玉米优良品种推广重心转移及扩散的时空规律

针对审定品种在推广阶段表现差异巨大、特征规律没有充分挖掘等问题。该文结合1982-2012年玉米新品种推广面积数据,选取种植面积曾达到666 67 hm~2、推广时间大于5 a的品种,以推广时间、最大推广面积等为关键指标,从全国和省份空间尺度分类选取优良品种,发现2类优良品种:在全国推广面积大时间长、具有普遍适宜性的大品种;仅在有限省份推广面积大时间长、具有特殊适宜性的区域特色品种,分析了其推广重心转移及扩散规律。优良品种在不同空间尺度扩散方式一致,呈现2种扩散模式:1)大品种推广重心呈辐射邻近扩散;2)区域品种推广重心呈跳跃式扩散且跳跃距离较远,在1~2个省份出现空间聚集性。优良品种在不同空间尺度都具有扩散效应和重心变化,不同省份品种结构和更替无明显空间相关。该研究可为按省级建立品种推广方案提供参考。     

玉米品种抗顶腐病遗传多样性分析及其应用

经鉴定和调查, 从25个玉米品种中选择抗病性较稳定的14个品种为材料, 其中6个品种包括病、健株, 共20个样品, 进行抗病遗传多样性的RAPD分析.结果表明, 不同品种的抗性遗传背景丰富, 20个样品经PCR扩增聚类后, 以遗传距离15划分, 可分为7个类群, 同一类群内的品种在抗病性方面有较强的相似性;同一品种的健株与病株间能产生特异性条带, 且存在一定的遗传距离, 说明植株感病后, 其遗传特性会发生改变.田间试验表明, 遗传特性差异大的感病品种与抗病品种轮作对顶腐病有较高的防效, 可一定程度缓解生产中倒茬难而造成病害流行的难题.     

不同小麦品种(系)对Ar+注入的敏感性

本文就不同小麦品种(系)对Ar+注入的敏感性进行了研究。研究结果表明:6×1016Ar+cm2注入对参试的21个品种(系)的存活率影响可分为5种类型:极敏感型、敏感型、过渡型、迟钝型和极迟钝型;Ar+注入对高水肥型、中水肥型和旱地型小麦品种(系)的敏感性依次为高水肥型>中水肥型>旱地型。本项研究可为Ar+注入不同小麦品种(系)发生诱变的半致死剂量提供实验依据。     

几个新品种梨的授粉特性研究

在调查山东生产上栽培较多和近几年新育成引进的12个梨品种的植物学特征、生长特性的基础上针对红巴梨、大巴梨年年大量开花,而结果较少的问题用12个梨品种进行了多组合人工授粉,研究结果表明:在人工点授情况下,红巴梨的授粉品种依次为幸水、雪花、早红考米思、绿宝石;大巴梨为幸水、雪花、早绿、红考米思。两品种的最佳授粉树为早红考米思和茄梨。     

浙薯系列鲜食及食品加工型甘薯品种系谱和品质性状分析

为全面评价不同类型甘薯品种品质育种指标以及提高育种效率,以2005-2016年育成的13个浙薯系列鲜食及食品加工型甘薯品种为材料,分析亲本系谱,统计品种特征特性,并依据品种用途、干率等对其主要品质性状进行分组比较。结果表明,浙薯系列甘薯品种系谱来源主要是胜利百号和南瑞苕衍生品种栗子香血缘。浙薯81及其衍生品种浙薯13在作为骨干亲本时表现出理想的育种效果。从品种的特征特性来看,鲜食型品种(包括迷你型鲜食品种)具有相对较高的干率(>30%)和淀粉率(>20%);不同类型品种生薯、熟薯的糖分(可溶性糖、还原糖)含量因品种而异;不同加工用途品种类型对胡萝卜素含量指标要求不同。不同类型品种的品质育种指标应进行综合评价,鲜食型甘薯主要以食用品质指标为主,干率是重要的品质指标之一;食品加工型甘薯主要以加工适应性目标为主,需注重中高干率、中高胡萝卜素含量、糖化快等材料的筛选与利用。本研究结果为优质鲜食及加工型甘薯新品种选育的种质创新和应用提供了理论参考。     

广西现行蓖麻蚕品种茧层量性状稳定性的研究

对广西现行9个蓖麻品种的产茧量性状进行了稳定性研究,结果表明,不同的蓖麻蚕品种其产茧量性状对环境的反应不一样。有两个品种属于对环境敏感的品种,其余7个品种属于对环境不敏感的稳定性品种。     

甘肃省麦类作物对禾谷孢囊线虫的抗性鉴定

禾谷孢囊线虫是麦类生产上的重要线虫。为筛选抗禾谷孢囊线虫的小麦和燕麦种质资源,以甘肃孢囊线虫群体为测试对象,采用室内接种法,通过测定单株白雌虫及孢囊数,对燕麦和小麦品种进行抗性分析。结果表明,在供试燕麦品种中无免疫品种,1个高抗品种(陇燕3号),12个中抗品种。同样,在参试的小麦品种中无免疫品种,其中7个品种表现为中抗,包括定丰12号、西旱3号、武春8号等。可将高抗燕麦品种陇燕3号作为抗病亲本,用来培育和选择具有持久抗禾谷孢囊线虫的优良品种。     

不同株高类型杂交高粱产量、养分吸收及品质对氮肥的响应

  【目的】  生产中我国杂交高粱品种株型差异较大。研究不同株高类型高粱产量、品质和养分利用效率对氮肥的响应,为高粱优质高效生产提供理论依据。  【方法】  采用田间试验方法,供试作物为我国不同生态区具有代表性的不同年代育成的40个杂交高粱品种。根据株高将40个杂交高粱品种分为矮秆 (<1.3 m)、中秆 (1.3～1.6 m) 和高秆 (>1.6 m),每个品种均设置不施氮 (N0) 和施N 150 kg/hm2 (N150) 两个处理。高粱成熟期调查地上部生物量、产量及产量构成,分析高粱地上部氮磷钾养分吸收量、氮吸收与利用效率,测定籽粒淀粉、蛋白质及单宁含量。  【结果】  随株高增加,高粱地上部干物质累积量和籽粒产量明显增加,但对收获指数没有显著影响。施氮显著提高了中秆和高秆高粱品种的产量和穗粒数,但降低了千粒重,而施氮对矮秆品种的产量及其构成没有显著影响。同一氮处理条件下,高秆和中秆品种的籽粒产量、穗粒数及地上部氮累积量没有显著差异。高秆品种的磷、钾累积量最高,矮秆最低,施氮提高了3个株高品种的磷钾累积量,特别是矮秆品种的磷钾累积量。3个株高品种的氮吸收效率相当,为25.5%～30.4%,但高秆和中秆品种籽粒氮利用效率显著高于矮秆品种。株高与高粱籽粒淀粉含量呈正相关,与蛋白质含量呈负相关,与单宁含量无显著相关性。相同氮处理下,高秆和中秆品种籽粒淀粉、蛋白质和单宁含量相当。施氮降低了所有品种籽粒淀粉含量,提高了蛋白质含量,且对矮秆品种的影响大于中秆和高秆品种。  【结论】  不同株高类型杂交高粱品种的收获指数和氮吸收效率没有明显差别,高秆和中秆高粱品种具有较高的穗粒数、籽粒产量、淀粉含量及氮利用效率,中秆品种的氮磷钾养分需求量低于高秆品种。施氮降低了籽粒淀粉含量,提高了中秆和高秆品种的穗粒数进而提高产量,但矮秆高粱产量及其构成对氮不敏感。综合考虑产量、肥料利用效率和满足高粱机械化收获对株高的要求,建议生产中优先考虑株高为1.3～1.6 m的杂交高粱品种。     

Evaluation of the effect of germination on phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities in sorghum varieties

The screening of 50 sorghum varieties showed that, on average, germination did not affect the content in total phenolic compounds but decreased the content of proanthocyanidins, 3-deoxyanthocyanidins, and flavan-4-ols. Independent of germination, there are intervarietal differences in antioxidant activities among sorghum varieties. Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities were more positively correlated in ungerminated varieties than in germinated ones. Sorghum grains with pigmented testa layer, chestnut color glumes, and red plants had higher contents, larger diversity of phenolic compounds, and higher antioxidant activities than other sorghums. Some red sorghum varieties had higher antioxidant activities (30-80 mumol of Trolox equiv/g) than several sources of natural antioxidants from plant foods. Among varieties used for "to", "dolo", couscous, and porridge preparation, the "dolo"(local beer) varieties had the highest average content and diversity in phenolic compounds as well as the highest antioxidant activities. The biochemical markers determined are useful indicators for the selection of sorghum varieties for food and agronomic properties.     

黄瓜枯萎菌粗毒素对不同抗性黄瓜种子萌发及幼苗胁迫作用研究

利用黄瓜枯萎菌粗毒素处理不同抗性品种黄瓜,研究粗毒素对黄瓜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,结果表明:粗毒素对不同抗性的黄瓜胚根生长和侧根分化均有抑制作用,且随处理浓度增加,抑制作用愈加明显,但粗毒素对感病品种的抑制作用强于抗病品种。粗毒素胁迫使黄瓜胚根的细胞膜透性、MDA含量、可溶性糖含量增加,其中感病品种的细胞膜透性和MDA含量高于抗病品种,但可溶性糖含量低于抗病品种。在粗毒素处理36 h内,抗感品种黄瓜幼苗的PAL、PPO和POD酶活性均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,其中PAL和PPO的峰值出现在粗毒素处理12 h,而POD的峰值出现在粗毒素处理24 h,抗病品种的3种酶活性峰值高于感病品种。表明抗病品种对黄瓜枯萎菌粗毒素胁迫的抵抗能力强于感病品种。     

Varietal differences in the growth of rice plants in response to aluminum and silicon

Effects of Al (0–100 μM) and Si (0–2,000 μM) supplied singly or in combination on root growth of different rice varieties were examined under hydroponic conditions. Al addition inhibited root elongation of rice plants, and the inhibition increased with increasing amount of Al in the culture solution. Among 22 indica varieties and among 8 japonica varieties tested, IAC3 and Nakateshinsenbon were relatively tolerant to AI, respectively, whereas IR45 and Norinl were relatively sensitive to AI, respectively. Si exerted a beneficial effect at all levels of Si treatment on indica varieties, whereas Si supply resulted in a slight increase in the root dry weight of japonica varieties only at the highest level (2,000 μM Silo The alleviation of Al inhibition of rice root growth by Si was observed in the combination of Al and Si treatments. Alleviation was more pronounced for all the Si treatments in indica varieties than in japonica varieties, and the alleviation was maximum with 2,000 μM Si in IR45. The alleviation effect by Si was more pronounced in the AI-sensitive varieties than in the AI-tolerant varieties. The application of Si resulted in an increase in the contents of Al and Si in plants, and there was no relationship between the Al content and Al inhibition in plants.     

热胁迫对不同小麦品种灌浆速率的影响

为了给小麦高产稳产和耐热新品种选育提供依据,对北部冬麦区和黄淮冬麦区的12个推广小麦品种在正常及热胁迫下的产量、千粒重及灌浆过程进行了研究。试验于2014—2015年度在河北省辛集马兰农场进行,用大棚升温作为热胁迫处理,在小麦灌浆期对不同品种在正常及热胁迫处理下的灌浆速率进行测定,收获后测定产量和千粒重,并计算热感指数。结果表明,‘中麦175’、‘衡4399’、‘衡4444’、‘CA0816’和‘中麦875’在自然生长及热胁迫处理下有较高的产量。在小麦灌浆中后期的籽粒快增期及缓增期发生的热胁迫会通过影响灌浆速率显著影响小麦的千粒重及产量。根据千粒重热感指数对不同小麦品种的耐热性进行评估,发现‘京冬8号’、‘CA0816’、‘CA1062’、‘中麦875’、‘中麦895’及‘衡4444’的千粒重热感指数1,是耐热性较好的品种;其他品种的千粒重热感指数≥1,是热敏感品种。对不同品种在正常及热胁迫条件下的灌浆速率进行分析,发现热胁迫对不同耐热性品种灌浆速率产生影响的起始时间不同,耐热性好的品种的灌浆速率在灌浆后期才会受到热胁迫的影响,热敏感品种在灌浆中期即受到热胁迫的影响。总之,‘CA0816’、‘中麦875’和‘衡4444’是丰产性和耐热性都较好的品种;‘衡4399’和‘中麦175’的千粒重热感指数一般,但产量在自然生长及热胁迫下均较高;‘京冬8号’耐热性好,丰产性略差。以上品种均可作为优异的耐热资源在育种中加以利用,在育种实践中需联合使用品种的产量数据和千粒重热感指数来评估该品种在耐热性育种中的价值。     

种植密度对不同矮生型西葫芦品种冠层源库特征及产量的影响

国内西葫芦品种有矮生和半矮生两类, 半矮生品种是目前保护地主要栽培类型。试验分别以2个半矮生"东葫4号"和"冬玉"及2个矮生品种"长青王3号"和"早青"为研究对象, 研究了种植密度对大棚西葫芦群体冠层、源 库特征的影响, 以揭示大棚西葫芦高产的关键因素。结果表明: 从低密度到高密度, 半矮生西葫芦品种冠层指标的变化高于矮生品种, 叶面积指数(LAI)、源供应能力、库容量的变化呈二次曲线, 透光率的变化与LAI趋势相反, 源库比随密度由低到高呈线性变化, 最适源库比下产量最高。低密度下, LAI较低, 漏光损失大, 源供应能力、库容量、源库比都较低, 库容量小是其产量较低的主要原因; 中密度下, 不同生育期LAI较高, 半矮生品种最大为4.4, 矮生品种最大为3.3, 冠层底部的透光率较小, 半矮生品种平均为12.4%, 矮生品种为13.2%, 源足、库大且接近最大值, 半矮生品种与矮生品种最大源供应能力分别为1 169.8 g·m^-2、736.9 g·m^-2, 最大库容量分别为422.4 g·m^-2、333.0 g·m^-2, 源库比接近最适值(半矮生与矮生品种分别为2.62、1.96)是其产量高的主要原因; 高密度下, 结果前期LAI上升最快, 达到峰值后群体底部透光率更低, 结果后期下部叶片早衰, LAI下降较快, 漏光损失大, 源的供应能力成为高密度下限制产量的主导因素。半矮生品种较矮生品种产量高, 其冠层有较高较稳的源供应能力是主要因素(半矮生品种的最大源供应能力是矮生品种的1.6倍), 保护地生产应选用半矮生品种。     

花生品质对其蛋白质凝胶性的影响

为了探讨不同花生品种的感官品质、理化与营养品质、加工品质与其蛋白质凝胶性之间的关系,提出适宜肉制品加工凝胶型蛋白质专用花生品种的主要特性和评价方法,构建适宜加工凝胶型蛋白质花生品质评价模型。以62个花生品种制得的分离蛋白粉为原料,采用物性仪测定其分离蛋白凝胶性,分析各品种花生的品质特性与凝胶性之间的关系,采用有监督主成分分析对41个品种的品质数据建立凝胶型蛋白质花生品质评价模型,并用另外21个品种品质数据进行验证。结果显示,不同品种花生蛋白质在相同条件下制得的凝胶特性差异显著。果形、粗蛋白、粗纤维、半胱氨酸、甘氨酸、精氨酸、亮氨酸、伴花生球蛋白Ⅰ、花生球蛋白/伴花生球蛋白、23.5kDa等10个指标与凝胶性在0.05水平上关系显著,采用有监督主成分分析建立凝胶型蛋白质花生品质评价模型,验证模型的相关系数为0.937。研究结果表明,花生的品质特性显著影响花生蛋白质的凝胶性。花生粗蛋白含量、胱氨酸含量、精氨酸及伴花生球蛋白Ⅰ含量高的品种具有更好的凝胶性。通过凝胶型蛋白质花生品质评价模型可以预测该品种花生蛋白质的凝胶性,为不同花生品种的加工利用和专用品种的选择提供依据。     

Varietal differences in tillering ability of fourteen japonica and indica rice varieties

Field experiments were conducted to clarify the relation between the tillering ability and morphological characters, dry matter production, or nitrogen absorption among 14 rice varieties including different ecospecies with different plant types, and about the same heading time. Tiller number varied widely among the varieties and the number of tillers per plant at the maximum tiller number stage ranged between 14.3 and 39.5 in 1995 and 12.2 and 34.6 in 1996. Among all the varieties, IR 36 followed by Suweon 258 produced the highest maximum tiller number and Dawn produced the lowest maximum tiller number. The plant length and the specific leaf area, i.e. one of the indicators of leaf thickness, showed a strong negative and positive significant correlation, respectively, with the maximum tiller number. The varieties with a shorter plant length produced shorter and thinner leaves which would provide less competition for dry matter and nitrogen between mother stem and tillers and among tillers. This resulted in a higher efficiency of tiller production in the higher-tillering varieties for the same amount of dry matter production and nitrogen absorption. Percentage of productive tillers widely varied among the varieties, ranging from 42 to 73% in 1995 and from 50 to 81% in 1996. Semidwarf indica and japonica-indica varieties showed a lower percentage of productive tillers than the Japanese and tall indica varieties, and high-tillering varieties IR 36 and Suweon 258 produced the highest number of dead tillers, which resulted in the lowest percentage of productive tillers. The number of dead tillers depended mainly on the extent of competition for carbohydrates produced and nitrogen absorbed from the maximum tiller number stage to heading among tillers, although the increasing ratio of dead tillers was higher in indica varieties than in japonica varieties with a decrease in the amounts of these substances.     

中国援坦桑尼亚农业技术示范中心雨季水稻试验初报

在2011年雨季,从中国引入10个杂交水稻品种、2个常规水稻品种,与坦桑尼亚5个当地水稻品种在援坦桑尼亚农业技术示范中心进行了小规模品比与栽培技术试验。结果初步表明,坦桑尼亚5个当地水稻品种的实测产量仅有53～302kg/667m2,而引入杂交品种实测产量达555～798kg/667m2,可见中国杂交水稻品种和高产栽培技术在坦桑尼亚有显著的增产潜力。     

不同氮效率花生品种氮素累积与利用特征

氮是花生(Arachishypogaea)生长发育必需的大量元素之一,明确不同品种氮素利用特点,可为花生氮高效品种筛选、培育及节氮栽培提供依据。桶栽条件下,利用15N示踪技术,测定了19个花生品种产量、植株氮含量、氮素积累量及3种氮源供氮量等指标,并以供试品种的产量及氮效率平均值为基准,将品种划分为高产氮高效、高产氮低效、低产氮高效和低产氮低效4种类型,分析了4种类型品种氮素累积与利用特征。结果表明:1)不同类型花生品种氮效率存在较大差异,氮高效型品种荚果氮效率平均为25.0 kg·kg?1,比氮低效型品种平均值高13.6%。2)营养体氮含量中等的品种有利于产量和氮效率同时提高,生殖体和整株氮含量不同类型品种间差异不大;在植株有足够氮积累的前提下,提高氮向生殖体的分配比例是高产氮高效品种的基本特征。3)不同类型花生品种土壤氮和肥料氮供氮水平与氮效率一致,根瘤供氮水平与氮效率因品种产量水平而异;当氮效率相近时,根瘤供氮水平高,有利于产量形成;氮高效型土壤供氮比例略高于低效型,根瘤供氮比例与土壤供氮比例相反,土壤氮与根瘤氮有较好的补偿效应;不同类型品种肥料供氮比例相差不大。4)不同类型品种产量和氮效率与氮肥利用率和氮肥偏生产力高度一致,而不同类型品种间氮素生物效率差异较小。综上,不同类型花生品种产量和氮效率存在显著差异,选育产量和氮效率双高的品种不仅必要,而且可行,是未来花生节氮栽培的有效途径之一。     

Adaptability of hull-less barley varieties to different cropping systems and climatic conditions

Multilocation testing remains the main tool for understanding varietal responses to the environment. Here, Latvian and Norwegian hull-less and hulled barley varieties were tested in field experiments in Latvia and Norway in order to assess the varieties adaptability across environments (sites). Two Latvian (cv Irbe and cv Kornelija) and one Norwegian hull-less barley variety (cv Pihl) were tested along with one Latvian (cv Rubiola) and one Norwegian hulled barley variety (cv Tyra) under conventional and organic management systems. The grain yield, together with physical and chemical grain parameters were compared, and variety yield and protein stability determined. Overall, grain yield of hull-less barley varieties was significantly lower than for hulled barley varieties regardless of climatic conditions and management system. However, in the organic farming systems this difference between barley types was less pronounced. The hull-less barley varieties cv Pihl and cv Irbe, along with both hulled varieties, had good yield stability across environments and were well adapted to both cropping systems. Hull-less barley varieties tended to contain more protein and β -glucans than hulled barley varieties. Despite being bred for local conditions in Norway and Latvia, our study shows that all the varieties used may be successfully transferred across countries.     

Rice variety differences in dry matter and nitrogen accumulation as related to plant stature and maturity group 1

Differences in nitrogen (N) use by different varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) have been reported by numerous researchers. Some have indicated that N fertilization required for maximum yield differs between modern varieties and old varieties (varieties no longer in production); others have suggested that among modern varieties, semidwarf varieties require higher N rates than taller varieties. The objectives of this study were to evaluate differences in dry matter and N accumulation among modern long‐grain varieties in relation to plant stature (tall versus semidwarf) and maturity group (early versus very early), and to compare old varieties and modern varieties. A greenhouse pot experiment with Crowley silt loam (fine, montmorillonitic, thermic Typic Albaqualf) was conducted to compare old and modern long‐grain varieties at 52 days after sowing. Based on the results of the pot experiment, three varieties each from six variety groups (old varieties, modern medium‐grain varieties, and four groups of modern long‐grain varieties) were planted in the field on Crowley silt loam soil. Each variety was fertilized with three preflood N levels (0, 67, and 135 kg N ha^‐1). Plants were harvested 49 days after sowing and 25 days after 50% heading. Old and modem long‐grain varieties did not differ in total N accumulation at any N level. However, long‐grain varieties produced more grain than the old varieties at all N levels, and among long‐grain varieties, semidwarf varieties produced more grain than tall varieties when 135 kg N ha^‐1 were applied. Early and very early varieties did not differ in total N accumulation or grain yield. Varieties that produced a higher grain yield did so by partitioning more N to grain than straw. Modern medium‐grain varieties accumulated more N than old and long‐grain varieties and produced more grain with both 67 and 135 kg N ha^‐1. Medium‐grain varieties had a higher harvest index and physiological efficiency than old varieties but did not differ from long‐grain varieties. This suggests that medium‐grain varieties also partition more of their N into grain than straw and possibly are able to absorb more N from soil than old or long‐grain varieties.     

Phenotypic diversity and evolution of farmer varieties of bread wheat on organic farms in Europe

The contribution of farmers to the creation and maintenance of genetic diversity is beginning to receive more recognition in developed countries. Although the use of landraces and historic varieties has largely disappeared in countries with industrialized agricultural systems and formal seed markets, certain varieties with particular cultural significance have been continuously cultivated by farmers and other varieties have been preserved ex situ in genebanks. Recently, associations of organic farmers have become involved in the conservation and use of landraces and historic varieties (called farmer varieties in this article) because these varieties possess agronomic and quality traits that they have not found in modern varieties. In this study, eight farmer varieties of bread wheat from Europe selected by participating farmers were evaluated in on-farm trials during 3 years of cultivation. Each variety was grown on each farm, and phenotypic changes in each variety were measured the third year in a replicated split-plot trial on each farm comparing the version of each variety the farmer had multiplied to a sample of each variety from the region of origin. All varieties, including the two modern pureline varieties used as checks, showed statistically significant phenotypic changes over 3 years of multiplication. However, the magnitude of these changes was moderate and did not call into question varietal identity or distinctness. In addition, some traits of putative agronomic and adaptive importance, such as grain weight per spike and thousand kernel weight, did not respond positively to natural selection (environmental conditions and management practices) which suggests the necessity of farmer selection to maintain and improve varietal performance.