Identification of specific fragments of HpaG Xooc, a harpin from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, that induce disease resistance and enhance growth in plants

Harpin proteins from gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacteria can stimulate hypersensitive cell death (HCD) and pathogen defense as well as enhance growth in plants. Two of these diverse activities clearly are beneficial and may depend on particular functional regions of the proteins. Identification of beneficial and deleterious regions might facilitate the beneficial use of harpin-related proteins on crops without causing negative effects like cell death. Here, we report the identification and testing of nine functional fragments of HpaG(Xooc), a 137-amino-acid harpin protein from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, the pathogen that causes bacterial leaf streak of rice. Polymerase chain reaction-based mutagenesis generated nine proteinaceous fragments of HpaG(Xooc); these caused different responses following their application to Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) and Oryza sativa (rice). Fragment HpaG62-137, which spans the indicated amino acid residues of the HpaG, induced more intense HCD; in contrast, HpaG10-42 did not cause evident cell death in tobacco. However, both fragments stimulated stronger defense responses and enhanced more growth in rice than the full-length parent protein, HpaG(Xooc). Of the nine fragments, the parent protein and one deletion mutant of HpaG(Xooc) tested, HpaG10-42, stimulated higher levels of rice growth and resulted in greater levels of resistance to X. oryzae pv. oryzae and Magnaporthe grisea. These pathogens cause bacterial leaf blight and rice blast, respectively, the two most important diseases of rice world-wide. HpaG10-42 was more active than HpaG(Xooc) in inducing expression of several genes that regulate rice defense and growth processes and activating certain signaling pathways, which may explain the greater beneficial effects observed from treatment with that fragment. Overall, our results suggest that HpaG10-42 holds promise for practical agricultural use to induce disease resistance and enhance growth of rice.     

水稻品种对水稻细菌性条斑病的抗性鉴定

选用致病力强的水稻细菌性条斑病菌Rs105对206个水稻品种进行抗性鉴定，结果表明，供试品种对水稻细菌性条斑病的抗性存在明显差异，粳型水稻的抗性一般比籼型水稻好。品种抗侵入和抗扩展呈显著相关关系（r=0.7949)。     

水稻白叶枯病菌harpin基因的克隆与表达

 用PCR方法从水稻黄单胞菌白叶枯致病变种(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae,Xoo) JxoIII菌株中克隆到编码诱导植物过敏性反应激发子的基因hrfA。同源性比较发现其推测产物与水稻白叶枯病菌菲律宾小种Pxo86的Hpa1有97.2%的序列一致性,比Hpa1少了一个-GGG-GG-氨基酸残基序列重复。基因经NdeI和BamHI双酶切后连到含T7启动子的高表达载体pET 30a (+)上构建重组质粒pHRF4,并转化宿主菌BL21(DE3)产生表达菌株BLHR4。经过IPTG诱导之后,BLHR4产生一分子量为15.6 kD的蛋白质。研究表明,该蛋白在性质与功能上类似于其它已发现的harpins,即能够在烟草上引起典型的过敏性反应,富含甘氨酸、热稳定以及对蛋白酶敏感。因此,我们把该蛋白定名为harpin_Xoo。harpin_Xoo还具有诱导植物抗病性的功能。     

利用多重PCR诊断水稻白叶枯病和细菌性条斑病的复合发生

为准确检测水稻白叶枯病菌、细菌性条斑病菌及这两种病菌的复合发生,利用软件DNAStar分析比较这两种菌的部分核酸序列,设计了检测这两种病菌的特异性引物。引物Xoo F-Xoo R能特异性扩增出水稻白叶枯病菌中一条大小162 bp的条带;引物Xooc F1-Xooc R1和Xooc F2-Xooc R2能够分别特异性扩增出水稻细菌性条斑病菌中690 bp和945 bp的条带。通过优化PCR反应条件,成功建立了多重PCR技术,可以对不同国家的水稻白叶枯病菌和细菌性条斑病菌进行准确检测,对由这两种病菌引起的复合侵染实现了准确诊断。     

水稻白叶枯病菌和细菌性条斑病菌的分子标记筛选及检测

 水稻白叶枯病菌（Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae）和细菌性条斑病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola)是水稻种子产地检疫中最重要的两种检疫对象,且同属于水稻黄单胞杆菌。本研究基于生物信息学技术构建比较基因组学算法对两种病原的全基因组序列比对分析,得到一系列能够区分两种病原的特异性PCR引物。结合简单的PCR技术及全自动DNA分析系统,我们选取了12对引物分别对23株水稻白叶枯病菌和5株水稻细菌性条斑病菌及其它相关菌株进行验证。结果获得了2对显性标记(Xoo-Hpa1和Xoc-ORF2)以及3对共显性分子标记(M568、M897和M1575)可以达到理想的区分检测两种病原的效果。分子标记的检测灵敏度从5×10⁴到5 × 10⁷cfu·mL^-1不等,且从水稻种子浸提液中也能成功地检测水稻白叶枯病菌和细菌性条斑病菌。本研究丰富了检测标记的靶位点,并有效的结合了高通量检测的手段对多位点联合分析,增强了检测的可靠性,有望在今后的植物检疫及病原鉴定中发挥着重要的作用。     

水稻条斑病菌异柠檬酸脱氢酶在致病性中的功能分析

 异柠檬酸脱氢酶(isocitrate dehydrogenase,IcdH)催化异柠檬酸转化成α-酮戊二酸,参与碳代谢途径末端的三羧酸(tricarboxylic acid,TCA)循环。然而,编码异柠檬酸脱氢酶基因是否参与水稻条斑病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola,Xoc)的致病性,我们并不清楚。为了阐明IcdH的作用,通过同源重组技术获得了Xoc的icdH基因缺失突变体(RΔicdH),并对该突变体进行了相关功能研究。研究表明:该突变体不能利用苹果酸、丙酮酸和柠檬酸,在寄主水稻上的生长能力和致病力相对于野生型均显著降低,其游动性也显著减弱; 功能互补子恢复RΔicdH的上述表型至野生型水平; Real-time PCR结果显示,六碳单糖、蔗糖、苹果酸、丙酮酸与柠檬酸能显著诱导icdH基因的转录表达;与水稻细胞互作时icdH基因受诱导表达,并受HrpX和HrpG负调控。这些结果说明:icdH基因是Xoc获取碳源和在寄主水稻上具有致病性所需的。     

利用PCR技术专化性检测水稻细菌性条斑病菌

 设计水稻细菌性条斑病菌的专化性引物,并建立相应的PCR检测体系,分别对31株水稻细菌性条斑病菌和15株水稻白叶枯病菌及其它相关菌株进行了测试。结果表明,建立的PCR检测体系可专化性检测水稻细菌性条斑病菌,而水稻白叶枯病菌和其它菌株均没有扩增信号。检测灵敏度可以达到20个细菌菌体,从自然发病和人工接种发病的水稻种子成功地检测出条斑病菌。实现了对水稻细菌性条斑病菌的快速和专化性检测。     

水稻条斑病细菌类Harpin蛋白的纯化与特性研究

 用硫酸铵沉淀、制备等电聚焦电泳、阴离子交换层析等方法从水稻条斑病细菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola,Xooc) RS105菌株突变体M51菌体破碎液中纯化出可激发烟草产生过敏性反应(hypersensitive response,HR)的蛋白类物质,分子量约为25.5 kDa。该物质与梨火疫病菌(Erwinia amylovora))的HarpinEa和水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae,Xoo)的Harpin_Xoo具有相似的生物活性和理化特性:可激发烟草产生典型的HR反应;对热稳定,对蛋白酶K敏感;RNA转录抑制剂放线菌素D、蛋白质合成抑制剂环己酰亚铵和钙离子通道阻断剂氯化镧能够抑制该物质激发烟草产生HR;该物质具有诱导烟草抗TMV的功能。据此,将该物质命名为类Harpin蛋白(Harpin-like protein,HLP_Xooc)。     

Melatonin treatments reduce the pathogenicity and inhibit the growth of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola

Rice bacterial leaf streak (BLS), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), is a prevalent disease worldwide. Melatonin, an indoleamine with the chemical name N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, is known to inhibit the growth of human pathogenic bacteria. However, the impact of melatonin on agricultural pathogenic bacteria remains poorly understood. In this study, the effect of melatonin on Xoc was investigated. Exogenous melatonin (200 μg mL⁻¹) significantly inhibited the growth of Xoc and reduced the mRNA expression level of seven cell division-related genes. Melatonin reduced the pathogenicity of Xoc towards the susceptible rice IR24. The lesion length in IR24 infected by Xoc pretreated with melatonin (200 μg mL⁻¹) was more than 23% smaller than the lesion length of the control group. Similarly, infection of IR24 leaves by Xoc pretreated with melatonin (200 μg mL⁻¹) reduced the bacterial population by 45%. The biofilm formation, swimming motility and extracellular protease activities of Xoc also decreased under melatonin treatment. Melatonin only slightly changed the morphology of Xoc but significantly reduced the mRNA expression of toxin genes. Furthermore, treating leaves with exogenous melatonin reduced the incidence of BLS by 17%. It is reported for the first time that melatonin reduces pathogenicity and may serve as a bactericide for controlling BLS disease.     

hrp基因关键调控因子HrpG在水稻白叶枯病菌和条斑病菌中的交叉互补性研究

 水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, Xoo)和条斑病菌(X. oryzae pv. oryzicola, Xoc)在非寄主烟草上产生过敏反应(HR)和在寄主水稻上具有致病性,是由hrp致病岛决定的,其中HrpG为关键调控因子。Xoo和Xoc侵染水稻途径和在水稻上产生病害症状的不同,是否与hrpG基因有关,还不清楚。本研究利用反向遗传学方法获得了Xoo和Xoc的hrpG突变体PΔhrpG和RΔhrpG,并用hrpG_Xoo基因和hrpG_Xoc基因分别互补上述2个突变体,获得了相应的互补菌株。致病性测定结果显示,PΔhrpG和RΔhrpG突变体丧失了在水稻上的致病性和在非寄主烟草上产生HR的能力,而hrpG_Xoo基因和hrpG_Xoc基因可分别互补上述突变体至野生型水平。利用GUS报告基因检测基因启动子活性发现,hrpG_Xoo和hrpG_Xoc的启动子活性没有显著差别;RT-PCR和Western杂交结果显示,hrpG基因交叉互补菌株中HrpG调控的下游基因hrpX、hpaR、hrcT、hpa2和hrpD6的表达没有差异,且III型分泌系统分泌蛋白Hpa2的分泌性没有受到影响。这些结果表明,稻黄单胞菌hrpG基因可在Xoo和Xoc中交叉互置,位于其上游和下游的调控途径可能相似,而决定Xoo和Xoc在水稻上的侵染途径以及所致病害症状差异可能与hrpG基因位点无关。     

应用数学模型模拟水稻细菌性条斑病发生动态

本文介绍了影响水稻稳产、高产的主要病害--水稻细菌性条斑病,并应用数学模型模拟该病的发展动态,直观地反映了该病的病情走势,对于分析其发展过程,及时进行防治具有重要意义.     

hrpE基因在水稻条斑病菌Hrp pilus形成和致病性中起重要作用

 水稻条斑病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzicola,Xooc)的hrp(hypersensitive response and pathogenicity)基因簇编码形成Ⅲ型分泌系统(T3SS),将致病性的效应分子通过HrpF转位装置注入水稻细胞中,从而导致水稻产生抗(感)病性,但Xooc的HrpE是否形成Hrp pilus还不清楚。本研究对Xooc的hrpE基因进行突变,发现hrpE突变体在水稻上丧失致病性和在烟草上丧失激发HR的能力。与水稻互作结果显示,hrpE突变体不能够与水稻细胞互作,其在水稻组织中的生长能力显著下降。电镜结果显示,hrpE突变体不能够形成Hrp pilus,从而导致水稻条斑病菌丧失在水稻上的致病性。功能互补结果显示,完整的hrpE基因可以恢复hrpE突变体在烟草上激发HR反应的能力、在水稻上的致病性以及在水稻薄壁细胞间形成Hrp pilus的能力,表明hrpE基因形成Hrp pilus是水稻条斑病菌分泌致病性效应分子的重要条件。     

水稻细菌性条斑病菌拮抗细菌的筛选、评价与应用研究

从江苏省南京、泰州、扬州和宿迁等地区水稻田采集水稻病叶、健叶、根围土等样品90份,分离纯化得到1173个细菌分离物,对其进行水稻细菌性条斑病菌Xanthomonasoryzaepv．oryzicola皿内抑制试验,共获得12株拮抗能力较强的细菌,其中4株拮抗细菌抑菌圈直径大于27mm。盆栽试验结果表明,12株拮抗能力较强的细菌中有4株对水稻细菌性条斑病菌防效大于50％,其中菌株Lx-1l盆栽防效达62．5％。大面积示范试验结果表明菌株Lx．11田间防效达60．2％,显著高于化学药剂20％叶枯唑的防效（51．2％和45．8％）。形态特征、理化特性和分子鉴定分析确定菌株Lx．11为解淀粉芽孢杆菌Bacillusamyloliquefaciens。     

Development of a variable number of tandem repeats typing scheme for the bacterial rice pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola is an important bacterial pathogen responsible for outbreaks of bacterial leaf streak (BLS) on rice, mostly occurring in Asia and parts of Africa. To better monitor epidemics and assess population structures, efficient tools that allow the precise identification and diagnosis of pathogenic populations are needed. In this study, we explored variable numbers of tandem repeats (VNTR) as a fast, reliable, and cost-effective molecular typing tool. Screening of three X. oryzae pv. oryzicola genome sequences (Philippine strain BLS256, Chinese strain GX01, and Malian strain MAI10) predicted 28 candidate VNTR loci. Primer pairs for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of all 28 loci were designed and applied to a panel of 20 X. oryzae pv. oryzicola strains originating from Asia and Africa. Sequencing of PCR amplicons revealed 25 robust and polymorphic VNTR loci that are shared among Asian and African X. oryzae pv. oryzicola strains. A dendrogram constructed from 25 VNTR loci indicated that most Asian strains are clearly discriminated from African strains. However, in agreement with previous reports, one strain from Mali is related to Asian strains, pointing to a possible introduction of Asian strains to the African continent. The new VNTR-based tool described here is useful for studies of population structures and epidemiological monitoring of X. oryzae pv. oryzicola.     

中国水稻白叶枯病菌毒性变异研究

 利用13个含已知抗病基因的近等基因系材料,在水稻孕穗期采用剪叶接种法对我国285个水稻白叶枯菌株(其中108个采集于1970~1992年,177个采集于2003~2004年)的致病力变异进行研究。结果表明,病菌的致病力呈现多样性。通过试验系统比较了不同时期病菌的毒性和小种组成变化。在此基础上对病菌群体毒性变化的原因进行了分析。     

辣椒疮痂病菌(Xanthomonas vesicatoria)和水稻细菌性条斑病菌(X. oryzae pv. oryzicola)的质粒及其与耐链霉素和耐铜性关系

 从不同省份收集到辣椒疮痂病菌Xanthomonas vesicatoria (XV)7个菌株和水稻细菌性条斑病菌X. oryzae pv. oryzicola (XOZ)14个菌株,进行了质粒微量制备。XV菌株除XV1外都检测到质粒,单个菌株拥有的质粒数为2~5个,大小在10~100kb,没有发现为所有菌株所共有的质粒,但XV2、XV3、XV4、XV5、XV6共享1个大约55 kb的质粒。14个XOZ菌株都含有1个质粒,除XOZ5外,其余的13个菌株都含1个约40 kb的质粒。所有菌株都不耐铜。XOZ菌株仅XOZ7对链霉素表现耐性,4个XV菌株即XV4、XV5、XV6和XV7耐链霉素。用XV质粒转化无质粒菌株,发现XV5的1个76 Kb质粒与耐链霉素有关。     

Phosphohexose mutase of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola is negatively regulated by HrpG and HrpX,and required for the full virulence in rice

The genome of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola annotates one uncharacterized gene, XOC_3841, only one ORF in this strain is annotated to encode Phosphohexose mutase (XanA), which reversibly converts glucose 1-phosphate to glucose 6-phosphate that implicates in the carbon metabolism pathways. However, it is unclear whether the XanA-coding gene is involved in the full virulence of X. oryzae pv. oryzicola. In this report, we showed that the mutagenesis in unique xanA, led the pathogen effectively to unable to utilize glucose and galactose for growth. The expression of xanA was strongly induced by glucose, sucrose, fructose, mannose or galactose at least 3 times higher than that by non-sugar NY medium. Intriguingly, xanA promoter region contains an imperfect PIP-box (plant-inducible promoter) (TTCGC-N16-TTCGA), and the expression of xanA was inducible in rice suspension cells rather than in a nutrient-rich (NB) medium and negatively regulated by a key hrp regulatory HrpG and HrpX cascade. More importantly, mutation in xanA resulted in impairment of bacterial growth and virulence in planta, and reduced bacterial cell motility and extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) production in media. In addition, the lost properties mentioned above in RΔxanA were completely restored to the wild-type level by the presence of xanA in trans. All these results suggest that xanA is required for EPS production, cell motility and the full virulence of X. oryzae pv. oryzicola.     

近年渝水区晚稻细菌性条斑病重发生原因分析及防治对策

渝水区地处赣中偏西,属中亚热带季风湿润气候地区,水稻是本区主要的粮食作物,常年复种面积5万hm2以上。水稻细菌性条斑病     

水稻条斑病细菌hrp调节基因hrpGXooc和hrpXooc的克隆和序列分析

 Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola基因文库的hrp基因克隆pUHRS138携39.3-kb大小的hrp基因片段。经系列亚克隆和对hrp^-突变体的功能互补验证,4.5-kb BamHI-KpnI为最小功能片段,该片段可使X. o. pv. oryzicola的hrp^-突变体恢复在烟草上激发产生HR和在水稻上具致病性。序列测定和分析显示,4.5-kb hrp片段中含hrpXooc和hrpG_Xooc基因。单独的hrpG_Xooc和hrpXooc不能功能互补hrp^-突变体。hrpXooc与其它黄单胞菌中已克隆的hrpX的同一性达83%以上,推测的蛋白质水平上的差别主要在32、141、164、175、213、247和357位点上。HrpX序列中α-螺旋-转-α-螺旋结构在黄单胞菌中高度保守。hrpG_Xooc与水稻白叶枯病菌的hrpGXoo同一性达96%,与X. campestris pv. vesicatoria的hrpG_Xcv同一性达87%,与Ralstonia solanacearum的hrpG_Rs同源性较低,4种HrpG蛋白质水平上的差别主要集中在22、29、115和252位点上。HrpGXooc和HrpGXcv同列比较显示,3~9和216~220区域的氨基酸序列有所不同,可能反映了HrpG蛋白在感知环境信号和调节hrp基因表达方面的差别。     

括苍山区水稻细菌性条斑病的流行因子及综合防治技术研究

仙居县地处括苍山麓，是典型的山区县。水稻细菌性条斑病 (细条病，下称 )于 1987年在本县发现，现已上升为水稻的主要病害。连晚常年发生面积占种植面积的 70％以上，一般田块产量损失 5％～ 10％，重病田块损失 20％～ 40％，且病害发生有不断加重的趋势。为进一步做好水稻细条病的综合治理工作，笔者对该病流行的影响因子及防治技术进行了较系统的调查和研究。 1流行因子分析 1.1病源 1)种子带菌是病害远距离传播的重要途径。 1987～ 1989年全县连晚细条病发病面积均维持在 50 hm2以下水平，但 1990年陡增至 3 000 hm2以上。调查分析其…