Spatial Diversity of Setosphaeria turcica Sampled from the Eastern United States

ABSTRACT Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and mating type were used to examine regional population structure of Setosphaeria turcica in the eastern United States. Of 251 maize-infecting isolates studied, 155 multilocus haplotypes were identified using 21 RAPD markers. Twelve isolates of the most common haplotype were identified from seven states and represented 5.2% of the sample. Although variation in genetic diversity was greatest within states rather than between either regions or states within regions, multidimensional scaling based on average taxonomic distances among state samples showed a close association of samples from IL, OH, IN, IA, MN, MI/WI, and NC. Isolates from GA/SC, VA/TN, PA/NY, and FL were distant from this core group that included midwestern states and NC and were distinct from one another. The high genotypic diversity, near equal mating type frequencies, and gametic phase equilibrium in samples from several states are inconsistent with a strictly clonal population. The population genetic structure of S. turcica is likely the result of both asexual and sexual reproduction. It is not clear whether sexual recombination actually occurs in the eastern United States or occurs elsewhere in tropical America and recombinant genotypes migrate to North America.     

玉米大斑病菌黑色素的一些理化性质和光谱吸收特征

 黑色素是某些植物和动物真菌病害的致病相关因子,不同来源的黑色素其生物合成途径可能不同。对玉米大斑病菌细胞壁结合黑色素和从培养滤液中提取的黑色素进行理化性质、紫外吸收光谱和红外光谱扫描测定,并与标准品黑色素进行比较分析,明确了玉米大斑病菌黑色素具有与标准品黑色素相似的理化性质。DHN黑色素的特异性抑制剂——三环唑,对玉米大斑病菌0号和1号小种黑色素的产生均有抑制作用;以玉米大斑病菌基因组DNA为模板,通过PCR扩增,得到了1,3,8-三羟基萘还原酶基因的同源片段,推测玉米大斑病菌黑色素合成于DHN途径。     

云南、贵州玉米大斑病菌生理小种分化研究

玉米大斑病是云南和贵州省玉米生产的重要病害之一。本文对2008年和2009年在云南、贵州采集分离获得的45份大斑病病菌菌株进行了生理小种鉴定,结果在云南共鉴定出12、13、3N、123、12N、13N、23N、123N等8个生理小种,其中123N小种出现频率最高,为30%;在贵州共鉴定出123、13N、23N、123N等4个生理小种,其中123N小种是主要小种类群,占53.3%。云南的大斑病菌菌株对Ht〖STBX〗1〖STBZ〗、Ht2、Ht〖STBX〗3〖STBZ〗和HtN基因的毒性频率分别为73.3%、73.3%、90%和80%,而贵州的菌株则分别为80%、80%、100%和93.3%。两省菌株的毒性随着抗性基因组合的复杂性增加而下降,对4基因组合的毒性频率分别为30%和53.3%;贵州的菌株毒性较云南菌株为高。云南的小种构成较复杂,而贵州小种的毒性更强。     

Genetic Structure of Setosphaeria turcica Populations in Tropical and Temperate Climates

ABSTRACT Northern leaf blight, caused by Setosphaeria turcica, is a serious disease of maize in temperate and tropical environments. To examine the pathogen's population structure, we analyzed 264 isolates from four different continents with 70 random amplified polymorphic DNA markers and determined their mating types. Tropical populations (from Kenya, Mexico, and southern China) had an extremely high genotypic diversity, no or only weak gametic phase disequilibrium, and an even distribution of the two mating types, indicating frequent sexual recombination. Temperate populations (from Europe and northern China) had a much lower genotypic diversity, strong gametic phase disequilibrium, and an uneven distribution of mating types, indicating that sexual recombination has been rare. Populations in different continents were genetically isolated. They shared no haplotypes and carried several "private" alleles. The number of migrants between continents and between regions (between northern and southern China, western and central Kenya, and Europe west and east of the Alps) was estimated to be less than one per generation. Multivariate statistics suggested a greater relatedness of populations from the same continents than from different continents. Within agroecological zones, migration must be extensive. The potential within populations of S. turcica for adaptation should be regarded as very high, especially in tropical climates.     

Histological characterization of the early-stage infection events of Setosphaeria turcica in maize

Northern corn leaf blight (NCLB) caused by Setosphaeria turcica is a major foliar disease of maize. The early-stage infection events of this pathogen on maize leaves are unclear. We investigated the optimum temperature for conidial germination and appressorium formation, and characterized penetration and growth of S. turcica in maize leaf sheath and onion epidermis cells, including use of histological staining to assess plant cell viability. The results showed that the optimum temperature for conidial germination and appressorium formation was 20°C. On the maize leaf sheath, the appressoria were formed by germinated conidia, and penetration on the epidermal cells occurred at 8 h postinoculation (hpi). Round vesicles developed beneath the appressoria. Between 16 and 24 hpi, the branched invasive hyphae invaded three to five adjacent cells at most infection sites. The invasive hyphae tended to move along the cell wall and crossed from one cell to another. In the onion epidermis cells, the appressoria formed at 8 hpi, and in most cases the epidermal cells were penetrated through the juncture of the cell walls. At 16–24 hpi, the primary hyphal terminus swelled to a vesicle. The maize leaf sheath cells died at 8 hpi, whereas the onion cells did not. Our findings documented in detail the penetration and invasive hyphal growth in maize leaf sheath and onion epidermis, as well as viability of plant cells, at the early stages of infection, and provide a foundation for elucidating the underlying mechanism of S. turcica–maize interactions.     

Characterization and Distribution of Two Races of Phialophora gregata in the North-Central United States

ABSTRACT Genetic variation and variation in aggressiveness in Phialophora gregata f. sp. sojae, the cause of brown stem rot of soybean, was characterized in a sample of 209 isolates from the north-central region. The isolates were collected from soybean plants without regard to symptoms from randomly selected soybean fields. Seven genotypes (A1, A2, A4, A5, A6, M1, and M2) were distinguished based on DNA fingerprinting with microsatellite probes (CAT)(5) and (CAC)(5), with only minor genetic variation within the A or M genotypes. Only the A1, A2, and M1 genotypes were represented by more than one isolate. The A genotypes dominated in the eastern Iowa, Illinois, and Ohio samples, whereas the M genotypes were dominant in samples from western Iowa, Minnesota, and Missouri. In growth chamber experiments, isolates segregated into two pathogenicity groups based on their aggressiveness toward soybean cvs. Kenwood and BSR101, which are relatively susceptible and resistant, respectively, to brown stem rot. In both root dip inoculation and inoculation by injecting spores into the stem near the ground line (stab inoculations), isolates of the A genotypes caused greater foliar symptoms and more vascular discoloration than isolates of the M genotypes on both cultivars of soybean. All isolates caused foliar symptoms in both cultivars and in three additional cultivars of soybean with resistance to brown stem rot. Greater differences between the A and M genotypes were seen in foliar symptoms than in the linear extent of xylem discoloration, and greater differences were seen in Kenwood than in BSR101. Inoculation of these genotypes into five cultivars of soybean with different resistance genes to brown stem rot showed a genotype x cultivar interaction. A similar distinction was found in an earlier study of the adzuki bean pathogen, P. gregata f. sp. adzukicola, and consistent with the nomenclature of that pathogen, the soybean pathogens are named the aggressive race (race A) and the mild race (race M) of P. gregata f. sp. sojae.     

甘肃省玉米大斑病菌生理小种结构组成与交配型测定

为了明确甘肃玉米大斑病菌生理小种与交配型的结构组成,采用单基因鉴别寄主测定了甘肃4个典型生态区57株玉米大斑病菌的抗、感反应型,对峙培养显微观测法测定了它们与标准菌株杂交是否产生有性态子囊壳。结果表明,甘肃玉米大斑病菌生理小种结构组成十分复杂,57株病菌中共发现0、1、12、23、123、N、1N、2N、3N、123N共10个生理小种,0号以61.40%分布频率成为优势生理小种,1号以17.54%分布频率成为次优势生理小种,23号生理小种出现频率仅为5.26%、123和N号生理小种出现频率仅为3.51%,12、1N、2N、3N、123N生理小种出现频率仅为1.75%,4个典型生态区中河西灌溉绿洲生态区生理小种结构组成最为复杂,15株病菌中共检出0、1、N、12、1N、2N、3N、123N 8个生理小种,中部干旱雨养、陇东半湿润半干旱和南部湿润生态区生理小种结构组成相对简单,42株病菌共检出0、1、23、123和N号5个生理小种。相对而言,甘肃玉米大斑病菌交配型结构组成简单,57株病菌中共检出A型22株、a型24株, Aa型11株,分布频率分别为38.6%、42.1%和19.3%;其中河西灌溉绿洲、中部干旱雨养和陇东半湿润半干旱生态区45株病菌共检出18株A型、18株a型和9株Aa型,A∶a比例完全符合1∶1,南部湿润生态区12株病菌共检出4株A型、6株a型和2株Aa型,A∶a比例小于1∶1。     

东北春玉米区大斑病菌生理小种鉴定

对2005年采自东北玉米主产区的大斑病叶标样进行分离,经单孢纯化后获得56个菌株。通过Ht单基因鉴别寄主接种鉴定,结果表明:东北地区玉米大斑病菌生理分化已呈现复杂化,0号生理小种和1号生理小种分别占35.7%和17.9%,为优势小种,其次为123号生理小种,占12.5%,另外还存在2、3、23、123N、12和23N号生理小种。     

Dicofol residues in United States soils having a known history of its use as a miticide, 1974

Soil samples were collected from a total of 21 sites in California, Washington, Florida, Pennsylvania, and Michigan. Dicofol (Kelthane) miticide had been applied at various times over a 5-year period to 17 of the sites; four sites had received no applications. Samples were collected at 0-75-mm and 75-150-mm depths, and submitted to gas-liquid chromatographic analysis. Samples from only four of the 17 treated sites contained mean residues equal to or exceeding 2.00 ppm. Residues in all cases were only a small fraction of the total amount applied. Apparently, a mechanism for the dissipation of dicofol exists, but it is unidentified at this time.     

Regulation of Plant Germplasm Imported into the United States1

The importation of plant germplasm into the United States involves the risk that certain plant species may carry plant pests hazardous to US agriculture. On the basis of a pest risk analysis, plants or plant parts of a plant species from a particular country are assigned an entry status which constitutes the least drastic quarantine action necessary to exclude hazardous pests that could be imported with this germplasm. Quarantine procedures necessary for entry range from foreign site field inspections (preclearance) or visual inspection at a port of entry (low-risk seeds) for low-risk plant material to testing high-risk introductions for hazardous pests in quarantine facilities (prohibited). The recent revision of Quarantine 37 for the importation of nursery stock reflects changes in the assignment of certain plant genera to either a more or less restrictive entry status on the basis of risk assessments for quarantine pests of the particular genus. Pest risk analyses on certain seeds and also vegetative propagations of grasses, legumes, conifers, and certain fruits and nuts are now underway to determine if future changes in US quarantine laws are necessary to protect US agriculture.     

Genetic Change Within Populations of Phytophthora infestans in the United States and Canada During 1994 to 1996: Role of Migration and Recombination

ABSTRACT Dramatic changes occurred within populations of Phytophthora infestans in the United States and Canada from 1994 through 1996. Occurrence of the US-8 genotype, detected rarely during 1992 and 1993, increased rapidly and predominated in most regions during 1994 through 1996. US-7, which infected both potato and tomato and made up almost 50% of the sample during 1993, was detected only rarely among 330 isolates from the United States analyzed during 1994. It was not detected at all in more limited samples from 1996. Thus, ability to infect both potato and tomato apparently did not increase the fitness of this genotype relative to US-8, as predicted previously. US-1, the previously dominant genotype throughout the United States and Canada, made up 8% or less of the samples analyzed during 1994 through 1996. A few additional genotypes were detected, which could indicate the beginnings of sexual reproduction of P. infestans within the United States and Canada. However, clonal reproduction still predominated in all locations sampled; opportunities for sexual reproduction probably were limited, because the A1 and A2 mating types usually were separated geographically. The high sensitivity of the US-1 genotype to the fungicide metalaxyl also could have reduced opportunities for contact between the mating types in fields where this compound was applied. The previous correlation between metalaxyl sensitivity and genotype was confirmed and extended to a new genotype, US-17: all US-1 isolates tested were sensitive; all isolates of the US-7, US-8, and US-17 genotypes tested to date have been resistant. Isolates of P. capsici and P. erythroseptica, two other species often found on tomato and potato, could be easily distinguished from each other and from P. infestans using a simple allozyme assay for the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate isomerase. This technique could be useful for rapid identification of species, in addition to genotype of P. infestans. It generally was not possible to predict which genotypes would be present in a location from 1 year to the next. Long-distance movement of US-8 in seed tubers was documented, and this was probably the primary means for the rapid spread of this genotype from 1993 through 1996.     

Incidents of bee poisoning with pesticides in the United Kingdom, 1994-2003

For over 20 years, the UK Agriculture Departments have monitored the direct effects of pesticides on beneficial insects, mainly honeybees (Apis mellifera, L.) and bumblebees (Bombus terrestris, L.), as part of the Wildlife Incident Investigation Scheme (WIIS). The Central Science Laboratory (CSL) has contributed to WIIS by providing the required laboratory skills for the determination of bee diseases and the expert analytical experience necessary to determine low-level pesticide residues and interpret these results. The results from WIIS form part of the pesticide regulatory process coordinated by the Pesticides Safety Directorate (PSD) and are published each year. This paper has reviewed the data from WIIS over the 10 year period from 1994 to 2003. The overall trend is that suspected poisoning incidents, reported by beekeepers and the general public, have declined from 56 incidents per year to 23 incidents per year. The number of these incidents that have been attributed to pesticide poisoning has also declined, from 25 incidents to five incidents per year. The possible reasons for these changes and the circumstances involved in the bee poisoning incidents are discussed. However, the source of the pesticide in bee poisoning incidents is often uncertain and the likely cause of these incidents and any trends over time are also discussed.     

Groundnut Rust in the United States and the Caribbean

Abstract

Groundnut rust, caused by Puccinia arachidis Speg., is endemic in the West Indies and has occurred with increasing frequency in the United States in recent years. Since 1970 this highly destructive fungus has become established throughout Asia and Oceania, in Australia, and in much of Africa. Rust, together with the leaf spots, greatly restricts production of groundnuts in the Caribbean and in Central America. However, it has not been a major cause of crop losses in the USA except in South Texas during 1971. The fungus does not overwinter in the USA but airborne uredospores are blown in from subtropical areas. Several fungicides currently recommended for leaf spot control are also effective against rust. Three distinct groundnut genotypes are known sources of marked resistance: Tarapoto (P.l.s 259747, 341879, 350680, 381622, 405132); Israel Line 136 (P.l.s 298115 and 315608); and DHT 200 (P.l. 314817). The resistance is physiological and apparently bigenic and recessive. Variation in reaction to different isolates suggests that races of groundnut rust occur. Rust-resistant lines with acceptable agronomic traits are under development in several breeding programmes.     

Monitoring and Forecasting Methods for Codling Moth Management in the United States and Canada1

With the renewed emphasis on integrated control in fruit growing, new monitoring and forecasting methods had to be developed to achieve efficient and economical but less disruptive codling moth control. Attractant traps for monitoring adults have long been in use; pheromone traps are a recent addition. They allow for easy monitoring of moth populations but interpreting the significance of catches remains difficult. Pheromone trap catches have been correlated with the seasonal phenology and with estimates of fruit injury. In the United States and Canada critical catch levels below which no treatments are advised have been determined. In addition, new forecasting methods are being developed which include simple physiological-time tables, phenological models and « strategic » population models. Computer-based information delivery systems allow access to these models from the field. It is too early to assess the total impact of these new monitoring and forecasting programs on control practices. Aux Etats-Unis, les systemes de lutte integree suscitent un inter& croissant. Dans les vergers, toute approche dans ce sens requiert un affinement des methodes de recensement des populations de carpocapse des pommes et des poires, de mbme qu'une amelioration des previsions. Depuis longtemps, plusieurs types de pieges attractifs ont ete utilises, mais les pieges a pheromones sont d'introduction recente. Ceux-ci permettent de reveler d'une facon remarquable I'activite des populations, alors que I'interpretation de la signification economique des captures demeure difficile. Aux Etats-Unis et au Canada, il a ete possible d'etablir une relation entre les captures realisees a I'aide de pheromones et les degsts observes sur fruits. Ceci a permis d'etablir des seuils critiques au-dessous desquels il n'est pas: recommande de recourir a une mesure de protection. Parallelement au developpement de tables de survie, de modeles phenologiques et stratkgiques, il a ete etabli un systeme d'information par ordinateurs. I1 est encore trop tat pour evaluer la valeur de ces nouveaux éléments.     

美国农药残留监控概述

美国农药残留监测工作始于１９６３年 ,至今已有３８年的历史 ,而有些州开展农药残留监控的历史更长。如加州于１９０２年实行农药登记管理 ,１９２６年开始农药残留监控工作 ,目前已长达７５年之久。他们在长期的工作中建立了一套完整的农药残留监控法律法规和监测体系 ,积累了丰富的经验。１机构体系健全 ,职责分工明确美国农药残留监控工作由环保局 (ＥＰＡ)、食品与药品管理局 (ＦＤＡ)、农业部 (ＵＳＤＡ)三个部门共同负责。环保局负责农药登记和农药最高残留限量 (ＭＲＬ)的制定 ;食品与药品管理局监督实施农药残留限量 ,并负责对进口…     

阿拉善地区气候时空变化规律研究

本文利用阿拉善盟各气象台站40年的观测资料,详细分析了降水、大风日数、沙尘暴等气候要素的时空变化规律,不仅为预测区域气候要素发展趋势提供基础资料,也为揭示区域环境演变规律和生态治理对策提供科学依据。     

美国EPA登记的生物农药有效成分名录

本文列出了截止2009年4月1日。美国环保局农药项目办公室公布登记的319种生物农药有效成分名单。