鸡感染传染性支气管炎病毒的免疫机理

由于鸡传染性支气管炎病毒极易发生点突变、基因缺失、插入及重组,导致病毒不断产生变异,新的血清型和基因型不断出现,使得实际生产中免疫接种失败的现象不断发生。而鸡感染传染性支气管炎病毒的免疫机制一直是国内外研究的热点之一,它的免疫反应包括非特异性免疫和体液免疫、细胞免疫及黏膜免疫,这些免疫反应相互作用、互相补充,各自发挥着重要作用。文章从机体针对该病毒感染的免疫基础、分子基础和其激发的多种免疫反应等角度阐述了该病毒感染机体的免疫机制。     

鹅源H5N1亚型禽流感病毒感染雏鸡免疫器官的病理学观察

应用组织病理学及超微病理学观察手段对HSN1亚型禽流感毒株感染雏鸡免疫器官的病理学变化进行了系统研究。结果显示，感染雏鸡胸腺、腔上囊及脾均表现不同程度的病理学损伤。表明，禽流感病毒感染可造成雏鸡免疫器官组织损伤，这是导致感染雏鸡免疫功能降低的重要机制之一。     

禽星状病毒感染的流行特点

禽星状病毒能够感染多种禽类,产生病毒性腹泻,是一种流行范围广、致病性强、发病率高的病原体。目前发现禽星状病毒可导致鸡、火鸡、珍珠鸡、鸭、鸽子和鹅等,出现痛风、关节肿大等临床症状,患病动物表现出生长发育迟缓、产蛋下降,严重可导致死亡。本文对近年来国内外禽星状病毒的流行病学特点、基因组结构以及禽星状病毒感染的主要临床症状、临床检测方法等方面进行了综述。     

传染性法氏囊病病毒对SPF雏鸡免疫器官T细胞增殖能力及亚型的影响

以SPF雏鸡为研究对象,应用细胞培养、MTT及流式细胞检测技术,通过T淋巴细胞对刀豆蛋白A的增殖能力及其CD4+和CD8+T淋巴细胞亚型数量的检测,较全面系统的研究了传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)感染21日龄SPF雏鸡后,其免疫器官(胸腺、脾脏、法氏囊)T细胞增殖能力及其亚型的动态变化,结果发现:IBDV感染SPF雏鸡后,其胸腺和脾脏T淋巴细胞增殖能力于病毒感染后3～7 d显著降低,CD4+和CD8+T淋巴细胞数量于病毒感染初期明显低于对照雏鸡;法氏囊中CD4+和CD8+T淋巴细胞数量在病毒感染初期迅速增加,而后持续低于对照雏鸡.表明SPF雏鸡感染IBDV后,其免疫器官细胞免疫功能受抑制,而作为病毒侵袭的主要靶器官,法氏囊在病毒感染初期有大量T细胞浸润,该项研究为进一步阐明IBDV的免疫致病机制提供了重要的参考依据.     

猪星状病毒的分离鉴定及其致病性研究

猪星状病毒(porcine astrovirus,PAstV)感染猪后可引起腹泻、呕吐、脱水和生长迟缓等临床症状,对断奶前仔猪侵害尤为严重,对养猪业造成一定的经济损失。本研究对猪星状病毒广西流行株用PK-15细胞进行分离,用RT-nPCR、间接免疫荧光、电镜和免疫印迹分析进行鉴定并进行致病性试验,结果分离到2株具有细胞病变和致病性的猪星状病毒,为进一步研究猪星状病分子生物学、致病机制及构建发病动物模型等奠定了基础。     

病毒干扰抗原递呈途径和细胞杀伤作用的研究进展

从病毒干扰宿主免疫细胞对病毒抗原的摄取、递呈和杀伤等方面阐述了病毒抗感染免疫应答的研究进展。探讨了病毒感染宿主后，病毒对机体细胞免疫应答的抑制、对各种免疫杀伤细胞功能的阻断以及在宿主体内延续感染的机制。     

T细胞、细胞因子在抗病毒免疫中的作用机制

抗病毒免疫的机制极其复杂,宿主的免疫系统需要经过抗原肽的加工提成、淋巴细胞活化、抗体和细胞因子的产生等一系列步骤才能最终清除病毒的感染。从蛋白酶体在病毒抗原加工中的作用、免疫支配效应的意义、CTL杀伤病毒感染细胞的机制、细胞因子的作用和免疫逃逸机制等方面阐述了抗病毒免疫机制,对于病毒的防治将是十分重要的。     

酵母硒抗病毒感染研究进展

微量元素硒在抗病毒感染疾病中,与宿主抗氧化能力和免疫应答的改变有关。一系列的研究表明,硒缺乏的人或动物更有容易受到病毒的入侵,甚至引起病毒毒力的增强和病毒基因的变异。营养与病毒感染的关系已成为目前研究的热点。文章就酵母硒抗病毒感染、促进机体的免疫功能等方面做一综述,为酵母硒的应用以及营养与病毒感染的关系研究提供借鉴。     

自噬与A型流感病毒感染

自噬是广泛存在于真核细胞内的新陈代谢过程,对于维持细胞自稳具有关键作用。在病毒感染过程中,自噬表现出两面性,既可被利用来促进病毒复制,又在宿主抗感染免疫应答中发挥重要作用。论文以严重危害畜禽生产和人类健康的A型流感病毒为例,论述了细胞自噬与病毒感染及在宿主免疫应答过程中的相互关系,旨在进一步深入理解A型流感病毒的致病分子机制,为抗流感病毒感染的相关研究提供参考。     

商情新闻

我国启动重大科技项目应对海水养殖动物疫病该项目选择对虾和鱼类作为研究对象，主要研究对虾白斑综合征和鱼类虹彩病毒病的病毒侵染、复制和传播的关键分子过程，天然免疫系统应对病原感染的应答机制和病毒感染阻断剂和宿主免疫调节剂的作用机制等。该项目被列入国家重点基础研究发展计划。     

疫苗佐剂胞嘧啶-鸟嘌呤寡脱氧核苷酸的研究进展

胞嘧啶-鸟嘌呤寡脱氧核苷酸(cytosine phosphate guanidine oligodeoxynucleotide,CpG ODN)是指含有非甲基化的胞嘧啶和鸟嘌呤二核苷酸为核心序列的核苷酸序列,近年来,CpG ODN作为一种新型免疫佐剂的研究越来越多,可诱发机体产生多种免疫学效应,提高系统免疫和黏膜免疫水平,具有安全性高,耐受性强等特点。     

抗菌肽在调节动物免疫力方面的研究进展

抗菌肽是一种古老的生物活性分子,作为宿主防御系统的重要组成成分,其广谱抗菌活性和多方面免疫调节功能,日益引起医药界和生物学界的广泛关注并逐渐成为研究热点。人们有望利用其不引起有害炎症反应的特性,来激活并加强宿主的免疫反应。作者主要综述了目前抗菌肽在调节动物免疫方面的研究进展。     

The development of equine immunity: Current knowledge on immunology in the young horse

The development of equine immunity from the fetus to adulthood is complex. The foal's immune response and the immune mechanisms that they are equipped with, along with changes over the first months of life until the immune system becomes adult‐like, are only partially understood. While several innate immune responses seem to be fully functional from birth, the onset of adaptive immune response is delayed. For some adaptive immune parameters, such as immunoglobin (Ig)G1, IgG3, IgG5 and IgA antibodies, the immune response starts before or at birth and matures within 3 months of life. Other antibody responses, such as IgG4, IgG7 and IgE production, slowly develop within the first year of life until they reach adult levels. Similar differences have been observed for adaptive T cell responses. Interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) production by T helper 1 (Th1)‐cells and cytotoxic T cells starts shortly after birth with low level production that gradually increases during the first year of life. In contrast, interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) produced by Th2‐cells is almost undetectable in the first 3 months of life. These findings offer some explanation for the increased susceptibility of foals to certain pathogens such as Rhodococcus equi. The delay in Th‐cell development and in particular Th2 immunity during the first months of life also provides an explanation for the reduced responsiveness of young horses to most traditional vaccines. In summary, all immune components of adult horses seem to exist in foals but the orchestrating and regulation of the immune response in immature horses is strikingly different. Young foals are fully competent and can perform certain immune responses but many mechanisms have yet to mature. Additional work is needed to improve our understanding of immunity and immune regulation in young horses, to identify the preferred immune pathways that they are using and ultimately provide new preventive strategies to protect against infectious disease.     

Genetic immunization with the immunodominant antigen P48 of Mycoplasma agalactiae stimulates a mixed adaptive immune response in BALBc mice

A DNA vaccine against contagious agalactia was developed for the first time, encoding the P48 of Mycoplasma agalactiae. Specific immune responses elicited in BALB/c mice were evaluated. Both total IgG and IgG1 were detected in mice vaccinated with pVAX1/P48. Proliferation of mononuclear cells of the spleen, levels of gamma interferon, interleukin-12, and interleukin-2 mRNAs were enhanced in immunized animals. Results indicate that pVAX1/P48 vaccination induced both T_h1 and T_h2 immune responses. Nucleic acid immunization could be a new strategy against M. agalactiae infections and may be potentially used to develop vaccines for other Mycoplasma diseases.     

An immunologist's perspective on nutrition,immunity, and infectious diseases: Introduction and overview

The immune system is a multifaceted arrangement of membranes (skin, epithelial, and mucus), cells, and molecules whose function is to eradicate invading pathogens or cancer cells from a host. Working together, the various components of the immune system perform a balancing act of being lethal enough to kill pathogens or cancer cells yet specific so as not to cause extensive damage to “self” tissues of the host. A functional immune system is a requirement of a healthy life in modern animal production. Yet infectious diseases still represent a serious drain on the economics (reduced production, cost of therapeutics, and vaccines) and welfare of animal agriculture. The interaction involving nutrition and immunity and how the host deals with infectious agents is a strategic determinant in animal health. Almost all nutrients in the diet play a fundamental role in sustaining an optimal immune response, such that deficient and excessive intakes can have negative consequences on immune status and susceptibility to a variety of pathogens. Dietary components can regulate physiological functions of the body; interacting with the immune response is one of the most important functions of nutrients. The pertinent question to be asked and answered in the current era of poultry production is whether the level of nutrients that maximizes production in commercial diets is sufficient to maintain competence of immune status and disease resistance. This question, and how to answer it, is the basis of this overview. Clearly, a better understanding of the interactions between the immune signaling pathways and productivity signaling could provide the basis for the formulation of diets that optimize disease resistance. By understanding the mechanisms of nutritional effects on the immune system, we can study the specific interactions that occur between diet and infections. This mechanism-based framework allows for experiments to be interpreted based on immune function during an infection. Thus, these experiments would provide a “real world” assessment of nutritional modulation of immune protection separating immune changes that have little impact on resistance from those that are truly important. Therefore, a coordinated account of the temporal changes in metabolism and associated gene expression and production of downstream immune molecules during an immune response and how nutrition changes these responses should be the focus of future studies. These studies could be answered using new “-eomics” technologies to describe both the local immune environments and the host-pathogen interface.     

Pattern recognition receptors in equine endotoxaemia and sepsis

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on host cells detect pathogens to activate innate immunity which, in turn, initiates inflammatory and adaptive immune responses. Successful activation of PRRs is, therefore, critical to controlling infections and driving pathogen-specific adaptive immunity, but overactivity of PRRs causes systemic inflammation, which is detrimental to the host. Here we review the PRR literature as it relates to horses and speculate on the role PRRs may play in sepsis and endotoxaemia.     

Immune mechanisms in infections of poultry

Resistance to infectious agents may depend upon innate mechanisms or acquired immune responses. Inflammation, phagocytosis, cell-mediated immunity and antibodies are components of a complex reaction which result either in resistance or in susceptibility. Most infectious organisms stimulate immune responses within every compartment of the immune system. In rather few infections of poultry, it is possible to pinpoint a limited number of immune reactions that are primarily responsible for resistance. In some situations, autoimmunity may contribute to the pathology associated with infections.     

Aspects of the innate and adaptive immune responses to acute infections with BVDV

The immune response can be divided into innate and adaptive components that synergise to effect the clearance of pathogens. Recently, it has been realised that these arms of the immune system do not act independently, the magnitude and quality of the adaptive response is dependent on signals derived from the innate response. Here, we review the innate immune responses to bovine viral diarrhoea virus infections of cattle and relate these changes to immunosuppression and the subsequent development of the adaptive immune response.     

Immunity to bovine reproductive infections.

Protective immune responses in the genital tract are robust, as shown by convalescent and vaccine-induced immunity. Systemic immunity is crucial for systemic infections that result in reproductive failure (such as brucellosis, leptospirosis, and the systemic forms of C. fetus and H. somnus infection). Although IgA responses can protect against sexually transmitted or venereal infections, systemically induced IgG antibody responses also protect. IgA responses can be induced by immunization of the genital tract, where inductive sites develop after antigenic stimulation. The common mucosal immune system can also be used to induce a genital IgA response, as shown by intranasal vaccination. Lastly, it is necessary to determine which antigens of each infectious agent are protective and which types of immune responses protect best.