酵母发酵鸡、牛粪饲料的研制及其经济价值的研究

以５４株饲料与食用酵母菌株为原始株，在粪水梯度培养基中，经４５代的驯化和紫外线、亚硝酸盐诱变，选育出适应于鸡、牛粪为基料而快速繁殖的新的酵母菌株。用驯化酵母菌发酵鸡粪为基料的酵母料的蛋白质含量为（１７．９６±１．１６）％；以牛粪为基料的酵母料的蛋白质含量为（１４．８９±１．３３）％。１５０头猪分３组饲喂，以鸡、牛粪为基料的酵母料组均比猪的配合料组成本低１／３，成本利润率是配合料的３．８倍（Ｐ＜０．０１），产值利润率是配合料组的２．８倍（Ｐ＜０．０１），效益显著     

饲养密度和玩具对育肥猪生产性能、行为和生理指标的影响

为研究饲养密度和玩具对育肥猪生产性能、行为和生理指标的影响及其交互作用,确定育肥阶段适宜饲养密度范围。该研究基于中国相关标准和生产实际,采用3×2双因素设计（3个饲养密度水平×有/无玩具）,分别设置0.75、1.05和1.35 m2/头密度水平,在各饲养密度水平下设置玩具组和空白组。结果表明,1.35 m2/头饲养密度下,猪的日均质量增长量显著高于其他密度水平,料重比显著低于0.75 m2/头组（P<0.05）;随着密度升高,猪只在群体稳定期的躺卧和饮水时长减少,采食和其他行为时长增加（P<0.05）,猪只体表温度、血清皮质醇和炎性细胞因子浓度均明显升高（P<0.05）。设置玩具能够增加猪只在圈栏内行为多样性,有效减少饮水消耗和异常行为（P<0.01）,显著降低血清IgG和炎性细胞因子浓度（P<0.05）,有利于增加采食量和质量增长。饲养密度和玩具在影响育肥猪耗水量、躺卧和采食行为上具有显著的交互作用（P<0.05）。基于试验结果和国内外研究分析,认为在提供福利设施条件下,1.05～1.35 m2/头的密度范围在发挥育肥猪生产性能、提升福利水平和质量效益方面效果更优。     

冬季肉牛加热饮水围栏育肥模式适用性分析

为研究冬季中国西北地区肉牛加热饮水条件下围栏育肥模式的适用性,该研究实测了加热水围栏育肥（平均饮水温度：（20.58±0.91）℃）和常温水舍内育肥（平均饮水温度：（7.20±1.70）℃）2种模式下的相关环境指标,并计算环境温湿指数（Temperature Humidity Index, THI）、风冷指数（Wind Chill Index, WCI）、综合气候指数（Comprehensive Climate Index, CCI）和冷应激指数（Cold Stress Index, CSI）,探究两种育肥模式对肉牛生长性能的影响。结果表明：与常温水舍内育肥相比,加热水围栏育肥的环境温度、湿度和有害气体浓度均显著降低（P<0.05）,风速显著升高（P<0.05）、THI、WCI和CCI显著降低（P<0.05）,CSI显著升高（P<0.05）。此外,加热水围栏育肥肉牛的平均日增质量为（1.40±0.39）kg/d,显著高于常温水舍内育肥组的（1.14±0.47）kg/d（P<0.05）,加热水围栏育肥肉牛的日采食质量与日增质量比为8.83±3.63,显著低于常温水舍内育肥组的12.11±6.34（P<0.05）,且建筑成本较常温水舍内育肥降低37.78%。综上所述,冬季采用加热水围栏育肥模式能够显著提高肉牛生长性能,并节约建筑成本。     

农业生物技术学报

研究了生物频谱辐射对小鼠桑椹胚玻璃化冷冻后体内外发育的影响，并采用荧光染色法对经生物频谱辐射前后的胚胎进行囊胚细胞计数，以评估生物频谱对冷冻损伤的恢复程度。结果表明在EFS40 玻璃化溶液中处理1min一步法冷冻保存的胚胎，解冻后经生物频谱辐射，其发育率由对照组的54％提高到98％，差异极显著（P< 0.01）。冷冻胚胎辐射后移植于同期化处理的受体子宫中，妊娠率和产仔率与对照组相比差异均不显著（40％∶56％；50％∶42％）（P> 0.05）。将新鲜胚、经辐射的新鲜胚、冷冻胚、冷冻后经生物频谱照射共四组胚胎，用 H33342 染色，证实冷冻后胚胎的囊胚细胞数与对照组（新鲜胚）相比显著减少（24±3.4∶52±5.4）（ P< 0.01）。解冻后的胚胎经生物频谱辐射后，其囊胚细胞数显著高于不加辐射组（35±5.624±3.4）（P< 0.01）。另外，新鲜胚胎用生物频谱辐射后，其囊胚细胞数（49±3.1） 与对照组相比无显著差异（P> 0.05）。     

健康与患病河蟹池塘底泥微生物群落特征差异分析

本研究采集了江苏省扬中地区健康与患病河蟹池塘表层(0-5 cm)和深层(5-10 cm)的底泥,分析了不同池塘底泥的微生物群落特征和主要影响因子。结果表明,患病组底泥的pH（7.77±0.11）和总钾（1.78±0.11）显著低于健康组的pH（7.91±0.05）和总钾（1.95±0.13）,而水溶性盐总量（1.50±0.23）显著高于健康组（1.05±0.19）。在0-10cm深度范围的底泥中,健康组深层微生物多样性（Shannon）显著高于表层（P<0.05）,而患病组表层和深层的微生物丰富度（Ace和Chao）、多样性（Shannon）均显著高于表层（P<0.05）。两种池塘底泥微生物中的优势菌群均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、绿湾菌门(Chloroflexi)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)。两种池塘存在包括芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)在内的多种差异菌群。RDA分析结果表明,总氮是影响河蟹池塘底泥微生物群落的主要环境因子。此外,决定健康池塘底泥微生物群落的环境因子还有水溶性盐、碳酸钙和总硫,而决定患病池塘底泥微生物群落的环境因子为有机质和pH。因此,底泥中芽孢杆菌和pH等可能是潜在影响河蟹健康的关键因素。本研究结果可为养殖河蟹池塘的微生态调控提供理论参考。     

妊娠猪舍氨气及氧化亚氮浓度测定与排放通量的估算

在北京选择一典型猪场，对不同季节妊娠舍的氨气及氧化亚氮浓度进行了为期1年的试验测定，并根据二氧化碳平衡原理，对猪场不同生长阶段的妊娠猪含氮气体的排放通量进行了估算。结果表明：冬季2004年11月氨气和氧化亚氮的平均浓度分别为11.64±4.36，（1.17±0.2）mg／m³，夏季7月舍内氨气和氧化亚氮的平均浓度分别为3.31±2.67，（0.6±0.02）mg／m³；妊娠猪饲养期间的氨气排放通量为每头（185.2～500.8）mg／h，氧化亚氮为（3.85～35.93）mg／h。     

规模化猪场固体粪便收集系数与成分测定

为初步探讨规模化猪场不同饲养阶段固体粪便的实际收集量，该文选择北京一典型规模化猪场，定期对采用干清粪工艺的保育猪、育肥猪、妊娠母猪和分娩母猪的固体粪便日收集系数进行测量和相关成分测定，为估算规模化猪场固体粪便收集量和相关污染负荷提供依据。结果表明：妊娠后期母猪，妊娠前期母猪，分娩母猪、育肥猪和保育猪的固体粪便平均收集系数分别为2.19±1.10， 1.22±0.3， 1.27±0.32， 0.75±0.26 和 （0.47±0.14）kg·d^－1·头^－1；各饲养阶段的新鲜固体粪便的含水率基本一致，平均含水率为66％；保育猪和育肥猪的粪便挥发性固体平均含量（干基）为81.8%，分娩母猪与妊娠前期和妊娠后期母猪固体粪便挥发性固体平均含量为（干基）74.4%；保育猪与育肥猪的固体粪便有机物和大部分重金属含量比妊娠母猪和分娩母猪高。     

采用压汞法研究不同冷冻羊肉冰晶结构特征

为研究不同冷冻羊肉冰晶结构特征,该文以空气冷冻和液浸冷冻2种不同冷冻方式以及冻贮3和90 d不同时间的冷冻羊肉为研究对象,采用真空冷冻干燥法将冷冻羊肉体内冰晶升华,用压汞法对冰晶升华留下的孔隙结构进行测定,并观察解冻复温后肌肉微观组织结构。研究结果表明,压汞法可有效测定冷冻羊肉冰晶升华后留下的孔隙分布特征,以此来表征冰晶结构特征。通过比较空气冷冻和液浸冷冻后冻贮不同时间羊肉的孔隙结构以及解冻复温后肌纤维组织结构变化特点,发现不同冷冻羊肉冰晶升华后孔隙分布特征存在差异,空气冷冻后冻贮3和90 d以及液浸冷冻后冻贮3和90 d的冷冻羊肉最大累计进汞量分别为2.16±0.08、2.33±0.07、1.76±0.01和2.29±0.05 mL/g,孔隙平均直径为10.09±0.30、25.73±0.91、3.21±0.46和14.45±0.64 µm,存在显著差异（P<0.05）,迂曲度分别为2.27±0.05、3.88±0.05、3.15±0.08和4.41±0.16,存在显著差异(P<0.05)。该研究结果可为压汞法在冷冻肉冰晶结构参数的测定应用中提供一定的理论依据。     

农产品质量安全生产技术对要素替代弹性的影响

为研究不同冷冻羊肉冰晶结构特征,该文以空气冷冻和液浸冷冻2种不同冷冻方式以及冻贮3和90 d不同时间的冷冻羊肉为研究对象,采用真空冷冻干燥法将冷冻羊肉体内冰晶升华,用压汞法对冰晶升华留下的孔隙结构进行测定,并观察解冻复温后肌肉微观组织结构。研究结果表明,压汞法可有效测定冷冻羊肉冰晶升华后留下的孔隙分布特征,以此来表征冰晶结构特征。通过比较空气冷冻和液浸冷冻后冻贮不同时间羊肉的孔隙结构以及解冻复温后肌纤维组织结构变化特点,发现不同冷冻羊肉冰晶升华后孔隙分布特征存在差异,空气冷冻后冻贮3和90 d以及液浸冷冻后冻贮3和90 d的冷冻羊肉最大累计进汞量分别为2.16±0.08、2.33±0.07、1.76±0.01和2.29±0.05 mL/g,孔隙平均直径为10.09±0.30、25.73±0.91、3.21±0.46和14.45±0.64 μm,存在显著差异（P<0.05）,迂曲度分别为2.27±0.05、3.88±0.05、3.15±0.08和4.41±0.16,存在显著差异(P<0.05)。该研究结果为压汞法在冷冻肉冰晶结构参数的测定应用中提供一定的理论依据。     

饲养密度对饲养环境及肉牛生产性能的影响

为探究适宜肉牛生长的最佳饲养密度,提高肉牛场经济效益,该文研究了饲养密度对肉牛生产性能,行为活动及经济效益的影响.在江西省高安市肉牛试验站选取体质量182~282 kg的杂交牛,在固定圈舍面积(18 m2)内分别饲养3、4、5、6、9头肉牛,对应占地面积为6.0、4.5、3.6、3.0、2.0 m2/头,饲养密度依次增加.由于肉牛体型较大,每个处理2个重复.结果显示,2.0 m2/头的试验组每头牛日采食量为11.90 kg显著高于其他处理组(P<0.05),但每头牛日增质量仅为1.09 kg;3.6 m2/头时,每头牛日采食量处于居中水平为10.96 kg,每头牛日增质量最佳,达到1.41 kg.随着饲养密度的增加,舍内二氧化碳浓度分别为1056.38、1108.44、1172.65、1200.89、1398.19 mg/m3,呈上升趋势;占地面积为2.0 m2/头时,舍内氨气浓度最高达3.23 mg/m3,而6.0 m2/头时仅为1.13 mg/m3;不同处理组之间有害气体浓度存在显著性差异(P<0.05).2.0 m2/头处理组1 d内站立时间(含打斗)为11.84 h,站立时间最长,脏污程度评分为2.09,体表最脏,3.6 m2/头试验组在打斗时间及体表清洁度方面均处于居中水平.综合上述指标,182~282 kg的每头牛适宜占地面积为3.6 m2,此时饲料转化率高,动物福利水平较好,利于农场取得较好经济效益.     

Effect of particle-size distribution, soil organic carbon content and organo-mineral aluminium complexes on acid phosphatases of seasonally flooded forest soils

We studied the acid phosphatase activity (APA) and its relationships with some soil physico-chemical properties along a seasonally flooded forest gradient. The soil samples were collected during the non-flooded period in three zones subjected to different flooding periods: a zone inundated 8 months per year (MAX), a zone inundated 5 months per year (MED), and a zone inundated 2 months per year (MIN). In the MAX zone APA was low and negatively correlated with the fine earth fraction of soil. In this zone, clay minerals appeared to reduce the enzymatic activity. In the MIN zone acid phosphatase had a relatively higher activity, which was positively correlated with the soil organic C content and with Al associated with the organic matter. The highest value of APA was obtained in the MED zone, and no correlation was found between edaphic factors and the enzymatic activity in this zone. However our results are restricted to a single sampling date and, therefore, they do not take into account the seasonal dynamics of acid phosphatase in relation to other soil factors over time.     

简易式工厂化循环水对虾养殖系统构建及试验

为探索低换水量的对虾养殖生产方式,该研究构建了一种简易式工厂化对虾养殖系统,试验组利用自行研发的蛋白分离器和新型集污盘去除系统总悬浮颗粒物和老化微藻,对照组不设置蛋白分离器和集污盘,进行对虾养殖和水质调控试验,结果表明:试验组平均总氨氮浓度、平均亚硝氮浓度、平均TSS(Total Suspended Solids)浓度、平均副溶血弧菌数量分别为(0.4±0.16)、(0.53±0.23)、(68.33±39.72)mg/L和(140±113.83)cfu/mL,显著低于对照组(0.96±0.62)、(1.17±0.59)、(147.14±94.18)mg/L和(661.34±473.96)cfu/mL(P0.05);试验组成活率及单位产量分别为82.62%±5.64%和(3.44±0.85)kg/m~3,显著高于对照组18.29%±4.63%和(1.09±0.23)kg/m~3(P0.05)。该研究构建的简易式循环水工厂化系统,设置蛋白分离器流量10 m~3/h且不间断运行,养殖前45 d不换水、后55 d利用集污盘进行强排污保持日换水量5%的情况下能够有效调控对虾养殖水质。     

Biocontained Mortality Compost Using Liquid Manure

During disease outbreaks, composting has been used to safely dispose of carcasses and infectious solid manure. However, optimized methods have not been established to use liquid manure (> 80% water content, WC) from dairies as the substrate for mortality composting. In April of 2007, a 3×2 factorial study was conducted in wooden compost bins (240 × 240 × 140 cm) lined with 0.5 mm plastic to a height of 50 cm. Three levels (LO, 95 kg; MED, 236 kg; HI, 606 kg wet wt.) of liquid manure (91% WC) were applied to barley straw containing a single calf mortality (avg. wt 130 kg). Compost temperature and carcass degradation were evaluated in each bin over 52 d. As an indication of compost efficiency, viability of 4 types of weed seeds (wild buckwheat, Polygonium convolvulus L, BW; dandelion, Taraxacum officinale, DL; stinkweed, Thlaspi arvense L., SW; and wild oat, Avena fatua, WO) was determined from seeds retained at the laboratory (Control) or from those placed in sealed nylon bags (50 μm pore size) embedded at 3 locations in each bin. Initial C: N ratios ranged from 58:1 (HI) to 68:1 (LO), while initial WC was 64, 52 and 42% for the HI, MED and LO treatments, respectively. Rate of compost heating and peak temperature (58.6 vs. 46.5°C) was increased (P < 0.05) for HI as compared to LO. Rate of temperature decline was lower (P < 0.05) and calf decomposition was visibly superior for HI as compared to LO. Viability of WO was eliminated by all compost treatments, but that of BW increased (P < 0.05) in MED and LO as compared to Control. Although HI did not eliminate BW viability, this treatment showed the the most promise for incorporating liquid manure as a substrate in contained mortality compost.     

5头经玻璃化冷冻保存后移植的成年体细胞克隆牛降生

2003年7月19日，经过剖腹产．一头体重60kg的足月体细胞克隆牛在青岛平度降生。随后,在7月22日至10月26日之间又产下4头足月克隆牛犊。5头均为活产。这是世界上首次报道利用“去透明带双半卵融合技术”获得的成年体细胞克隆牛，也是我国首次成功获得经过玻璃化冷冻保存后的胚胎移植产下的体细胞克隆牛。这是广西大学动物繁殖研究所与加拿大国际新技术发展集团开展国际问科研与产业开发合作的结晶,也是继1995年7月广西大学(原广西农业大学)与华南师范大学合作成功获得我国首例胚胎细胞克隆牛后，广西大学取得的又一个成果。这群成年体细胞克隆牛是采用较独特的“去透明带双半卵融合技术”克隆生产的(方法详见谭世俭等，广西农业生物科学,2003，22(3)：201～206)。体外成熟的牛卵母细胞经显微盲吸法去核及去除透明带(简称为半卵)。供核体细胞取自加拿大一头18月龄高产奶牛的耳皮下成纤维细胞。电融合前，将两枚半卵和一枚供体细胞用植物凝集素按细胞纵轴水平粘合在一起，经AC电场使细胞排序，再施于单次DC电脉冲诱导3细胞融合。重构胚采用微穴法体外培养。7～8d的克隆囊胚采用玻璃微管法玻璃化冷冻保存(谭世俭等，广西农业生物科学，2002，21(1)：1～7)。结果在批量生产的条件下，卵母细胞去核率达96．2％(301／313，N=4)，电融合率为95．7％(3678／3842，N=36)，卵裂率87．2％(3180／3645)、囊胚率42．2％(1540／3645)，冻胚率31．4％(1145／3645)。经玻璃化冷冻保存的胚胎于2002年l0月至2003年1月间分23个批次进行移植。胚胎移植30d后用超声波仪检查，确诊48头妊娠，受胎率为28．1％(48／171)。出生的5头克隆牛犊中，除1头自然分娩(2003年10月12日生)的牛犊健康存活至今(2个半月)外，其余4头在母牛发生难产时行剖腹产术取出的克隆牛犊有3头在产后不到1h内即先后夭折；另1头存活了5d。     

果蔬垃圾重复批次发酵协同制备乳酸和短链脂肪酸

利用果蔬垃圾厌氧合成中链脂肪酸（medium-chain fatty acids,MCFAs）等化学品是厌氧技术高值化的重要方向。中链脂肪酸合成通常需要以乳酸/乙醇（电子供体）和短链脂肪酸（电子受体）为碳源进行碳链延长反应。因此,利用有机废弃物连续、稳定地协同制备乳酸和短链脂肪酸是中链脂肪酸合成的关键步骤。该研究考察了果蔬垃圾重复批次发酵协同制备乳酸和短链脂肪酸（short-chain fatty acids,SCFAs）的可行性,研究了不同置换率和进料浓度对果蔬垃圾重复批次发酵产酸特性的影响。结果表明,调控重复批次发酵的置换率和进料浓度是提高生产率、改善乳酸/SCFAs比例的有效方法。综合考虑酸化产物的生产率、乳酸/SCFAs比例和碳源浓度,在70%置换率和8%进料TS(total solid)浓度条件下获得的酸化产物相对更有利于MCFAs的合成。此时,酸化产物生产率达到（5.25±0.25）g/(L·d),乳酸/SCFAs的碳摩尔比例达到5±0.3,碳源浓度达到（985±29）mmol C/L。微生物群落分析显示,乳酸菌,如Lactobacillus和Enterococcus作为优势菌通过异型乳酸发酵协同制备乳酸和SCFAs。研究结果可为果蔬垃圾的高值化利用提供参考。     

Implications of iron solubilization on soil phosphorus release in seasonally flooded forests of the lower Orinoco River, Venezuela

The microbial reduction of Fe oxides is thought to contribute with the release of P in sedimentary environments. However, secondary reactions of the bioproduced Fe(II) with P in solution, can lead to a decrease in the soluble P concentration. In this study, we examined how the reduction of Fe(III) affects the soluble P concentration, when the soils of a seasonally flooded forest gradient are subjected to anaerobic conditions. Soil samples were collected during the dry season from two zones subjected to different flooding intensity: MAX and MIN zones that were inundated 8 and 2 months per year, respectively. When anaerobic conditions were applied to soils from both zones, a clear stimulatory effect on the Fe(III) reduction was observed. However, bioproduced Fe(II) underwent secondary chemical reactions, masking the extend of Fe(III) reduction of these soils. Iron was reduced mainly during the first 15 days of the anaerobic incubation and it was stimulated by a pulse of labile carbon. Iron dissolution did not lead to an increase of the soluble P content. However, in both zones P was high and positively correlated with Fe(II), implying that soil P mobilization was linked to Fe dissolution. In the MIN zone, soluble P concentration decreased, probably as a consequence of the secondary reactions of solubilized P with other non-redox sensitive soils elements. Fe solubilization also had an effect on the activity of acid phosphatase and consequently in the solubilization of P from the organic pool. In conclusion, the P cycle in these soils is strongly coupled to C and Fe cycles.     

Does whale watching in Southern New England impact humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) calf production or calf survival?

There is growing concern about the effects of wildlife tourism on biologically important parameters in target species and/or populations. We tested whether whale watch vessel exposure affected either the calving rates or calf survival to age 2 in humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) on their feeding grounds off of southern New England, where individually identified whales have been studied intensively for decades and whale watch pressure is intense. Whale watch exposure did not correlate with either the calving rate (# of calves/# of years sighted) or calf production and survival of individual females, although a breakpoint analysis showed a slight negative trend up to 1649 min (or 20 boat interactions). In some comparisons, whales with more exposure were significantly more likely to produce calves and to have those calves survive. Logistic regressions including exposure and prey variables also failed to show negative effects of exposure in predicting calf productivity or survival. A limited comparison of calves seen only in an alternate habitat without whale watching showed similar return rates to those in the exposed area. Our data include limited suggestions that some animals (i.e., females alive when whale watching started) might be more susceptible to impacts than others. However, we found no direct evidence for negative effects of whale watch exposure, and suggest that short-term disturbance may not necessarily be indicative of more meaningful detrimental effects on either individuals or populations.     

牛活体采卵技术研究

通过对奶牛活体采卵(Ovum Pick-up,OPU)技术（B超导引法）进行研究，探讨了不同采卵负压、不同采卵间隔以及采卵前FSH处理对OPU效果的影响。结果表明：采用110mmHg负压采卵效果较好，每头次可以获得6.9枚卵母细胞，回收率为66.03%，优质卵母细胞率为68.84%；以2次/w的采卵间隔进行OPU，每头次获卵5.29±1.19枚，回收率68.65±4.19%，平均2次/w比1次/w、1次/2w可获得更多的卵母细胞；OPU前对供体牛用FSH处理，每头次获卵数12.36±2.39枚，优质卵母细胞率75.19%，与未处理组差异显著。     

Transfer and accumulation of persistent organochlorine compounds from bovine dams to newborn and suckling calves

The maternal-fetal and neonatal transfers of polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in the blood and milk of dams and in the blood of newborn and suckling calves. Calf blood toxic equivalent quantities (TEQs) were drastically increased by suckling. Blood concentrations of individual congeners were greater in suckling calves than in newborn calves, excluding octachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin (O 8CDD); O 8CDD did not readily transfer to milk but was readily absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract and remained in systemic circulation longer than other congeners. Congener concentrations in milk were correlated with maternal blood levels, and those in suckling calf blood were dependent on their concentrations in milk. These results suggest that neonatal calves absorb more lipophilic organochlorine compounds than prenatal fetuses, that those compounds that are transferred from dams to calves are associated not only with lipid transport but also with other carriers, and that the distribution of congeners is structure-dependent.