新疆短合植物根系特征与立地条件的关系

对早春短命植物根系和立地条件的研究表明：早春短命植物的根系大都分布在土壤浅层;４月份是其根系发育的主要阶段。生境条件对短命植物根系的分布有明显影响;同种植物的根系类型会随生境条件的改变而变化。土壤类型和土壤水分条件是环境因子中影响根系发育及根系类型分布的主要因素。     

扎龙湿地水体的富营养化特征及综合评价

通过野外调查和室内分析,探讨了近年扎龙湿地的水体富营养化特征及其发展趋势。结果表明扎龙湿地的水质富营养化严重:各项指标(除CODMn外)的含量最高的时期都为Ⅴ级水质标准;另外,湿地的水质在空间上存在明显的差异。农业活动较频繁的地区的水质污染最重,扎龙湿地富裕以及林甸地区所属的湿地边缘的CODMn高达200ug/L,TP含量最高超过1000ug/L。应用幂函数加和型(EI)以及改进型营养状态指数模型(TSIm)对扎龙湿地水体富营养化进行综合评价表明,两种模型评价的结果存在模型的线性相关关系。扎龙湿地水体富营养化程度较高,大部分属于(重)富营养化甚至达到极富营养化程度,并且近20年来扎龙湿地水体富营养化程度整体上呈现恶化的趋势。     

Laboratory studies on the growth and reproduction of Cladosporium allii-cepae, the cause of leaf blotch of onion

Cladosporium allii-cepae is a slow-growing pathogen of onion which, on malt extract agar, had a mean colony diameter of 2.7 cm after 28 days at 16°C. Growth and reproduction were greatest on malt onion leaf agar and were poor on synthetic media. The optimum and maximum temperatures for growth were 20 and 28°C, respectively. Sporulation was most abundant at 10–15°C. The fungus grew poorly in buffered Czapek Dox medium at pH 2.2–7.8 and most growth was recorded at pH 6.5. Sporulation was enhanced by exposure of colonies to near ultraviolet light.
A large proportion of spores germinated in distilled water and at 100% r.h. In distilled water germination was greatest at 15–20° and in air at 100% r.h. at 20°C. Of 10 fungicides tested, fentin hydroxide, fentin acetate/maneb and iprodione were the most effective in inhibiting spore germination, growth and reproduction of the fungus.     

农药对蚯蚓的生长和繁殖毒性及其在生态风险评价中的应用

蚯蚓占了陆生无脊椎生物生物量的绝大部分,是农田生态系统土壤物质循环中的重要一环,且蚯蚓对某些污染物比许多其它土壤动物更为敏感,是陆生生态系统中土壤农用化学品污染的理想指示生物。死亡率是最常用于评估化学品对蚯蚓毒性的参数,但大多数情况下蚯蚓死亡率变化对农用化学品暴露并不敏感,因此急性毒性测试结果并不能为评估化学品对蚯蚓种群危害提供最敏感的风险预测。因此,研究更多可应用于土壤污染评价的蚯蚓生物标志物十分有意义,可对保护整个土壤动物区系的安全阈值设定提供参考。本文从蚯蚓常用毒理学研究方法入手,重点综述了农药对蚯蚓的生长和繁殖毒性效应以及相关毒理学测试指标在农药土壤生物风险评价中的应用,并讨论了影响蚯蚓生态毒理学测试结果的各项因素,最后对该领域未来研究提出了展望和建议。     

The influence of citrus rootstocks on the relationship between the mite Brevipalpus phoenicis and citrus leprosis disease

BACKGROUND: Leprosis is one of the most serious citrus plant diseases. Leprosis‐affected plants, especially sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck], which is the most widely cultivated citrus fruit worldwide, show reduced photosynthetic capacity and severe defoliation. The aim was to evaluate the relationship between the Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) vector mite and citrus leprosis disease in Pera sweet orange plants grafted on different rootstocks. Data were analysed using numerical classification and conventional statistical analysis (ANOVA). RESULTS: Both viruliferous and non‐viruliferous B. phoenicis populations increased in number on plants maintained at low soil water content. Among the evaluated rootstocks, Sunki mandarin proved least favourable for mite population increase. Furthermore, the viruliferous mite population increased more rapidly than the non‐viruliferous mite population. CONCLUSION: The Cleopatra rootstock showed low variability in leaf nitrogen content, low mite number and low leprosis severity, thereby producing the most favourable results. Under appropriate moisture conditions, the Sunki rootstock produced the best results, showing the least severe leprosis. Rangpur lime rootstock grown in soil with varying water content showed the greatest variation in foliar nitrogen content, mite number and severity of leprosis and is considered to be the most difficult rootstock to manage. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

科尔沁沙地70种草本植物个体和构件生物量比较研究

比较分析了科尔沁沙地70种草本植物盛花期时的个体和构件生物量特性。结果表明:43种植物个体生物量小于5.0 g,大部分物种根、茎、叶、花等构件的生物量均小于2.0 g,62种植物的根冠比小于1,说明70种草本植物中的大部分物种以地上生物量为主,只有少数物种具有较发达的地下根系。植物各构件生物量之间呈显著正相关,对个体生物量的贡献率为:茎>叶>根>花。多年生和1~2年生物种的个体生物量以及各构件生物量均无显著差异,但1~2年生物种的茎和地上生物量对个体生物量的贡献率显著高于多年生物种,而多年生物种的地下生物量对个体生物量的贡献率显著高于1~2年生物种,不同构件对生物量贡献率的差异有利于不同生活型植物的种群扩散和繁衍。     

不同寄主植物叶片对棉铃虫的生物学和营养效应比较

在用棉花、大豆、花生功能叶饲养棉铃虫幼虫的基础上,测定各寄主功能叶的营养成分、木质素和纤维素含量,研究棉铃虫在取食不同寄主叶片后的生物学和营养效应。结果表明：1、取食棉花叶的生物学效应较好,取食花生叶的幼虫成活率下降,取食大豆叶的幼虫体重偏轻;2、取食棉花叶的营养效应较好,大豆叶最次;3、棉铃虫幼虫的食物转化率和食物利用率以棉花叶最高,棉铃虫嗜食棉花叶,在3种作物田同时存在的情况下,棉田被害最重。     

Prevalence and pathogenicity of spinach root pathogens of the genera Aphanomyces, Phytophthora, Fusarium, Cylindrocarpon, and Rhizoctonia in Sweden

In a 4-year disease survey in commercial spinach fields, pathogens were isolated from spinach root pieces placed on selective agar media. Aphanomyces cladogamus was the most abundant pathogen, followed by Phytophthora. cryptogea and Fusarium oxysporum. Rhizoctonia solani was found only occasionally. Other pathogens isolated were F. redolens, F. sambucinum and Cylindrocarpon destructans. P. cryptogea was the most severe pathogen, causing death of most plants, but A. cladogamus also caused severe root damage. Isolates of F. oxysporum ranged from highly pathogenic, i.e. P. oxysporum f.sp. spinaciae race 1. to moderately pathogenic and non-pathogenic, Rhizoctonia solani isolates also varied widely in their pathogenicity. Only a small number of the F. redotens and F. sambucinum isolates were pathogenic and most C. destructans isolates were weakly pathogenic. Isolation frequencies were relatively stable from year to year, but P. cryptogea was isolated more frequently in autumn than in spring. No clear relationships were found between pathogen prevalence and disease severity index of surveyed field plants, between pathogen prevalence and plant developmental stage, or between prevalence of the different pathogens isolated.     

广西玉米纹枯病菌培养性状及其致病力研究

从广西玉米主产区的8个县市秋玉米的纹枯病病株中分离出8个玉米纹枯病菌株,经生物性状的观察和菌丝融合群测定表明,它们都属于立枯丝核菌AGk-1-IA融合群;腐生定殖能力和致病力测定表明,菌株GX4、GX1的腐生定殖能力和致病力最强。     

拉萨城市大气污染现状及防治对策

青藏高原是全球气候变化的晴雨表,拉萨作为这片高原上的重要城市之一,它的大气污染无疑将成为青藏高原的直接污染源,因此对拉萨城市大气污染状况的关注和研究,显得尤为重要。本文较全面地总结了拉萨城市大气污染现状,系统分析了大气污染形成原因,并结合拉萨的实际探讨几点防治措施以供参考。     

从新疆的资源、环境特点看新疆区域经济可持续发展战略

可持续发展战略是我们当代社会经济与社会发展的唯一选择。从总体上看,新疆的自然资源与环境具有资源丰富与环境脆弱两大根本特点。这种资源与环境上的根本特点决定了新疆实行循环经济发展模式对于贯彻经济可持续发展战略具有特别重要的意义。     

取食不同寄主的小菜蛾对呋喃威和巴丹敏感性变化

取食不同寄主植物的小菜蛾３龄幼虫对呋喃威和巴丹的敏感性发生了变化。其中取食萝卜的小菜蛾最为敏感，其次为甘蓝、菜心、白菜和西洋菜，取食花椰菜的最不敏感。但用不同寄主植物饲养小菜蛾１个世代后，统一用菜心饲养至３龄，再分别用上述药剂测定，其结果敏感性差异不明显。     

影响松林生态系统健康和活力的原因及其维护途径

健康的森林具有较好的自我调节并能保持其系统的稳定性,最大、最充分地持续发挥其经济、生态和社会效益。影响松林生态系统健康的原因是多方面的,本文重点从生态学角度,提出维护、保持、恢复、建立和发展健康的松林生态系统的途径和方法。     

秦岭南北地区人口增长对水资源影响的比较研究

采用近30年来(1970-2000)关中地区33个县市、陕南地区26个县市气象观测数据及研究区内各主要县市的近50年来(1949-2000)人口数据,对比分析了人口增长对秦岭南北地区水资源的影响。分析表明近50年来,关中地区每年平均增长人口27.1万人,陕南地区每年增长人口8.9万人,关中地区人口总数和增长速率分别是陕南地区的2倍和3.5倍;关中地区和陕南地区的人均水资源量变化都呈现出下降的趋势,关中地区的下降速率为每年2.1%,陕南地区下降的速率为1.4%;从时间上看,关中地区90年代与60年代相比,人均水资源量减少了46.5%,陕南地区90年代与60年代相比,人均水资源量减少了16.5%;从空间上看,关中地区主要缺水区域位于渭河的中下游,大部分地区人均水资源量在1,400m3以下,而陕南地区只有汉中水资源受人类影响较大人均水资源量在1,400m3以下,其他县市水资源仍然很丰富,人均水资源量在2,800m3以上。由于人口增长迅速,关中地区的水资源较陕南地区在时间和空间上都存在严重的缺乏,前景不容乐观。因此,从人口和水资源两方面考虑陕南地区是支持关中经济发展的重要后方。     

狗牙花叶枯病病原菌分离鉴定

狗牙花叶枯病是江西农业大学花圃重要病害之一。本文按照柯赫氏法则对狗牙花叶枯病病原进行了分离鉴定，鉴定结果为胶孢炭疽菌（Colletotrichum gloeosporioides(Penz.)Sacc.).     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌TS-1203生防制剂中助剂和载体的筛选及配方优化

为研发高效低毒的苹果树腐烂病生防制剂,采用菌丝生长速率法分别研究了不同表面活性剂、防腐剂、紫外保护剂和载体在不同浓度下对解淀粉芽孢杆菌TS-1203菌株生长及其抑菌活性的影响。助剂筛选结果表明:TS-1203的最适表面活性剂为吐温-80,其质量分数为0.50%、培养48 h时,对苹果树腐烂病菌的抑制率为88.90%,与对照无显著差异;最适防腐剂为柠檬酸三钠,其质量分数为0.10%、培养48 h时,对苹果树腐烂病菌的抑制率为93.39%,显著高于对照;最适紫外保护剂为木质素磺酸钠,其质量分数为0.50%、培养48 h时,对苹果树腐烂病菌的抑制率为84.18%,显著高于对照。采用响应面法对TS-1203生防制剂的最佳助剂条件进行了优化,得其最佳配比为:65 mL发酵液中分别加入650 μL吐温-80、164.58 mg柠檬酸钠及308.12 mg木质素磺酸钠,在此条件下,TS-1203菌剂对苹果树腐烂病菌的抑制率最高,达84.78%。载体筛选结果表明,硅藻土对TS-1203菌株生长促进作用最强,但易分层;海藻酸钠对该菌株生长抑制作用最强;有机膨润土为最佳载体。     

Entomopathogenic nematodes for the management of Agrotis ipsilon: effect of instar, nematode species and nematode production method

BACKGROUND: Previous laboratory studies have indicated the potential of some entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) species for the control of larvae of the black cutworm (BCW). To determine the most promising EPN species and the most susceptible BCW stages, a more in‐depth evaluation of seven EPN species against different BCW instars was carried out, the efficacies of in vitro‐ and in vivo‐produced EPNs were compared and the suitability of BCW instars for EPN reproduction was examined. RESULTS: Heterorhabditis megidis was the most virulent species, irrespective of larval stage in small arenas, followed most often by H. bacteriophora. In pots with grass, Steinernema carpocapsae tended to be the most virulent species, followed by H. bacteriophora, H. megidis and S. riobrave. Fourth and/or fifth instars were the most susceptible stages to most EPN species, and pupae the least susceptible. Furthermore, H. bacteriophora, H. megidis and S. carpocapsae successfully reproduced in fifth and sixth instars and pupae. In vivo‐produced H. megidis and S. carpocapsae controlled fifth instars better than the corresponding in vitro‐produced products; production method did not affect H. bacteriophora and S. riobrave efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: Several in vitro‐produced commercial EPN strains were highly virulent to BCW and warrant further testing under field conditions, along with some in vivo‐produced strains. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Use of Selenate-Resistant Strains as Markers for the Spread and Survival of Botrytis cinerea Under Greenhouse Conditions

ABSTRACT Botrytis cinerea marked strains combining traits of fungicide resistance or sensitivity (carbendazim, iprodione) with resistance to selenate were created and assessed for use in studying the dispersal of B. cinerea and its survival inside plant tissue under greenhouse conditions. Marked strains differed in their ability to cause lesions and to disperse in the greenhouse. A strain that was the most aggressive in infecting plants was also the most successful in spreading across the greenhouse. Following 7 to 14 days of exposure to marked inoculum, about 90% of plants showed quiescent B. cinerea infection with no significant difference between hosts or seasons. However, in a warm season, most of the plants were infected with wild-type B. cinerea, whereas most of the winter-recovered B. cinerea strains were of the marked phenotype, showing the importance of local inoculum from within the glasshouse in winter. The air of the greenhouse contained the same population of marked B. cinerea in warm and in cold periods, whereas the total population was significantly higher in summer. In the warm season, mycelium of B. cinerea inside plant debris lost viability within 3 to 4 months, whereas it stayed viable for 4 months in the winter (December to March) and started to lose viability in April.     

Surfactants and the uptake and movement of paraquat in plants

Surfactants are still considered to be agents which either increase spray coverage of leaves with herbicidal solutions and/or increase herbicide penetration into the leaves. Experiments where the method of application largely eliminates leaf wetting as a factor in paraquat uptake show that this is an over-simplification. Its efficiency in the plant is influenced by penetration and most of all by the degree of movement down the plant into untreated leaves. Results on the uptake, movement and biological activity of paraquat are reported using cocksfoot and wheat. A relation is found between paraquat movement and the hydrophilic nature of the surfactant. It moves most when the number of ethylene oxide residues is less than six and it is minimal when the number is 10 to 15. Leaf penetration, however, is at a maximum when movement under the influence of surfactant is least. Partition studies in which surfactants are distributed between leaf wax and water are described. There is a direct correlation between the degree of partition of the surfactant into the wax and the degree of movement of paraquat in cocksfoot and wheat. Surfactants are essential components of a paraquat formulation to wet the leaf surface and increase penetration but, when the surfactant also penetrates into the leaf, it reduces the mobility of paraquat and hence its efficiency.     

Diversity of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae on susceptible and resistant rice lines in bacterial blight hot spot areas of the Philippines

European Journal of Plant Pathology - Rice bacterial blight is caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), which is one of the most common diseases in most rice-growing countries. The study aims...