量以便降低与SOM变异尺度不匹配的样点对变异结构推断的影响有助于提高SOM空间变异结构表达的可靠性。普通Kriging预测的SOM误差对比则表明,尽管两种抽样方式下空间预测的均方根误差(RMSE)随样点数量变化而波动,但均低于全部样点的预测误差;通过限制最小采样间距减少样点至250个时,SOM空间预测的RMSE最低,较全部样点预测误差降低了6%,因此,为了实现样点密度与SOM变异尺度相匹配,合理设置土壤采样点的间距及样点数量较单纯的增加采样点数量更为重要。     

稀释介质种类对豆乳蛋白胶体粒子zeta电位测定效果的影响

蛋白粒子zeta电位是衡量豆乳体系稳定性的一个重要指标,而在电位分析前常采用稀释介质对豆乳进行预处理。为了确保zeta电位测定的准确性和科学性,必须选择合适的稀释介质。因此,该研究采用去离子水、豆乳超滤液两种稀释介质分别对豆乳进行稀释,并比较了这2种稀释介质对zeta电位、粒径分布、pH值以及电导率的影响。结果表明,若以去离子水为稀释介质,zeta电位的绝对值会随着稀释倍数的升高而显著增加（*P<0.05）,这主要是由于豆乳蛋白胶体粒子发生解聚导致粒径减小,而pH值的升高和电导率的降低则说明豆乳的离子强度显著降低。相比之下,选用豆乳超滤液稀释豆乳时,体系的 zeta 电位、粒径分布、pH值以及电导率都未随稀释倍数的增加而改变（*P>0.05）,说明此法能够较好地维持豆乳蛋白粒子的荷电稳定性。由此可知,豆乳超滤液可做为豆乳zeta电位测定的理想稀释介质。     

荔枝种子结构的扫描电镜观察

荔枝种子从果实中剥离出来后, 即使在室内条件下, 也极易失水干缩, 潮湿环境中又易发霉而腐烂。扫描电镜观察表明: 种皮上布满纹孔, 水分散失面积很大; 种脐部为疏松的海绵组织, 且营养丰富。据此, 生产上应对种子彻底清洗, 并保存于适当湿度的环境中, 以提高其发芽率。     

Effect of Micronization of Maize on Quality Characteristics of Pasta

Currently, production of pasta that is either gluten‐free or having lower content of gluten, using low‐cost nonwheat cereals and legumes, is becoming increasingly popular worldwide. This is mainly done to increase the nutritional value and reduce the allergenicity of the product. The quality attributes of pasta prepared from micronized maize flour with additives such as guar gum (MPG) and a combination of guar and xanthan gum (MPGX) were compared with pasta prepared from unmicronized flour with guar gum (UMPG). The optimum cooking time for pasta in all three cases (UMPG, MPG, and MPGX) was 3 min. The cooked weight of pasta MPG and MPGX was less compared with UMPG, indicating limited water penetration during cooking. The solid loss of pasta ranged between 8 and 9.5% and was within acceptable levels (<12%). Micronization increased the firmness in MPG (3.7 N) and MPGX (4.5 N) compared with UMPG pasta (2.7 N). MPGX pasta exhibited improved texture, color, and overall acceptability compared with UMPG, and these quality attributes were also comparable to commercial wheat pasta. The study indicated that micronized maize flour with gums can be used in the preparation of maize pasta with good quality attributes.     

非表层剖面层次土壤生产力评价研究

研究了盆栽条件下4个非表层土壤剖面层次(AB,Ab,Bk,Bg)土壤在3种肥料处理下对“京绿2号”小白菜根系发育和养分水分吸收的影响,并评价了其生长障碍因子。结果表明,各处理出苗无明显差异;施加尿素和磷二铵有利于干物质积累量增加,且磷二铵的效应更显著;施磷二铵处理的根冠比明显低于不施肥处理和施尿素处理;施加尿素和磷二铵后作物含N量增加;施加磷二铵后各土壤剖面层次土壤中的植株P浓度明显提高。综合分析表明,正常情况下只要补充N肥和P肥,作物耕层以下的各土壤剖面层次对作物生长并无明显的阻碍作用,且通过适当的耕作和灌溉,可使非耕层土壤生产力状况得到改善。