Microbial mineralization of atrazine and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in riparian pasture and forest soils

Microbial biomass and mineralization of atrazine [2-chloro-4(ethylamino)-6(isopropylamino)s-triazine] and 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorphenoxyacetic acid) were examined in the top 10 cm of riparian pasture soils and in the litter layer and top 10 cm of mineral soils of riparian forest ecosystems. The riparian forest litter had higher levels of active and total fungal biomass than forest or pasture mineral soils in winter, spring, and fall. Active bacterial biomass was higher in forest litter than in forest and pasture mineral soils in spring and autumn, and higher in forest mineral soils than in pasture soils in summer. Total bacterial biomass was higher in forest mineral soils than in pasture soils during all seasons. In spring, it was also higher in forest litter than in pasture soils. Atrazie and 2,4-D mineralization in pasture soils was exceeded by that in forest litter in spring and autumn and by that in forest mineral soils in summer and autumn. There was no correlation between either active or total fungal and bacterial biomass with pesticide degradation.     

不同磷水平下玉米和小麦植株亚细胞中镉的积累

Corn and wheat plants were grown in a nutrient culture solution at four levels of phosphorus (0,0.12,0.60 and 3.0mmol L^-1) and two levels of cadmium(0 and 4.0umol L^-1) in greenhouse for a 18-day period.The concentrations of phosphorus and cadmium in cell wall,cytoplasm and vacuoles of roots and leaves were examined by cell fractionation techniques.With increasing phosphorus in medium,the contents of P in cell wall,cytoplasm and vacuoles of corn and wheat roots and leaves increased.The highest content of P was observed in cell wall,next in vacuoles,and the lowest in cytoplasm.The wheat subcellular fractions in both roots and leaves hab higher concentrations of phosphorus than those of corn.Increasing phosphorus in medium significantly inhibited the intracellular Cd accumulation in both species,However,at P concentration up to 3.0mmol L^-1,the Cd content in cell wall was increased.Increasing phosphorus resulted in reduction of the subcellular Cd content in cell wall was increased.Increasing phosphorus resulted in reduction of the subcellualr Cd content in corn and wheat leaves.Compared with corn,the wheat roots had a higher Cd content in the cell wall and vacuoles and a lower in cytoplasm,while in leaf subcellular fractions the wheat cell had a higher Cd content in its vacuoles and a lower one in its cytoplasm,The results indicate that phosphorus may be involved in sequestration of Cd ionic activity in both cell wall and vaculoes by forming insoluble Cd phosphate.     

近30年江西省耕地土壤全氮含量时空变化特征

以第二次土壤普查和测土配方施肥项目采集的大量土壤样品为基础,以GIS为技术工具,对江西省耕地土壤全氮的时空变化特征进行分析。研究结果表明:1985年和2012年江西省耕地土壤全氮含量在各设区市以及不同土壤类型之间均存在有较大的空间差异。1985年耕地土壤全氮含量最高的为萍乡市,最低的为九江市,空间变异最大为赣州市;2012年耕地土壤全氮含量较1985年整体提高了1个等级,全氮含量最高的为新余市,最低的为九江市,空间变异最大的为九江市。2012年水稻土全氮平均含量较1985年提高了7.24%;无论是在1985年还是2012年,水稻土全氮含量最高的为萍乡市,1985年水稻土全氮含量较低的三个设区市分别为吉安、赣州和九江,2012年则分别为九江、鹰潭和赣州。2012年旱地土壤全氮平均含量较1985年增加了43.88%,其中丰富级水平的土壤面积比例由1985年的7.38%提高至2012年的88.16%。     

基于生态分区的1980-2015年内蒙古干旱动态

为研究内蒙古干旱时空分布特征,将内蒙古地区分为荒漠生态分区、草原生态分区和森林生态分区,选用标准化降水指数为气象干旱评价因子,对1980—2015年内蒙古降水数据进行了动态分析。结果表明:（1）1980—2015年,内蒙古草原和森林区的SPI12有轻微减小趋势,而荒漠区的SPI12有增加趋势。（2）荒漠区干旱强度主要为中旱和轻旱,草原区以轻旱为主,森林区发生不明显干旱、轻旱和中旱的频率一样。荒漠和草原区干旱影响范围主要为无明显干旱和全域性干旱,而森林区主要为无明显干旱和区域性干旱。（3）春季3个区的SPI都有明显增加趋势。夏季3个区的SPI均有减小趋势。秋季荒漠区的SPI有增加趋势,草原区变化趋势不明显,而森林区SPI有减小趋势。冬季森林和草原区的SPI有增大趋势,而荒漠区SPI无明显变化趋势。（4）春季3个区多数站点的SPI值均有增加趋势。夏季3个区多数站点的SPI值都呈减小趋势。内蒙古秋季SPI变化趋势率表现为西部地区增大,东部地区减小。冬季荒漠生态分区SPI有增加趋势的站点多数分布于西部,有减小趋势的站点多分布于东部,草原区SPI有增大趋势的站点数较多,森林区的全部站点的SPI值都有增大的趋势。研究结论可为内蒙古地区干旱的监测预警和防灾减灾提供理论依据。     

河北曲周盐渍土区土壤元素特征

研究了地处华北冲积平原的曲周盐渍土区土壤元素全量 (ST)、1∶1浸出液(SE)和土壤溶液 (SS)中各元素的浓度范围和特征 ,及其与地下水中元素的联系。土壤元素全量主要与土壤质地 (反映了矿物组成 )有关 ,只有盐渍化严重的土壤 ,易溶性元素对其全量的增加有一定影响。元素在土壤溶液和 1∶1浸出液中的浓度差异受土壤水分状况的影响。各土层元素在SE中的含量占全量的百分率 ,其平均值和变异系数在一定程度上说明了该元素的可溶性和移动性。土壤—地下水系统中 1m和 2m土层的大部分元素在 1∶1浸出液中的浓度平均值与地下水矿化度和与地下水中相应元素的浓度值之间呈显著或极显著相关 ,无相关关系的元素 ,大多属迁移系数较小的元素。文中还以例说明了不同盐渍化程度土壤 1∶1浸出液中元素浓度垂直剖面特征 ,以及与地下水中相应元素浓度的联系。     

降雨强度对三峡库区坡耕地土壤氮、磷流失主要形态的影响

揭示紫色土坡耕地在不同降雨条件下对土壤养分流失及其环境效益的影响,对于保护三峡库区水环境具有重要意义。通过径流场试验分析2010年5月1日-7月10日6次降雨过程中紫色土坡耕地的氮、磷流失特征。结果表明:大雨时产生的径流量分别为中雨和小雨时的2.34,7.59倍,同时大雨产生的径流中TN、TP含量高于小雨和中雨时,大雨导致的氮、磷流失远远超过中雨与小雨。大雨时产生的累积泥沙量分别是中雨和小雨的8.34,111.38倍。紫色土坡耕地径流中TN、TP的主要形式是有泥沙携带的颗粒态氮、磷,降雨量越大,颗粒态氮、磷的比例越高。中雨产生的径流中颗粒态氮占TN的74.9%～75.9%,大雨产生的径流中颗粒态氮占TN的比例更高,达到85.0%～92.6%。颗粒态磷是径流中磷的主要形态,大雨、中雨、小雨产生的径流中颗粒态磷占TP的比例分别为96.6%～97.7%,93.9%～96.2%,90.5%～94.4%。紫色土坡耕地氮、磷流失主要是以泥沙为载体,这在降雨量较大时表现得尤为明显。控制坡耕地氮、磷流失应着重考虑控制降雨量较大时的氮、磷流失。     

滇池流域土壤氮磷分布特征及关键影响因素研究

从流域的尺度对滇池流域非点源污染土壤氮、磷的空间分布进行了研究。结果显示,滇池流域土壤有机质的空间分布为：西山＞斗南＞松花坝＞马金铺＞宝象河＞晋城新街＞东大河＞上蒜。土壤全氮空间分布特点为：斗南＞西山＞马金铺＞晋城新街＞东大河＞上蒜＞松花坝＞宝象河。其中斗南片区土壤氮的含量最高(0.221?0.091%),宝象河片区最低（0.132?0.048%）。土壤全磷空间分布为：上蒜＞马金铺＞斗南＞晋城＞西山＞东大河＞松花坝＞宝象河。其中上蒜片区最高（0.221?0.195%）,宝象河片区最低（0.08?0.024%）,滇池东岸和东南区为高磷素区。研究认为,长期的大棚种植模式和湖滨坝平地区过度的土地利用及大量化肥投入增加了滇池流域非点污染物氮、磷的积累,这些区域中的土壤高氮、磷积累将成为滇池非点源污染来源的高潜力区,应引起重视。     

香稻品种2-乙酰-1-吡咯啉多样性及籽粒分布特征的研究

采用田间试验方法研究同一地点和时间种植、同一栽培条件下2-乙酰-1-吡咯啉在11个香稻品种间差异性及籽粒分布特征.结果表明,桂香丝糯、中健2号、清香米、泰国香稻1号R207和Texmati等5个品种含有2-乙酰-1-吡咯啉,精米与糠中的2-乙酰-1-吡咯啉含量在上述5个品种间存在显著差异(P<0.05),其中Texma...     

半干旱黄土区土壤水分垂直分布规律的研究——以甘肃省兰州市孙家岔流域为例

以甘肃省兰州市孙家岔流域为研究对象,使用1981-1983年、2011年实测土壤水分资料,利用地统计法分析了该流域土壤水分的垂向变异特征.结果表明,球状模型对丰水年不同土地利用(梯田、荒坡、坡耕地、乔木林地)土壤水分的垂向分布拟合为极显著.在平水年球状模型仅对梯田、乔木林地的实验变异函数拟合较好,而对坡面地区的坡耕地和荒坡的拟合并不显著.枯水年梯田和林地的空间变异对模型仍然有一定的吻合,而坡耕地和荒坡土壤水分空间分布变异中有较大的随机性,即使在雨季时空间自相关也很弱.不同水文年下不同土地利用的土壤水分垂向变化表现出明显的季节变化趋势,变程为1.687 ～3.404 m,在该自相似范围内测得土壤特性的变异程度基本一致.     

陕西省近50年来降水量时空变化特征分析

研究使用陕西省以及临近陕西省近50 a来的39个站点年降水数据,运用Mann-Kendall非参数检验法、累积距平法和GIS插值,分析了近50 a陕西省的降水变化趋势和降水时空分布及变化特征。结果表明:1）近50 a来陕西省降水量存在明显的波动变化,呈现“增加—减少—增多—减少—增多”的波段形态。从总体趋势看,降水序列是呈现减少趋势,减少的速率是14.59 mm/10 a。2）在近50 a,陕西省降水量在1967年和1985年出现两次突变,出现了两个峰值。3）陕西省降水量分布及变化和降水等值线分布存在明显的纬向区域差异,降水总体出现北少南多的规律;陕北比较稀疏,而陕南以及关中比较密集。4）受到季风和地形的共同影响,陕西省的降水也存在经向差异,陕北降水量呈东多西少,关中和陕南呈现西多东少的分布格局。     

近50年黄河流域气温和降水量变化特征分析

利用黄河流域54个气象站点1961-2010年气象数据,探讨近50a黄河流域气温和降水量的变化趋势特征。结果表明:(1)黄河流域年降水量变化具有明显的空间差异,总体表现为上游地区增多、中游地区减少的特点。春季上游降水量呈显著增加趋势,秋季中游显著减少,冬季全流域降水量均呈显著增加趋势,其中下游增幅最大。年内降水量显著增加的时段主要集中在1-3月和12月;(2)黄河流域气温变化呈显著升高趋势,平均最高气温和最低气温变化具有明显的不对称性,平均最低气温变化对平均气温升高的贡献率大于平均最高气温。平均最高气温、平均气温和平均最低气温全流域均表现为冬季增幅最大,夏季和秋季则为流域上游增幅最大。月平均气温显著增加的站点比例最高,月最高气温显著增加的站点比例最小,且均集中在2月。(3)全流域冬季出现暖湿化趋势,春季上游出现暖湿化趋势,而秋季中游出现暖干化趋势。     

锡林郭勒草原蒸散发月季动态及相关因子分析

蒸散发(Evapotranspiration,ET)的时空动态对理解水热对植被的影响具有重要作用。利用MODIS MOD16A2和MOD13A3月产品数据及气象数据,通过回归分析和相关分析等方法,研究了锡林郭勒草原不同类型草地近15年(2000—2014年)的ET月季动态及相关因子。结果表明:3—10月的ET均表现出草甸草原典型草原和沙地植被荒漠草原,1—2月和11—12月的ET均表现出草甸草原典型草原和沙地植被荒漠草原。荒漠草原11月ET最大,其余各类草原均在7月达到最大值;各类草原的最小ET均为5月。各类草原3—5月和10月的ET均为下降趋势,而1月、6月、7月和12月的ET均为上升趋势。春季、夏季和秋季的ET均表现出草甸草原典型草原和沙地植被荒漠草原,而冬季的ET表现出草甸草原典型草原和沙地植被荒漠草原。荒漠草原冬季ET最大,其余各类草原的ET均在夏季达到最大值。各类草原春季和秋季的ET均为下降趋势,而夏季和冬季的ET均为上升趋势。Pearson相关分析表明3—10月及春季、夏季和秋季的ET与NDVI和降水量显著正相关,与平均气温显著负相关(p0.05);相反,1—2月、11—12月及冬季的ET与降水量负相关,而与平均气温显著正相关(p0.05)。     

汉江上游近50a来降水变化与暴雨洪水发生规律

使用EOF分解、滑动平均和线性回归趋势分析,对汉江上游流域1960—2009年逐月及全年降水量变化进行时空分析。结果表明,汉江上游在近50a来,年降水量在总体上呈现出减少的趋势。各月份降水量变化以4月和9月降水量减幅最大,而6月和8月降水量则有所增加。1980—1988年是汉江上游流域气候转型期。由于大气环流形势发生变化,春季和秋季西南季风环流减弱,夏季东南季风环流增强。西南季风在6—7月中旬和9月通常会在汉江上游造成暴雨洪水,该阶段降水量的减少,可能会导致洪水发生几率减小。东南季风在7月下旬和8月会在汉江上游造成暴雨洪水,此期间季风的增强,可能会使该阶段暴雨洪水的发生几率增大。这些结果对于指导汉江上游水资源水能源开发和防洪减灾具有重要的意义。     

土壤有机硫形态分配的季节变化与作物效应

江淮丘陵地区下蜀黄土母质发育的水稻土油 稻轮作试验表明:油菜收获后土壤比试验前土壤总有机硫及碳键硫、硫酸酯和惰性硫组分含量分别下降了51.3% 、60.2% 、29.3%和73.4%;水稻收获后土壤比油菜收获后土壤总有机硫及碳键硫、硫酸酯和惰性硫组分含量分别增加了129% 、302% 、78%和203% 。与试验前土壤比较,油菜收获后土壤有机硫、碳键硫和惰性硫占总硫百分数分别下降了12.6、3.2和18.7个百分点,碳键硫和惰性硫占总有机硫百分数分别下降了2.3和18.7个百分点;而硫酸酯形态硫占总硫和有机硫百分数则分别增加了8.9和20.7百分点。与油菜收获后土壤比较,水稻收获后土壤总有机硫、碳键硫和惰性硫占总硫百分数分别增加了7.4 、6.9和7.7个百分点,碳键硫和惰性硫占总有机硫百分数分别增加了7.7和7.2个百分点;而硫酸酯形态硫占总硫和总有机硫百分数则分别减少了21.2和14.9个百分点。与同期不种作物处理相比,油菜收获后和油 稻轮作后土壤硫酸酯形态硫含量、占总硫及占有机硫百分数分别增加12.4个百分点和64.1个百分点,7.2和14.5个百分点及10.8和17.9个百分点而土壤惰性硫占总硫百分数下降9.6和13.6个百分点,占有机硫百分数则增加12.8和18.6个百分点。虽然油菜种植导致耕层土壤有机硫有显著下降,而其在水稻种植期间被逆转。因此,油-稻轮作制度是维持该地区土壤硫肥力的一种较好耕作措施之一。     

小麦-玉米轮作体系不同旋耕和深耕管理对潮土微生物量碳氮与酶活性的影响

【目的】通过研究黄淮平原潮土区两年不同轮耕模式下土壤微生物量碳氮、酶活性的差异和变化特征,为该地区选择适宜的耕作制度提供理论依据。【方法】2016-2018年采用裂区设计进行田间小麦–玉米轮作系统下的轮耕试验。主处理为小麦季旋耕(RT)和深耕(DT),3个副处理为玉米季免耕(NT)、行间深松(SBR)、行内深松(SIR),共6个处理。2017、2018年玉米收获后,每10 cm一个层次,测定了0-50 cm土层土壤有机质、全氮、速效养分、微生物量碳(SMBC)、微生物量氮(SMBN)和脲酶、蔗糖酶、中性磷酸酶活性。【结果】各处理土壤有机质、全氮、速效养分、SMBC、SMBN及酶活性均随土层深度的增加而降低,40-50cm土层不受耕作方式的影响。小麦季深耕和玉米季深松对表层土壤有机质和全氮影响不明显,但显著提高了深层土壤有机质和全氮含量。小麦季旋耕显著增加了玉米季0-10 cm土层中速效养分含量,而小麦季深耕条件下的DT-SBR和DT-SIR处理则显著增加了20-40 cm土层中的速效养分含量。在0-20 cm土层,小麦季旋耕条件下的RT-NT、RT-SBR和RT-SIR处理的SMBC明显高于小麦季深耕条件下的DT-NT、DT-SBR和DT-SIR处理,但在20-40 cm土层,SMBC和SMBN均表现为小麦季深耕处理显著高于旋耕处理,且以DT-SIR处理SMBC (67.99 mg/kg)和SMBN (45.96 mg/kg)最高。小麦季深耕处理提高了深层(30-40 cm)土壤微生物量氮/全氮值,但降低了表层(0-20 cm)土壤中的微生物熵。玉米季深松处理(RT-SBR、RT-SIR、DT-SBR和DT-SIR)较免耕处理(RT-NT和DT-NT)均提高了土壤酶活性,其中,在0-20 cm土层,RT-SBR和RT-SIR处理土壤脲酶活、蔗糖酶和中性磷酸酶活性较高;而DT-SBR和DT-SIR处理则提高了深层(20-40 cm)土壤中这三种酶的活性。【结论】在本试验期内,小麦季旋耕–玉米季深松处理(RT-SBR和RT-SIR)能明显提高0-10 cm土壤速效养分含量、0-20 cm土壤微生物量碳含量,而小麦季深耕–玉米季深松处理(DT-SBR和DT-SIR)则提升了20-40 cm土层土壤有机质、全氮、速效养分、微生物量碳和氮含量;小麦季深耕处理提高了深层(30-40 cm)微生物量氮/全氮比,但降低了表层(0-20 cm)土壤微生物熵。     

Effect of Application of Acidified Porous Hydrate Calcium Silicate and Porous Hydrated Calcium Silicate on the Growth of Rice Plants (Oryza sativa L.)

The effect of the application of acidified porous hydrate calcium silicate (APS) in nursery bed soil and porous hydrate calcium silicate (PS) in paddy fields on the growth of rice plants ( Oryza sativa L. cv. Hitomebore) was examined in 2002 and 2003. The results revealed the following: 1) Shoot dry weight of rice seedlings increased by APS treatment in nursery bed soil. The tiller number of rice plants after transplanting in both years also increased by APS treatment in nursery bed soil, and in 2003, the tiller number in the treatment with a combination of APS in nursery bed soil and PS in paddy fields was significantly higher than that in the other treatments until the maximum tiller number stage. Furthermore, the root length of rice plants 14 d after transplanting increased by APS treatment in nursery bed soil. 2) Silicon concentration in the soil solution significantly increased by PS treatment in paddy fields, and the concentration of dissolved carbon oxide increased by APS treatment in nursery bed soil. 3) Only in the APS treatment the rice yield was 341 g m⁻², while 400 and 450 g m⁻² in the PS and both APS and PS treatments, respectively, in 2003. Percentages of ripened grains in the plots without PS treatment ranged from 57 to 63%, respectively, while, those in the PS treated plots were 82%. The numbers of panicles and ripened grains in both APS and PS treatments were the highest among the treatments. Based on the above results, we concluded that both APS in nursery bed soil and PS in paddy field treatments were effective in improving the silicon nutrition and growth of rice plants, and that this effect was enhanced by a combination of treatments with the two.     

Retention and changes of soy isoflavones and carotenoids in immature soybean seeds (Edamame) during processing

Isoflavones and carotenoids in four experimental genotypes and Hutcheson cultivar soybeans were evaluated as a function of processing treatments and maturity. Total isoflavone and carotenoid contents were affected by genotypes and maturity stages (p < 0.0001). Total isoflavones ranged from 472 microg/g (in NTCPR93-40) to 2280 microg/g (in Hutcheson). Lutein contents ranged from 895 (in NTCPR93-286) to 2119 (in Honey Brown), and beta-carotene ranged from 291 (in Hutcheson) to 491 (in NICPR92-40) microg/100 g. Mean total isoflavone retention percentages in immature Hutcheson soybeans were 46% (boiling), 53% (freezing), and 40% (freeze-drying). Mean retentions of lutein and beta-carotene, respectively, were 92 and 73% in frozen, 62 and 62% in boiled, and 34 and 27% in freeze-dried soybeans. Boiling caused a substantial increase in daidzin, genistin, and genistein. The results show that post-harvest changes in total isoflavones and carotenoids in soybeans are influenced by processing methods, but genotype has an effect on isoflavone and carotenoid profiles during seed development.     

Changes in organic carbon and nitrogen in soil with metal pollution by Cd,Cu, Pb and Zn: a meta‐analysis

Organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen (N) storage in soil plays an important role in global climate change and in maintaining food security. Pollution of soil with heavy metals has occurred in many parts of the world, but their effects on soil OC and N have not been well addressed. Relevant data were extracted from peer‐reviewed journal papers and analysed by a meta‐analysis to determine how long‐term heavy metal pollution affected soil OC and N status. Plant biomass decreased significantly because heavy metals in soil decreased soil OC and N concentrations by 5.0 and 17.9%, respectively, but increased the C/N ratio by 5.1%. The largest reductions in soil OC and N concentrations were in soil more strongly polluted by metals. The changes in soil OC and N with metal pollution varied with climatic conditions. More substantial decreases in OC and N concentrations were likely to occur in polluted soil with large background contents of OC and low pH. Overall, heavy metals were linked to greater reductions in soil OC and N concentrations in natural ecosystems than in agro‐ecosystems. These results provided a quantitative evaluation of the effects of heavy metal pollution on the decrease in soil C and N concentrations and, therefore, on global climate change. Further consideration should be given to changes in the cycling of C and N in soil polluted with metals in natural and agro‐ecosystems.     

Response of Mycorrhizal Infection to Glyphosate Applications and P Fertilization in Glyphosate-Tolerant Soybean,Maize, and Cotton

Glyphosate and phosphorus (P) fertilizer may alter arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal infection rates of glyphosate-tolerant cotton, maize, and soybean in low-P soil. Microbial biomass, water soluble P, Mehlich-3 P, and acid and alkaline phosphatase activities were not significantly impacted by glyphosate or P in the greenhouse. Phosphorus fertilization decreased mycorrhizal infection rates in cotton and maize and increased shoot biomass and shoot P in soybean in 2005, and decreased mycorrhizal infection in soybean and increased shoot biomass in cotton and maize and shoot P in all three crops in 2006. In pasteurized soil, glyphosate decreased percent mycorrhizal infection in maize, increased infection in cotton, and did not significantly affect infection in soybean. When soil was not pasteurized, glyphosate did not significantly alter mycorrhizal infection in any crop. The potential for glyphosate to alter AM fungal infection in glyphosate-tolerant plants may depend on whether soil microbial communities are compromised by other factors.     

长江河口地区土壤水盐动态特点与区域土壤水盐调控研究

河口地区土壤水盐动态有丰水年份春秋季土壤积盐、枯水年份夏季土壤积盐的季节性特点,且各季节积盐的机理也不同。分析研究了河口地区不同水文年间不同季节的土壤水盐动态调控指标。分析河口区域土壤盐分的分布状况及近几年来河口区域秋冬季咸潮入侵加重和雨季土壤盐化程度加剧的状况,针对性的开展河口区域不同水文年各季节的土壤水盐调控,采取各种水利措施和农耕措施控制区域土壤水盐状况向有利于土壤改良和提高生产率的方向发展。