布哈河流域中上游地区水文地球化学与同位素特征

布哈河是青海湖最大的补给水源,河流的水资源循环规律及水质演化趋势,对于维系青海湖水量及水质的稳定有着重要的意义。通过现场调查并结合水文地球化学、环境同位素分析方法,研究了河水、地下水的补给来源以及各水体之间的关联程度。结果表明:海拔4 600 m的河源区降水及雪冰融水为河水的主要补给源;河谷区地下水接受河水的入渗补给;基岩山区地下水对山前冲洪积平原地下水的补给作用明显;河谷Ⅰ~Ⅱ级阶地地下水接受河水的渗漏补给,Ⅲ级阶地地下水则接受山前洪积平原地下水的侧向径流补给及河水的渗漏补给。     

新疆克里雅河下游植被与地下水埋深关系初探

于2018年选取克里雅河下游为研究靶区布置监测断面,设置2条监测带,纵向沿河方向1条样带(共11个监测断面),横向选取3个典型断面,距河道不同距离布点(共8个监测点),获取乔灌草植被长势及每个断面地下水埋深数据。通过对研究区植物生长状况、群落分布情况的分析,讨论了植被长势与地下水埋深的关系,得出:①沿河道方向,地下水位影响植物群落的分布,监测断面1～6地下水埋深较浅,主要为芦苇(Phragmites australis)群落;断面7～11地下水埋深不断下降,则以胡杨(Populus euphratica)群落为主。②在垂直于河道500 m范围内,越往荒漠方向植被盖度越小,地下水埋深越深,各长势指标分别在距离河道150 m、200 m、300 m、400 m、500 m处差异显著(P 0. 01);③不同植物的生长对于地下水埋深的要求不同,骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia)、甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis)等浅根植物更容易在浅水位下生长,胡杨、柽柳等深根植物在深水位更占优势。在地下水位较深断面(7～11)与较浅断面(1～6)植物平均高度分别为100. 50 cm和149. 38 cm,后者较前者高出48. 64%。     

利用平原水库实现地表水与地下水联合调蓄的研究——以海河流域东南段为例

海河流域东南段地下水系统调蓄潜力大,调蓄能力强,由于调蓄水源欠缺,地下水的人工调蓄研究停滞不前。研究区近年修建的大量平原水库,为地下水的人工调蓄提供了水源条件。由于单纯依靠平原水库调蓄地表水,不仅侵占大量农田,还将产生诸如水资源浪费、土壤次生盐渍化等环境地质问题。利用地下水巨大的调蓄空间和有利的调蓄途径,凭借一定的回灌工程,将平原水库蓄存的地表水回灌至地下蓄存,同时解决了地下水调蓄的水源问题和地表水调蓄空间、蒸发及其他环境地质问题,是水资源可持续利用的有效途径之一。     

新疆铁门关市域地下水氢氧稳定同位素特征分析

文中通过采集代表性的地下水样品60组及地表水样品12组，采用对比分析方法，分析了新疆铁门关市地下水稳定同位素特征及氘盈余值，并结合水化学特征，讨论了铁门关市域范围地下水的补给来源。结果表明：区内地下水补给来源主要为大气降水，且经历了较强烈的蒸发作用。北部冲洪积砾质平原区地下水主要受低山区降水及冰雪融水补给，南部细土平原区受人类活动影响较强，浅层地下水主要接受灌溉入渗补给。沿地下水流向，蒸发作用逐渐增强，d值逐渐减小，浅层地下水咸化加剧。文中研究为铁门关市地下水循环演化规律、地下水资源调查以及合理开发利用提供了科学依据，且具有一定区域特色。     

新疆三工河流域渔尔沟水源地地下水开发利用浅析

渔尔沟水源地开发利用地下水已有40多年的历史,为下游冲洪积平原222团灌区提供了稳定、可靠的水源.通过对其地下水动态资料的分析得出,渔尔沟水源地在开采地下水由小到大的过程中,其地下水埋深稳定在13 m上下;通过回归分析,得出水源地年单位地下水开采量为597.3×104 m3/(m·a),开采能力较大.在对222团灌区现状及流域未来节水战略的实施等因素分析后,得出流域水资源的高效合理利用会缓解对地下水的开发,在三工河潜水溢出带的渔尔沟水源地开发利用地下水是高效和可持续的.     

塔里木河上游水资源利用效率分析

塔里木河三条源流灌区引用地表水量已接近 70 % ,而有效利用率不足 0 .4,主要是渠系防渗率只有 10 %～ 2 0 % ,渠系利用系数 0 .39～ 0 .40。灌区从河道引水共计 140 .85× 10 8m3 ,到达农田的水量只有 5 5 .47× 10 8m3 。而且渠系、水库和农田渗漏还引起了灌区地下水位上升和土壤盐渍化。要提高源流灌区的水资源利用效率 ,必须实行地表水和地下水的联合利用 ,并修建山区水库逐步取代平原水库 ,减少引水的无效蒸发和渗漏损失 ,方可保证水资源的可持续利用和向塔里木河干流输送 45× 10 8m3 的地表水     

河西走廊水资源特征及其循环转化规律

河西走廊水资源主要以雪冰水资源、地表水资源与地下水资源的形式存在,分布于石羊河、黑河、疏勒河3大相对独立的流域水系.南部祁连山区发育大小河流共计57条,多年平均出山径流量71.29×108 m3,总体而言,近50 a出山径流变化比较稳定.走廊平原主要由8个大型的构造地貌盆地组成,盆地地下水主要接受出山河水及引灌河水的入渗补给,是地表水资源的重复表现形式,多年平均地下水补给量为42.42×108 m3.近50 a来,地下水补给量减少了17.19×108 m3,由此引起泉水资源23 a来衰减了24.6%.受构造地貌的制约,自南部山区至北部盆地,地下水与河水之间经过5个不同地带有规律的、大数量的、重复的转化过程,形成完整统一的"山区地下水-地表水-南盆地地下水-地表水(泉水)-北盆地地下水"水资源循环系统.     

邢台市地下水动态变化及其致灾效应分析

根据1985-2007年的邢台地区地下水埋深数据、近10年地下水环境质量数据以及近37年的气象数据,运用arcGIS9.2,结合线性回归法、相关性分析、5年滑动平均法等,在分析地下水位动态变化的基础上,进一步分析此种变化的致灾效应.结果表明:邢台平原区浅层地下水以0.89m/a的速率下降,年内与降雨变化同步,深层地下水...     

玛纳斯河流域地下水氚同位素研究

氚同位素作为一种理想的示踪剂被广泛用于地下水循环研究。以玛纳斯河流域为研究区,利用1953-2003年降水氚浓度恢复结果,结合活塞与全混模型得出地下水系统的平均滞留时间,并估算地下水系统的平均更新速率。结果表明:从冲洪积扇到冲洪积平原沙漠区地下水的年龄逐渐增大,滞留时间增长,更新能力变弱。不同地下水系统其更新速率差别较大,其中平原区潜水水流系统氚值最高,地下水的年龄在30年左右,更新速率在6%左右,更新速率最大,地下水更新能力最强。     

太行山前平原地下水环境演化规律研究

本文依据河北省栾城县最新的浅层地下水水位埋深与水化学等资料 ,在综合分析研究区水文地质条件的基础上 ,系统分析了研究区内地下水水化学特征和地下水埋深分布情况。结果表明 :由于长期利用石家庄市的城市污水进行灌溉 ,区内地下水水化学场已发生明显的改变 ;长期的超采地下水 ,使得本区的地下水位埋深逐年增大。地下水的水化学特征和埋深特征表明 ,在解决本区的水资源短缺问题时 ,除考虑利用各种节水措施改变目前存在的传统灌溉制度外 ,还必须考虑区内污水灌溉对地下含水层污染的可能性 ,防止污染地下水。     

Using statistical models and GIS to delimit the groundwater recharge potential areas and to estimate the infiltration rate: A case study of Nadhour-Sisseb-El Alem Basin,Tunisia

The water resources of the Nadhour-Sisseb-El Alem Basin in Tunisia exhibit semi-arid and arid climatic conditions. This induces an excessive pumping of groundwater, which creates drops in water level ranging about 1-2 m/a. Indeed, these unfavorable conditions require interventions to rationalize integrated management in decision making. The aim of this study is to determine a water recharge index (WRI), delineate the potential groundwater recharge area and estimate the potential groundwater recharge rate based on the integration of statistical models resulted from remote sensing imagery, GIS digital data (e.g., lithology, soil, runoff), measured artificial recharge data, fuzzy set theory and multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Eight factors affecting potential groundwater recharge were determined, namely lithology, soil, slope, topography, land cover/use, runoff, drainage and lineaments. The WRI is between 1.2 and 3.1, which is classified into five classes as poor, weak, moderate, good and very good sites of potential groundwater recharge area. The very good and good classes occupied respectively 27% and 44% of the study area. The potential groundwater recharge rate was 43% of total precipitation. According to the results of the study, river beds are favorable sites for groundwater recharge.     

石羊河流域的水化学特征及其地表水与地下水的相互转化

通过分析石羊河流域地表水与地下水的水化学特征,可以了解石羊河流域地表水与地下水的相互转化关系。研究结果表明:(1)武威盆地,在山前地带,出山河水入渗转化为地下水;溢出带地下水以泉的形式转化为地表水;进入细土平原后,河水又补给地下水;在农灌区引河水又通过田间入渗反补地下水。(2)民勤盆地,地下水主要通过引水灌溉和河水补给。     

海河流域平原浅层地下水位持续下降动因与效应

本文从近几十年来海河流域降水量变化、山前拦蓄地表水和超采地下水三个方面 ,阐述了山前平原浅层地下水位持续下降的动因 ,揭示了拦蓄和超采对地下水位持续下降的主导作用和气候变化的催化作用 ,探讨了地下水位持续下降所带来的四个方面危害。在此基础上 ,提出了立足大陆尺度科学规划和利用水资源 ,并尽早开展相关基础科学研究的建议     

太原盆地地下水系统水化学-同位素特征研究

太原盆地孔隙水与周边岩溶水、砂岩裂隙水有密切的水力联系。本文应用示踪元素均衡分析的方法对盆地地下水系统之间的转化关系进行了定量研究。结果表明,太原市区以北地区主要接受岩溶水补给,其补给量占总补给量的30%以上。盆地东侧大部分地区以裂隙水补给为主,其中文水东南至平遥一带裂隙水补给量最高,占总给量的60%以上;应用环境同位素分析方法对盆地孔隙水的起源与更新能力进行了研究分析。指出含水层埋藏深度在50m以内的浅层水,主要接受大气降水和地表水的补给,更新周期在60年以下,更新能力较强;含水层埋深在50—200m之间的为混合水,是深层古水与浅层现代水混合形成,与现代水交换比例在40%以上,更新能力较强;含水层埋深在200m以下的,为深层古水,更新能力较差。     

天山北麓中段地下水水化学特征及其形成作用

本文通过分析天山北麓中段地下水水化学特征,并对比潜水和承压水水化学特征的异同点,得出结论:(1)地下水化学场受到地质地貌的控制作用,自南向北呈现明显的水平分带性。(2)山前冲洪积扇区,潜水和承压水联系密切,水质好,是城市集中供水水源地的良好选择。(3)细土平原区,潜水沿河道两侧分布着一定宽度的淡水带,反映在一定程度上接受河水的补给。(4)承压水是细土平原区工农业用水的首要选择;沙漠边缘和乌鲁木齐城镇区地下水水质差,不宜利用,可采用地表水或外流域调水。(5)地下水水化学特征的形成是受溶滤作用、蒸发作用和脱硫酸作用以及阳离子交换作用等共同作用的结果。     

疏勒河流域水资源特征及开发利用存在的问题

疏勒河流域是目前甘肃省移民和农业开发的重点地区 ,也是“再造河西”战略实施水资源潜力最大的地区。随着移民范围和开发程度的迅速增大 ,进一步提高流域水源及其循环转化关系的研究程度 ,及时发现水资源开发利用过程中存在的问题迫在眉睫。本文在广泛收集有关水文、水利化现状资料和实际调查数据的基础上 ,计算和评价了疏勒河流域的降水资源、冰川资源、地表水资源、地下水资源 (包括地下水补给资源、允许开采资源、储存资源 )、水资源总量的数量和特征 ,评价和分析了水资源开发利用现状及存在的问题     

A method to estimate aquifer artificial recharge from a hill dam in Tunisia

In arid and semi-arid areas, artificial recharge is a key technology in groundwater resources management, and a reliable estimate of artificial recharge is necessary to its sustainable development. Several methods are available to estimate the artificial recharge; however, most of them require field data or model parameters, thus limiting their applications. To overcome this limitation, we presented an analytical method to estimate the artificial recharge through monitoring the water release by piezometer and analysing the controlling factors of the artificial recharge from a hill dam in Tunisia. A total of 97 measurements of water flow in the streambed recorded from 4 gauging stations were analysed. Results indicated that the average infiltration velocity ranged from 0.043 to 0.127 m/d and the infiltration index varied from 7.6 to 11.8 L/(s·km). Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis shows that the infiltration index, the stream gradient, the thickness of unsaturated zone, the number of infiltration pond, the stream geometry, and the water flow rate were found to be the main factors in determining the infiltration. The high correlation coefficients(0.908 for the number of infiltration pond and 0.999 for the stream geometry) mean that the number of infiltration pond and the stream geometry are the most influential factors. Time variations of groundwater level were used to analyze the recharge effects on the piezometry of aquifer. The analysis showed that during the artificial recharge, the water table increased at a rate of 5 mm/d and that the increase was limited to the area surrounding the recharge site. Based on the results of the study, building infiltration ponds along streambed and improving the potential of rainwater harvesting over the study area are recommended.     

GIS-based assessment of non-equilibrium pattern between groundwater recharge and irrigation draft in a semi-arid region of Rajasthan,India

Over-exploitation of groundwater for irrigation can result in drastic reduction in groundwater level in Jodhpur district of western Rajasthan, India. In this study, we used the long-term trend analysis of seasonal groundwater level data to predict the future groundwater scenario in 33 villages of Jodhpur district, assessed the impact of water harvesting structures on groundwater recharge and explored the non-equilibrium between groundwater recharge and irrigation draft in the study area. Analysis of groundwater level data from 26 observation wells in 33 villages in the pre-monsoon period showed that groundwater level decreased continuously at the rate of 2.07 m/a. With this declining rate, most of the tube wells(including the well with the maximum depth of 193 m) are predicted to become completely dry by 2050. Behavior of temporal groundwater level data in the study period(from 2004 to 2012) can be explained by different geospatial maps, prepared using Arc GIS software. Statistical analysis of the interpolated maps showed that the area with the maximum positive groundwater recharge occupied 63.14% of the total area during 2010–2011 and the area with the maximum irrigation draft accounted for 56.21% of the total area during 2011–2012. Higher groundwater recharge is attributed to the increase in rainfall and the better aquifer condition. Spatial distribution for the changes of average groundwater recharge and draft(2008–2009 and 2011–2012) showed that 68.50% recharge area was in positive change and 45.75% draft area was in negative change. It was observed that the area of the irrigation draft exceeded that of the groundwater recharge in most of the years. In spite of the construction of several shallow water harvesting structures in 2009–2010, sandstone aquifer zones showed meager impact on groundwater recharge. The best-fit line for the deviation between average groundwater fluctuation due to recharge and irrigation draft with time can be represented by the polynomial curve. Thus, over-exploitation of groundwater for agricultural crops has result in non-equilibrium between groundwater recharge and irrigation draft.     

Dynamics of groundwater recharge near a semi-arid Mediterranean intermittent stream under wet and normal climate conditions

In arid and semi-arid stream-dominated systems, the temporal variability in groundwater recharge has not been widely addressed. Various questions remain about the sources of groundwater recharge, its patterns, and the appropriate measuring techniques. Hence, the main objective of the present study was to assess the changes that might affect the pattern of groundwater recharge under wetter than normal surface water availability. Therefore, the groundwater depth was monitored near a semi-arid Mediterranean intermittent stream on the piedmont of the High Atlas Mountains in the mountain catchment of the Wadi Rheraya over two hydrological years (2014-2016) with different climate conditions: extreme wet and normal conditions. Groundwater recharge was assessed using the episodic master recession algorithm. During the two years, the pattern of groundwater recharge was dominated by episodic events and by a high seasonality from wet seasons to dry seasons. In the wet year (2014-2015), the highest groundwater recharge was recorded following an extreme flood, which deeply replenished groundwater. Furthermore, an exceptional steady state of the groundwater depth was induced by a steady groundwater recharge rate. For several groundwater recharge events, the assessed recharge had multiple sources, mainly from streamflow at the local scale, but possibly from precipitation, underflow, deep percolation or irrigation return from the upstream part of the catchment. Local recharge by streamflow was likely to be short-lived, and lateral recharge was likely to last longer. Consequently, the episodic master recession algorithm estimated the total groundwater recharge that could encompass various sources. In the future, more studies and multidisciplinary approaches should be carried out to partition these sources and determine their specific contributions. In semi-arid stream-dominated systems, different groundwater recharge patterns induced by extreme hydrological events (e.g., wet events) and various potential sources of groundwater recharge should be considered when assessing and predicting groundwater recharge.