Variability of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) with regard to earliness

Eighty cotton varieties (Gossypium hirsutum L.) from the collection of VIR (N.I. Vavilov Research Institute of Plant Industry, St. Peterburg, Russia) collection were studied for variability with regard to the duration of their vegetation period. The experiments were carried out in the conditions of the marginal zone of the cotton growing area, that is the city of Krasnodar in the Russian Federation. Thirty-four varieties were studied in 1996–1998, forty-six varieties in 1997–1998. The purpose of this research was to determine the threshold of sensitivity in the varieties of the duration of the period of vegetative growth, which depends upon weather conditions, and to record variations in morphological characters associated with earliness. The data obtained were processed by the method of statusmetry. The mathematical models which were constructed showed the relationship between the criteria for earliness and other morphological and agronomic characters of the plants.     

Evaluating the effectiveness of biofertilizer on salt tolerance of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

In the present study, the effectiveness of biofertilizer containing plant growth promoting rhizobacteria was evaluated on growth and physiology of cotton under saline conditions. Cotton plants were exposed to different levels of NPK (50%, 75%, and 100% of recommended levels) along with coating with biofertilizer under saline (15 dS m^?1) and non-saline conditions. It was observed that the biofertilizer seed coating improved growth, physiological (relative water content and chlorophyll content index), and ionic (K⁺/Na⁺) characteristics under saline and non-saline conditions. However, shoot growth (shoot fresh and dry weight) and leaf gas exchange characteristics (CO₂ assimilation rate, A; intercellular CO₂ concentration, C_i; transpiration rate, E; stomatal conductance, g_s) were decreased by biofertilizer coating under saline condition. Increasing levels of NPK fertilizer increased shoot growth, whereas root growth was maximum at 75% NPK level under saline conditions. The results of the study indicate that the biofertilizer application was very effective for cotton plant in non-saline conditions but not very effective in saline conditions.     

Construction of a core germplasm bank of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) based on phenotype,genotype and favorable alleles

Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution - Core germplasm banks are constructed to provide breeders with maximum genetic diversity concomitant with minimum genetic redundancy for a faster breeding...     

兔角蛋白基因转化棉花及其纤维品质的改良

利用农杆菌介导转化法,将棉纤维特异表达启动子GAE6-3A驱动的兔角蛋白基因（MP）转入常规棉花“冀合713”中。PCR及Southern杂交分析表明,兔角蛋白基因已整合进棉花基因组。6个转基因株系中,4个为单拷贝插入,转基因后代的分离符合孟德尔3：1的1对基因的分离规律,外源基因在这些转基因后代中能稳定遗传。对这4个转基因株系T3代纤维检测结果表明,兔角蛋白基因对棉花纤维品质的影响主要是纤维强度的提高,其中3个株系纤维强度提高率达10％以上。     

Effect of nitrogen and wheat residue on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) yield and weed control

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) residues and nitrogen (N) management are the major problems in the southern part of Iran where irrigated wheat–cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)–wheat rotation is a common practice. A 2-year (2009–2011) field experiment was conducted as a split plot design with four replications at a cotton field (Darab), Fars Province, Iran, to determine the influence of different rates of wheat residue (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%) incorporation and N rates (150, 200, 300, and 400 kg ha^?1) on weed suppression, yield, and yield components of cotton. Results showed that a higher residue incorporation and a lower N rate improved weed suppression in both years. For treatments receiving 150 kg N ha^?1 and 75% of wheat residues (2250 kg ha^?1), weed biomass and density were significantly lower compared to treatments receiving 400 kg N ha^?1. The highest cotton lint yield (about 2400–2700 kg ha^?1) was obtained by 300 kg N ha^?1 in the absence of residue application, in both years. Incorporation of 25% of wheat residue (750 kg ha^?1) and application of 300 kg N ha^?1 are recommended to guarantee an optimum level of cotton lint yield and weed suppression in a wheat–cotton–wheat rotation in this region.     

Changes in photosynthesis and antioxidant metabolism of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants in response to manganese stress

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to assess the physiological and biochemical responses of cotton plants to manganese (Mn²⁺) nutrition. Four cotton genotypes (G1 – TMG 47; G2 – FM 975 WS; G3 – TMG 11 WS and G4 – IMA 8405 GLT) were grown in nutrient solution under two Mn²⁺ concentrations (2 and 200 µmol L^?1) for 10 days. No visible symptoms of Mn²⁺ toxicity were observed in the genotypes tested. All genotypes showed a marked increase in leaf chlorophylls, pheophytins, carotenoids, sucrose and total sugars concentration in response to high Mn²⁺ in a nutrient solution. However, the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, internal carbon dioxide concentration and transpiration decreased in genotypes G1 and G2 growing under 200 µmol L^?1. Antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities increased in genotypes G1, G3 and G4. Cotton genotypes showed an increased leaf antioxidant and sugar metabolism as a possible strategy to mitigate oxidative stress. The decrease in the net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance; the increased antioxidant enzymes activities (SOD, APX and GR); and the increase in leaf sucrose and total sugar concentration were the main physiological and biochemical responses in cotton plants to Mn²⁺ stress.     

Occurrence of (+)- and (-)-gossypol in wild species of cotton and in Gossypium hirsutum Var. marie-galante (Watt) Hutchinson

Gossypol occurs as a mixture of enantiomers in cottonseed. These enantiomers exhibit different biological activities. The (-)-enantiomer is toxic to animals, but it has potential medicinal uses. Therefore, cottonseed with >95% (-)-gossypol could have biopharmaceutical applications. The (+)-enantiomer shows little, if any, toxicity to nonruminant animals. Thus, cottonseed with >95% (+)-gossypol could be more readily utilized as a feed for nonruminants. The (+)- to (-)-gossypol ratio in commercial Upland (Gossypium hirsutum) cottonseed is usually about 3:2, whereas that in commercial Pima cottonseed (Gossypium barbadense) is approximately 2:3. Herein are reported the (+)- to (-)-gossypol ratios in the seed from 28 wild species of cotton (194 accessions), 94 accessions of G. hirsutum var. marie-galante, and 3 domesticated species (11 accessions). It was found that some or all of the accessions of Gossypium darwinii, Gossypium sturtianum, Gossypium areysianum, Gossypium longicalyx, Gossypium harknessii, and Gossypium costulatum produce an excess of (-)-gossypol but none >65%. At least one accession of Gossypium anomalum, Gossypium mustelinum, Gossypium gossypioides, and Gossypium capitis-viridis contained >94% (+)-gossypol. One of the 94 accessions of G. hirsutum var. marie-galante (i.e., no. 2469) contained 97% (+)-gossypol.     

施氮量对不同开花期棉（Gossypium hirsutum L.）铃纤维细度和成熟度形成的影响

为兼顾试验的重复性和生态区域性,选用高品质棉（科棉1号）和常规棉（美棉33B）品种为材料,于2005年分别在江苏南京（118o50E, 32o02N,长江流域下游棉区）和江苏徐州（11711E, 3415N,黄河流域黄淮棉区）设置施氮量（低氮:N 0 kg/hm2;适氮:N 240 kg/hm2;高氮:N 480 kg/hm2）试验,研究施氮量对不同开花期棉铃纤维细度、成熟度和马克隆值形成的影响。结果表明:（1）施氮量显著影响棉纤维细度、成熟度和马克隆值的形成过程,但三者在不同开花期对氮素水平的响应不同,施氮量与开花期对棉纤维细度、成熟度和马克隆值的形成存在互作效应。8月10日前开花的棉铃,铃期［花后0～50 d （DPA）］日均温在23.3 oC以上,纤维细度、马克隆值以N 0 kg/hm2施氮量下最大,棉纤维马克隆值与纤维细度的相关性较大;8月25日开花的棉铃（铃期日均温在20.8～23.3 oC之间）,纤维成熟度、马克隆值以N 240 kg/hm2施氮量下最大;9月10日开花棉铃（铃期日均温低于20.8 oC）,纤维细度、成熟度和马克隆值均以N 480 kg/hm2最大,棉纤维马克隆值与纤维成熟度的相关性增强。（2）影响不同开花期间纤维细度、成熟度和马克隆值的主要因素是铃期日均温,最终纤维细度、成熟度和马克隆值在不同施氮量之间的变异与不同开花期（铃期日均温不同）间的变异比较,前者显著小于后者。综上,因开花期不同而形成的铃期日均温是决定细度、成熟度和马克隆值的最重要因素,施氮量可通过对位叶叶氮浓度NA影响棉纤维细度、成熟度和马克隆值的形成过程,增加施氮量可减小上述指标在不同开花期间的差异。     

Genotypic variations in ion homeostasis,photochemical efficiency and antioxidant capacity adjustment to salinity in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

To determine the genotypic variation in response to salt (NaCl) stress in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seedlings, potassium (K⁺) and sodium (Na⁺) homeostasis, photochemical energy utility, reactive oxygen metabolism and the activity of antioxidant enzymes were comparatively analyzed in three cotton cultivars (CCRI 49, CCRI 35 and Z 51504) under salt constraint. The results showed that NaCl treatment significantly inhibited biomass accumulation, and the extent of inhibition was highest in CCRI 49 and lowest in Z 51504. Salinity caused an ion imbalance in plants but ion homeostasis was less pronounced in Z 51504, as it accumulated more K⁺ and less Na⁺. Experiments of salt shock treatment were tested using a non-invasive micro-test (NMT) system, which also revealed that Z 51504 had lower Na⁺ influx and better K⁺ retention. Salinity increased excess-energy dissipation [non-photochemical quenching (qN) and photorespiration rate (PR)], but depressed photochemical efficiency such as photosynthesis rate (P_n), quenching (qP), photochemical quantum yield of photosystem (Φ_PSII) and electron transport rate (ETR). As a result, more electrons were driven to other sinks, for example decreasing ETR/P_n and increasing the O₂^? generation rate. However, the superior tolerance of Z 51504 had a better balance of photochemical energy under salt conditions, displayed higher photochemical efficiency and excess-energy dissipation. Furthermore, the antioxidant enzyme activities were also affected by salt stress and less effectively removed reactive oxygen species. The antioxidant enzyme activities of Z 51504 were higher than those of CCRI 49 and CCRI 35, which resulted in lower levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitigated the salt-induced membrane lipid peroxidation. The overall results indicated that more effective retention of ions, photochemical energy utility and ROS-removing capability were probably the main reasons for the stronger salt tolerance in Z 51504.     

Variability in four diverse cotton (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium hirsutum</Emphasis> L.) germplasm populations

A broad range of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) germplasm resources exist with characteristics useful for improving modern cotton cultivars. However, much of this germplasm is not well utilized. The objective of this study was to evaluate agronomic and fiber traits of four germplasm populations to determine the effectiveness of pooling germplasm for generating variability to improve traits of interest. Four populations were developed with parents chosen based on (1) dwarfing genes, (2) a combination of fiber strength and length traits, (3) glandless genes, or (4) inclusion in the G. hirsutum center-of-origin, i.e. race, germplasm group. The dwarf germplasm population had smaller bolls, a smaller lint index, a smaller seed index, lower micronaire, and shorter fibers than the other three populations. There were no significant differences in lint yield, elongation, or strength among the germplasm populations. In contrast to the general lack of significant differences among populations for agronomic and fiber traits, within population variation was observed to be high. Therefore, selections could be made within the race population to raise lint yields and within the fiber population to increase fiber length. Likewise, selections within the glandless population could be made for boll size, lint index, seed index, micronaire, and strength. These results suggest that intercrossing multiple parents in complex populations generates a large amount of variability with potential uses in crop improvement.     

棉花Bax inhibitor-1基因启动子的克隆及初步验证

为研究克隆自陆地棉的GhBI-1A和GhBI-1B基因的表达差异及其响应不同物生和非生物胁迫的分子机制,利用BD GenomeWalkerTM Universal Kit的染色体步移技术得到了2个棉花GhBI-1A和GhBF1B基因5’端上游的启动子序列,长度分别为1650bp和2001bp.生物信息学分析表明,GhBI-1A和GhBI-1B的启动子序列均存在TATA-box和CAAT-box及多个与植物非生物胁迫相关的响应元件,GhBI-1B启动子中还含有真菌诱导应答元件.以表达载体pBI101为基础,用所克隆的2个棉花GhBI-1基因启动子序列与GUS报告基因融合,构建新的植物表达载体并转入农杆菌.用叶盘法侵染烟草进行瞬时表达,结果表明2个启动子均能够驱动报告基因的表达.     

Bollgard II cotton: compositional analysis and feeding studies of cottonseed from insect-protected cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) producing the Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 proteins

Bollgard II cotton event 15985 producing the Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 proteins has been developed by genetic modification to broaden the spectrum of insects to which the plant is tolerant and to provide an insect resistance management tool to impede the onset of resistance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the composition and nutrition of Bollgard II cotton, relative to the use for food and animal feed, compared to that of conventional cotton varieties. Compositional analyses were conducted to measure proximate, fiber, amino acid, fatty acid, gossypol, and mineral contents of cottonseed from a total of 14 U.S. field sites over two years. Compositional analysis results showed that the cottonseed and cottonseed oil from Bollgard II cotton were comparable in their composition to those of the conventional control cotton line and other commercial varieties. The composition data are supported by nutritional safety studies conducted with dairy cows, catfish, and quail. Results from these studies showed that Bollgard II performed similarly to the conventional control cotton varieties. These data demonstrate that Bollgard II cotton is compositionally and nutritionally equivalent to conventional cotton varieties. These data support the conclusion that Bollgard II cotton is as safe and nutritious as conventional cotton for food and feed use.     

Effects of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) straw and its biochar application on NH3 volatilization and N use efficiency in a drip-irrigated cotton field

Reducing ammonia (NH₃) volatilization is a practical way to increase nitrogen (N) fertilizer use efficiency (NUE). In this field study, soil was amended once with either cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) straw (6 t ha^?1) or its biochar (3.7 t ha^?1) unfertilized (0 kg N ha^?1) or fertilized (450 kg N ha^?1), and then soil inorganic N concentration and distribution, NH₃ volatilization, cotton yield and NUE were measured during the next two growing seasons. In unfertilized plots, NH₃ volatilization losses in the straw-amended and biochar-amended treatments were 38–40% and 42–46%, respectively, less than that in control (i.e., unamended soil) during the two growing seasons. In the fertilized plots, NH₃ volatilization losses in the straw-amended and biochar-amended treatments were 30–39% and 43–54%, respectively, less than that in the control. Straw amendment increased inorganic N concentrations, cotton yield, cotton N uptake and NUE during the first cropping season after application, but not during the second. In contrast, biochar increased cotton N uptake and NUE during both the first and the second cropping seasons after application. Furthermore, the effects of biochar on cotton N uptake and NUE were greater in the second year than in the first year. These results indicate that cotton straw and cotton straw biochar can both reduce NH₃ volatilization and also increase cotton yield, N uptake and NUE. In addition, the positive effects of one application of cotton straw biochar were more long-lasting than those of cotton straw.     

Agronomic traits at the seedling stage,yield, and fiber quality in two cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars in response to phosphorus deficiency

ABSTRACT

Cotton is critical for phosphorus demands and very sensitive for its deficiency. However, identifying the effect of low-phosphorus tolerance on cotton growth, yield, and fiber quality by reducing phosphorus consumption. This may help to develop phosphorus-tolerant high-yielding cotton cultivars. In a two-year repeated (2015 and 2016) hydroponic experiment (using 0.01 and 1 mM KH₂PO₄), two cotton cultivars with phosphorus sensitivity (Lu 54; a low-phosphorus sensitive and Yuzaomian 9110; a low-phosphorus tolerant) were screened on the base of agronomic traits and physiological indices through correlation analysis, cluster analysis and principal component analysis from 16 cotton cultivars. Low phosphorus nutrition reduced the plant height, leaf number, leaf area, phosphorus accumulation and biomass in various organs of seedlings. The deficiency negatively affected the morphogenesis of seedlings, as well as yield and fiber quality. Further, these screened cultivars were tested in a pot experiment with 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 during 2016 and 2017. It was found to have a significant (P< 0.05) difference in boll number, lint yield, fiber strength, and micronaire at the harvest. Furthermore, after collectively analyzed the characteristics of Lu 54 and Yuzaomian 9110, there were six key indices that could improve the low phosphorus tolerance of cotton cultivars. These were root phosphorus accumulation, stem phosphorus accumulation percentage, leaf and total biomass of seedlings, seed cotton weight per boll and fiber length.     

Nitrogen mineralization in a pecan (Carya illinoensis K. Koch)–cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) alley cropping system in the southern United States

Information on temporal and spatial patterns of N mineralization is critical in designing tree-crop mixed systems that could maximize N uptake while minimizing N loss. We quantified N mineralization rates in a pecan (Carya illinoensis K. Koch)–cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) alley cropping system in northwestern Florida with (non-barrier) and without tree-crop belowground interactions (barrier separating the root systems of pecan and cotton). Monthly rates of mineralization were estimated using buried bag incubations over a 15-month period. In addition, seasonal mineralization rates and cotton lint yield on soils supplied with two sources of N—inorganic fertilizer and organic poultry litter—were assessed. Results indicated that temporal variations in net NH₄ and NO₃ accumulation and mineralization rates were driven primarily by environmental factors and to a lesser degree by initial soil NH₄ and NO₃ levels. Mineralization varied by belowground interaction treatment during the initial growing season, when the non-barrier treatment exhibited a higher mineralization rate than the barrier treatment, likely due to reduced nutrient uptake by cotton in the non-barrier or a higher degree of immobilization in the barrier treatment. Mineralization during the second growing season was similar for both treatments. Source of N had no effects on N transformation in the soil. Lint yield reductions were observed in the non-barrier treatment during both years compared to the barrier treatment, likely due to interspecific competition for water. Yield differences between treatments in the second growing season were likely compounded by a diminishing pre-study fallow effect. Source of N was found to have a significant effect on cotton yield, with inorganic fertilizer resulting in 39% higher lint compared to poultry litter in the barrier treatment.     

Nitrous oxide emissions from fertilized,irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in the Aral Sea Basin,Uzbekistan: Influence of nitrogen applications and irrigation practices

Nitrous oxide emissions were monitored at three sites over a 2-year period in irrigated cotton fields in Khorezm, Uzbekistan, a region located in the arid deserts of the Aral Sea Basin. The fields were managed using different fertilizer management strategies and irrigation water regimes. N₂O emissions varied widely between years, within 1 year throughout the vegetation season, and between the sites. The amount of irrigation water applied, the amount and type of N fertilizer used, and topsoil temperature had the greatest effect on these emissions.Very high N₂O emissions of up to 3000 μg N₂O-N m^?2 h^?1 were measured in periods following N-fertilizer application in combination with irrigation events. These “emission pulses” accounted for 80–95% of the total N₂O emissions between April and September and varied from 0.9 to 6.5 kg N₂O-N ha^?1.. Emission factors (EF), uncorrected for background emission, ranged from 0.4% to 2.6% of total N applied, corresponding to an average EF of 1.48% of applied N fertilizer lost as N₂O-N. This is in line with the default global average value of 1.25% of applied N used in calculations of N₂O emissions by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.During the emission pulses, which were triggered by high soil moisture and high availability of mineral N, a clear diurnal pattern of N₂O emissions was observed, driven by daily changes in topsoil temperature. For these periods, air sampling from 8:00 to 10:00 and from 18:00 to 20:00 was found to best represent the mean daily N₂O flux rates. The wet topsoil conditions caused by irrigation favored the production of N₂O from NO₃^? fertilizers, but not from NH₄⁺ fertilizers, thus indicating that denitrification was the main process causing N₂O emissions. It is therefore argued that there is scope for reducing N₂O emission from irrigated cotton production; i.e. through the exclusive use of NH₄⁺ fertilizers. Advanced application and irrigation techniques such as subsurface fertilizer application, drip irrigation and fertigation may also minimize N₂O emission from this regionally dominant agro-ecosystem.     

Tolerance and accumulation of shikimic acid in response to glyphosate applications in glyphosate-resistant and nonglyphosate-resistant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.).

Measurement of shikimic acid accumulation in response to glyphosate inhibition of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase is a rapid and accurate assay to quantify glyphosate-induced damage in sensitive plants. Two methods of assaying shikimic acid, a spectrophotometric and a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, were compared for their accuracy of recovering known amounts of shikimic acid spiked into plant samples. The HPLC method recovered essentially 100% of shikimic acid as compared with only 73% using the spectrophotometric method. Relative sensitivity to glyphosate was measured in glyphosate-resistant (GR) and non-GR cotton leaves, fruiting branches, and squares (floral buds) by assaying shikimic acid. Accumulation of shikimic acid was not observed in any tissue, either GR or non-GR, at rates of 5 mM glyphosate or less applied to leaves. All tissues of non-GR plants accumulated shikimic acid in response to glyphosate treatment; however, only fruiting branches and squares of GR plants accumulated a slight amount of shikimic acid. In non-GR cotton, fruiting branches and squares accumulated 18 and 11 times, respectively, more shikimic acid per micromolar of translocated glyphosate than leaf tissue, suggesting increased sensitivity to glyphosate of reproductive tissue over vegetative tissue. GR cotton leaves treated with 80 mM of glyphosate accumulated 57 times less shikimic acid per micromolar of translocated glyphosate than non-GR cotton but only 12.4- and 4-fold less in fruiting branches and squares, respectively. The increased sensitivity of reproductive structures to glyphosate inhibition may be due to a higher demand for shikimate pathway products and may provide an explanation for reports of fruit abortion from glyphosate-treated GR cotton.     

Effect of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi combined with manure on the change in concentration some mineral elements in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and the synergy of indigenous AMF and sheep manure (SM) on potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and some micronutrient concentrations in cotton plant. Indigenous AMF were a mixture of Glomus viscosum, Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices initially isolated from a cotton field. Cotton was grown for 12 weeks and the elements of shoot were determined at three stages of plant growth. Inoculated cotton plants with AMF had higher concentrations of K, Ca, manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) than non-mycorrhizal plants. Shoot concentrations of these elements increased significantly when SM was added to mycorrhizal plants. Maximum plant micronutrient uptake was found in the treatment of AMF inoculation with SM. Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn uptake increased significantly by 457%, 282%, 272% and 295%, respectively, over control. Indigenous AMF combined with SM resulted in better plant growth and micronutrient uptake.     

转录组分析揭示了棉花根系盐胁迫调控的生物进程和主要代谢途径

高盐是限制棉花生长和生产力的主要因子。研究报道,植物响应高盐主要是由参与离子和渗透压平衡信号、解毒和生长调节等途径来控制的,同时植物对渗透胁迫的应答还影响脱落酸(ABA)的代谢和信号传导途径、盐胁迫和干旱胁迫是紧密相关的。植物遭遇盐胁迫的时候,根部是最敏感的,在受到盐胁迫的棉花幼苗中,根的长度和鲜重减少的程度远远大于子叶下胚轴。