半干旱区生态过程变化中土壤硝态氮累积及其在植物氮素营养中的作用

半干旱区农田生态系统石灰性土壤施入的氮肥和有机氮矿化产物,除植物吸收、微生物固定、粘土矿物固定、挥发损失和反硝化损失外,有相当一部分最终以NO3--N形态残存在土壤中。土壤剖面中的残留NO3--N通过对流和扩散等途径,逐渐向深层移动,脱离根区。影响土壤剖面NO3--N残留累积和淋溶的主要因素包括施氮量、植物吸氮量、前作收获后的植物残留物、氮肥种类、施氮方式和降雨量等。残留NO3--N本身具有很高的生物有效性,但能否被植物吸收利用,关键在于残留NO3--N所在深度及其是否能够到达根区。在半干旱区降雨量较高的雨季,NO3--N向深层移动,而在较干旱条件下即使土壤剖面深层NO3--N,也可随水分上移供根系利用,因此土壤剖面中累积的残留NO3--N显著影响氮肥肥效果,许多地方用一定深度土层中累积的NO3--N作为土壤供氮指标,以减少NO3--N的淋溶损失和提高氮肥肥效。过去对半干旱地区土壤剖面中NO3--N的研究主要涉及3方面,一是土壤剖面中NO3--N的残留累积及其影响因素,二是与根系分布深度相适应土层中残留NO3--N对氮肥肥效的影响,三是根据土壤剖面中的残留NO3--N确定农田作物施氮量。在分析过去研究结果的基础上,提出了今后需进一步深入研究的科学问题。     

张掖市地下水硝酸盐污染源的氮同位素研究

张掖市浅层水NO-3 浓度 1 .69～ 1 49.6mg/L ,均值 5 4 .1 7± 41 .97mg/L(n =1 5 ) ,深层水NO-3 浓度 3.89～ 82 .85mg/L ,均值 35 .65± 2 8.0 8mg/L(n =1 2 )。西北部污灌区大部分浅层水样的NO-3 -δ1 5N值在 + 9‰～ + 1 4‰之间 ,不但NO-3 浓度高 ,而且NH+4含量大 (达 1 0 5mg/L) ,说明地下水NO-3 来自灌溉的污水 ;东部非污灌区浅层水NO-3 -δ1 5N值变化在 + 9‰～ +1 1‰ ,指示地下水NO-3 来自动物粪便和生活污水 ;城区、南部和西部深层水绝大部分样品的NO-3 -δ1 5N值在 + 4‰～ + 7‰之间 ,指示地下水NO-3 主要来自矿化的土壤有机氮 ,结合Na+与Cl- 以及δ1 5N与NO-3 的相关图进一步分析 ,揭示δ1 5N小的一端还有显著的化肥的贡献。     

塔里木盆地南缘于田绿洲地下水化学特征

根据于田绿洲地下水水质分析的结果,运用回归分析方法分析地下水化学特征,得出如下结论:依据布罗德斯基分类法,提出了研究区共存在Cl·HCO3-Na·Mg、HCO3·Cl-Na·Mg、Cl·HCO3-Mg·Na等共8种化学类型的地下水;HCO3-和Cl-与可溶性总盐的相关关系显著,且回归方程拟合效果均理想,而CO32-和SO42-与可溶性总盐的相关关系均不明显;(Na++K+)和Mg2+与可溶性总盐的相关关系显著,且回归方程拟合效果理想,而Ca2+与可溶性总盐的相关关系不明显。     

Mutants in wheat showing multipathogen resistance to biotrophic fungal pathogens

Five fast-neutron-derived mutants were isolated from the wheat line Hobbit 'sib' that show enhanced field resistance towards Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici , the causal agent of yellow rust. Subsequent testing showed the yellow rust resistance phenotypes to differ between mutants, to be expressed at different growth stages and, in some cases, to show an isolate interaction. Three mutants, I3-48, I3-49 and I3-54, exhibited an enhanced yellow rust resistance phenotype from the third seedling leaf onwards, while mutants I3-27 and I3-30 did not show an altered yellow rust phenotype until later growth stages. Additional resistance for brown rust (causal agent Puccinia triticina ) was identified in mutants I3-27, I3-30, I3-48 and I3-49, and for powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici in mutants I3-27, I3-30, I3-48 and I3-54, although in some cases the resistance was isolate-specific.     

塔里木盆地主要城市空气负离子浓度分布特征

对塔里木盆地3个主要城市4种生态功能区空气负离子浓度监测。结果表明:(1)和田与喀什空气负离子浓度分别为303个/cm3和289个/cm3,明显低于库尔勒市(382个/cm3);(2)不同生态功能区间空气负离子浓度差异显著(F=27.061,P=0.000<0.001),顺序为林地(393个/cm3)>水体(375个/cm3)>生活区(291个/cm3)>商业区(241个/cm3);(3)各功能区空气负离子浓度日变化均表现为清晨和傍晚高于午间。方差分析表明林地、水体午间空气负离子浓度与清晨和傍晚的差异不显著,生活区和商业区差异显著;(4)不同天气状况下各功能区空气负离子均表现为雨天>晴天>阴天>沙尘(浮尘)。     

Dermal pharmacokinetics of the insecticide furathiocarb in rats

The pharmacokinetics of furathiocarb were studied in vivo in male Sprague-Dawley rats following dermal treatment. HPLC and post-column derivatization were used for the analysis of furathiocarb and its metabolites (carbofuran, 3-hydroxycarbofuran and 3-ketocarbofuran). Carbofuran and 3-hydroxycarbofuran were detected in plasma and urine rather than furathiocarb. 3-Ketocarbofuran, another potential metabolite, was not observed in any sample. The concentration of carbofuran was higher than that of 3-hydroxycarbofuran in plasma, but the reverse was the case in urine. The corresponding area under the plasma concentration-time curve, Tmax, and Cmax values of carbofuran and 3-hydroxycarbofuran for 1500 mg kg-1 doses were 2.4-8.0 mg equiv hml-1, 12 h and 0.1-0.4 mg equiv ml-1, respectively. T1/2 was calculated only for 3-hydroxycarbofuran (28 h). Two metabolites were excreted in a dose-dependent manner without saturation.     

Involvement of hepatic xenobiotic related genes in bromadiolone resistance in wild Norway rats, Rattus norvegicus (Berk.)

To examine the role of xenobiotic relevant genes in bromadiolone resistance in wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) we compared the constitutive liver gene expression and expression upon bromadiolone administration in bromadiolone resistant and anticoagulant susceptible female rats using a LNA microarray and quantitative PCR. Resistant rats showed significantly higher constitutive expression of the cytochrome P450 genes Cyp2c13 and Cyp3a2 and lower expression of Cyp2e1 and Gpox1 compared to the susceptible rats. The Cyp1a2, Cyp2c13, Cyp2e1, Cyp3a2 and Cyp3a3 genes were significantly higher expressed in resistant than susceptible rats upon bromadiolone exposure. To establish how bromadiolone affected xenobiotic gene expression in the two strains we compared bromadiolone expression profiles to saline profiles of both strains. Bromadiolone mediated significant up-regulation of Cyp2e1 and Cyp3a3 expression in the resistant rats whereas the rodenticide conferred down-regulation of Cyp2e1, Cyp3a3 and Gpox1 and induction of Cyp2c12 expression in susceptible rats. Cyp2c13 and Cyp3a2 expression were markedly suppressed in both strains upon treatment. This suggests that xenobiotic relevant enzymes play a role in bromadiolone resistance in the Norway rat. A high constitutive expression of Cyp2c13 and Cyp3a2 and induction of Cyp1a2, Cyp2e1 and Cyp3a3 expression during bromadiolone exposure may increase the resistance to bromadiolone presumably by facilitating increased detoxification and decreased liver injury.     

浙西南山区旱地多熟间套作不同培肥方法的效果研究

通过采取一年三熟间套作三年定位培肥的方法,设三季栏肥还地、三季秸秆 冬绿肥还地、三季秸秆还地、冬绿肥还地及主施化肥(对照)等5个处理,进行不同培肥方法对一年三熟间套作物增产效果和土质改良效果的研究。试验结果表明:栏肥还地对各熟作物增产效果显著,并有效改善了土壤肥力,其次为三季秸秆 冬绿肥>三季秸秆>冬绿肥>对照。     

Blue light induced changes in inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate in Cuscuta campestris seedlings

Previous studies revealed that blue light stimulates and red light inhibits prehaustoria development in young seedlings of the parasitic weed Cuscuta campestris (field dodder). This study showed a positive correlation between blue light induced increases in inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP₃) and blue light-mediation of prehaustoria development, prior to host attachment. Blue light induced a significant increase in the level of IP₃, with a peak at about 30 min. Thereafter, the level of IP₃ declined to the resting value after 2 h of blue light. Irradiation with 10 min red light pulse applied directly at the end of each 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.3, 1, 2 and 4 h blue light significantly reduced IP₃, while high levels of IP₃ were observed after 10 min far-red pulse. The G-protein inhibitor pertussis toxin inhibited prehaustoria developed under blue light, suggesting that receptor-coupled G-proteins are likely to be involved in prehaustoria development. These results are the first in vivo demonstration of a possible role for IP₃ as a second messenger in the blue light signal transduction process in prehaustoria development in Cuscuta .     

Virulence patterns in populations of Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei in Europe in 1986

A total of 3166 single colony progeny of Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei , constituting random samples of the aerial inoculum from 68 regions of Western Europe, were analysed in the laboratory for virulence to barley resistance genes Mlra, Mlg, Mla6+Mlg. MILa, Mla7+Mlk, Mlall, Mla9, MlaI3 + MlRu3. Mlal, Mla3 and mlo. No isolate virulent to mlo was detected. Distinct regional patterns were observed for the frequencies of most of the other virulence genes. They stressed the role of selection exerted by the cultivars grown, as well as the effect of wind dissemination of mildew populations. These two phenomena are particularly well exemplified by the data on early stages in the evolution of the newly emerging Val3 virulence in Denmark. In contrast with the preceding evolution, there was a considerable decrease of the frequency of a broadly distributed virulence ( Va6); the most probable reasons for this are outlined.     

Ecophysiological aspects and photosynthetic pathways in 105 plants species in saline and arid environments of Tunisia

In Tunisian arid regions, plant life forms, ecotypes, physiological types and photosynthetic pathways （03, 04 or CAM） remain unclear. Understanding the characters of these plant species could be important for land restoration. A literature survey was conducted for 105 plants species in arid regions of Tunisia. These plant species belong to several ecotypes： halophytes, xerophytes, gypsophytes, psamophytes, xero-halophytes, gypso-halophytes, psamo-halophytes, psamo-xerophytes, xero-gypsophytes and hygro-halophytes. The variation of photosynthetic pathway types in the 105 studied species shows that 56.2% were C3, 41.0% were C4, 1.9% were CAM and 1.0% were C3-CAM. The C3 pathway was more abundant in the halophytes, whereas the C4 one was more common in the xerophytes, gypsophytes, gyp- so-halophytes and psamo-halophytes. The ratio of C3 to C4 species （C3/C4 ratio） was 0.2 in the psamo-halophytes, 0.8 in the gypso-halophytes, 1.1 in the xerophytes, 1.6 in the xero-halophytes, 1.8 in the hygrohalophytes, 2.0 in the psamo- phytes and 3.8 in the halophytes. The annuals were mainly C3 plants whereas most of perennials were C4 ones. The C3/C4 ratio was 1.3 in succulent species and 1.4 in non-succulent species. Thus, succulence seems not to affect the distribution of C3 and C4 pathways within the studied plants. This investigation shows high percentages of C4 plants occurred in Tuni- sian arid regions. However, there were significant differences in their abundance among ecotypes. Basing on C3/C4 ratio, we can find that the abundance of the C4 pathway was in the following order： psamo-halophytes, gypso-halophytes, xe- rophytes, xero-halophytes, hygro-halophytes, psamophytes and halophytes. In Tunisian arid regions, C4 species were most abundant in xerophytes and less abundant in halophytes. In the Chenopodiaceae the number of C3 plants was 13 and the number of C4 species was 20 and in the Poaceae the number of C3 was 23 and the number of C4 was 19 species. Thus, the most C4 proportion was in the Chenopodiaceae a     

Control of insects in cotton crops in africa with some pyrethroid

Cotton yield results are presented for trials in Senegal, the Ivory Coast, Chad and Morocco in which the pyrethroids permethrin, biopermethrin, 3-phenoxybenzyl (1R,cis)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2, 2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate (NRDC 167) and (S)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (1R,1 S)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-dibromovinyl-2, 2-dimethylcy-clopropanecarboxylate (NRDC 156) were compared with the compounds currently used for insect control. NRDC 156 gave marked yield increases at rates as low as 12.5 g.a.i./ha, the other pyrethroids needing higher rates to give comparable results. Control of mites, Hemitarsonemus lata and Tetranychus urticae was not satisfactory, however.     

PP 1/305 (1) Weeds in soybean

Specific scope

This Standard describes the conduct of trials for the evaluation of herbicides in soybean.

Specific approval and amendment

First approved in 2017‐09.     

miR535-3p调控水稻纹枯病抗性的功能研究

 纹枯病是水稻生产中最重要的病害之一,其病原物立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)是一种典型的土传真菌。前期我们通过立枯丝核菌侵染水稻后转录组测序,发现多个水稻内源miRNA响应R. solaniAG1-IA的侵染,其中Osa-miR535-3p的表达在R. solani侵染后被抑制。为明确Osa-miR535-3p在水稻应答R. solani侵染中的功能,本研究分别构建了Osa-miR535-3p在感病品种Xudao3背景下的敲除和过表达材料。发现与Xudao3相比,Osa-miR535-3p敲除系的纹枯病发病程度显著加重,而其过表达系的发病程度明显减轻。 Osa-miR535-3p敲除系的二级枝梗数目增多、穗长增加、分蘖数减少、千粒重增加,而其过表达系的株高降低、二级枝梗数目减少、穗长变短、分蘖数增多、千粒重下降,表明Osa-miR535-3p也参与调控水稻的农艺性状。通过RNA-seq通路分析,发现Osa-miR535-3p主要是通过影响植物激素信号通路如乙烯(Ethylene,ET)、吲哚乙酸(3-Indoleacetic acid,IAA)等信号相关基因的表达,调控水稻对纹枯病的抗性。本研究结果将为进一步解析水稻抗纹枯病分子机制提供理论参考,同时将为抗纹枯病水稻品种培育提供新思路。     

酒泉盆地地下水系统水资源评价

在系统分析研究区地质及水文地质条件的基础上,确定了研究区范围和边界条件,借助GIS技术与FEFLOW建立了研究区地下水系统概念模型和数学模型及相应的地下水系统数值模型。以2001~2003年地下水动态观测井的地下水动态观测资料,对建立的模型进行了多次求解与识别,结果表明:建立的模型能够较好的反映研究区水文地质条件空间分布及组合方式,具有一定的代表性可以用来对研究区地下水资源进行定量评价与预测。运用识别后的模型评价和预测了在P=50%、75%、95%不同地表径流条件下研究区地下水系统水资源量,与其对应的补给量分别为7.7346亿m3/a、7.1663亿m3/a、6.3610亿m3/a,排泄量分别为:8.7208亿m3/a、8.3789亿m3/a、7.8477亿m3/a,总均衡分别为:-0.9862亿m3/a、-1.2126亿m3/a、-1.4867亿m3/a。结果表明在上述三种不同典型年情况下,研究区地下水系统长期处于负均衡状态,为了改善该区域脆弱的生态环境,地下水开采前应进行可开采量论证,并制定合理的地下水开采方案。     

Species differences in chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide insecticide binding sites in the ryanodine receptor

Anthranilic and phthalic diamides exemplified by chlorantraniliprole (Chlo) or cyantraniliprole (Cyan) and flubendiamide (Flu), respectively, are the newest major chemotype of insecticides with outstanding potency, little or no cross resistance with other classes and low mammalian toxicity. They are activators of the ryanodine (Ry) receptor (RyR)-Ca²⁺ channel, based on Ca²⁺ flux and electrophysiology investigations. The goal of this study is to define species differences in the degree and mechanisms of diamide selective action by radioligand specific binding studies at the [³H]Ry, [³H]Chlo and [³H]Flu sites. The [³H]Ry site is observed in muscle of lobster, rabbit and four insect species (Musca domestica, Apis mellifera, Heliothis virescens and Agrotis ipsilon) whereas the [³H]Chlo site is evident in the four insects and the [³H]Flu site in only the two lepidoptera (Agrotis and Heliothis). [³H]Ry binding is significantly stimulated by Chlo, Cyan and Flu with the insects (except Flu with Musca) but not the lobster and rabbit. [³H]Chlo binding is stimulated by Ry and Flu in Musca and Apis but not in the lepidoptera, while Flu and Cyan are inhibitory. [³H]Flu binding is strongly inhibited by Chlo and Cyan in Agrotis and Heliothis. [³H]Chlo and [³H]Flu binding are not dependent on added Ca²⁺ or ATP in Heliothis and Agrotis whereas the other radioligand-receptor combinations are usually enhanced by Ca²⁺ and ATP. More generally, there are species differences in the Ry, Chlo and Flu binding sites of the RyR that may confer selective toxicity and determine target site cross resistance mechanisms.     

Increased resistance to Verticillium dahliae in Arabidopsis plants defective in auxin signalling

Auxin signalling and transport participate in plant–microbe interactions as positive or negative regulators of disease resistance. The present study investigated the responses of Arabidopsis thaliana plants impaired in the auxin receptors TIR1, AFB1 and AFB3 and the auxin transporter AXR4, upon infection by the soilborne root pathogen Verticillium dahliae. Fewer symptoms were recorded in afb1, afb3 and axr4 plants compared to the wild type (wt). qPCR analysis revealed that the decrease in symptom severity in afb1, afb3 and axr4 was correlated with reduction in the growth of the pathogen in the plants. Therefore, afb1, afb3 and axr4 are partially resistant to V. dahliae. Upon V. dahliae infection, the expression of TIR1, AFB1, AFB3 and AXR4 was up‐regulated in roots, while indole‐3‐acetic acid levels were similar to mocks. The partial resistance of afb1, afb3 and axr4 against V. dahliae can be attributed in part to the up‐regulation of defence‐related genes, as it was observed that afb1 and axr4 had higher PR1 levels than wt, while afb3 had higher PDF1.2 levels than wt. The findings of the present study suggest that the auxin signalling defective mutants afb1, afb3 and axr4 show increased resistance against V. dahliae.     

尕海4种湿地类型土壤水分特性研究

对尕海草本泥炭地、沼泽湿地、高山湿地和洪泛湿地的土壤含水量、容重、孔隙度、持水量及贮水量等物理性质进行了研究。研究结果表明：① 草本泥炭地、沼泽湿地、高山湿地和洪泛湿地土壤含水量分别为225.13%、159.46%、179.47%、111.78%;② 4种湿地类型土壤的容重随土层深度的增加而增加,在0～80 cm土层,草本泥炭地、沼泽湿地、高山湿地和洪泛湿地的土壤容重平均值分别为0.89 g/cm³、1.17 g/cm³、1.11 g/cm³、1.18 g/cm³;③ 4种湿地类型土壤毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、饱和持水量、毛管持水量和贮水能力随土层深度增加而逐渐减小;④ 在草本泥炭地、沼泽湿地、高山湿地和洪泛湿地中,土壤的毛管持水量分别是土壤自身重量的2.50、1.51、1.00、1.78倍,饱和持水量分别是土壤自身重量的2.83、1.81、1.25、2.08倍;⑤ 4种不同湿地类型中,草本泥炭地的土壤较疏松、孔隙度大、通气性好、持水和蓄水能力强。     

Low detection of glyphosate in rivers following application in forestry

BACKGROUND

Glyphosate is the most commonly used herbicide in the world, and is used in agriculture, forestry, and urban settings. In regions with high glyphosate use, such as agricultural, glyphosate and its' major derivative aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) are frequently detected in surface waters. In Canadian forestry glyphosate-based herbicides are used to control vegetation that competes with conifer trees and are applied one to two times during a rotation, leading to infrequent application to the same area. Forestry occurs over a large spatial extent, and the cumulative application in space can lead to a large percentage of the land base receiving an application through time. To assess the frequency and concentration of glyphosate and AMPA in surface waters of a region where forestry is the dominant use sector, we conducted three monitoring programs targeting: (i) immediately after application, (ii) after rainfall, and (iii) cumulative application over a large spatial extent.

RESULTS

Across all monitoring programs we collected 296 water samples between August and October from eight river systems over two years and detected glyphosate in one sample at 17 ppb.

CONCLUSION

Glyphosate is not likely present in surface waters during baseflow conditions as a result of applications in forestry. Lack of detection is likely because soil capacity to bind glyphosate remains high due to infrequent applications to the same area, and factors that limit sediment transport to surface waters such as buffers. Additional sampling is needed during other stream conditions, ideally spring freshet, to determine peak concentrations. © 2023 National Research Council Canada. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Innovation, Science, and Economic Development.     

乌鲁木齐周围地区绿藻再报

本文再次报道采自新疆乌鲁木齐,南山八一林场,玛纳斯的绿藻４属７种３变种,其中３属４种３变种为新疆新记录 。