Effects of host and pathogen genotypes on inducibility of resistance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) to Phytophthora infestans

Thirteen tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) accessions were tested for inducibility of resistance against two isolates of Phytophthora infestans using BABA (dl ‐3‐amino butyric acid) as the inducing agent. In a more detailed trial, six of the accessions were assessed for inducibility of resistance to six P. infestans isolates on three leaves of different age per plant. Plants were inoculated 1 week after treatment with BABA. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), sporulation capacity (SC) and infection efficiency (IE) were all affected by treatment with BABA. On leaves of all ages AUDPC was most affected by induction (43–100% reduction on the youngest leaves) followed by SC (14–100%) and IE (0–100% reduction). Tomato genotypes varied significantly in inducibility of resistance against P. infestans and the degree of induction generally decreased with increasing leaf age, whilst the absolute susceptibility with respect to AUDPC and SC rarely changed. The level of induction was not always related to the resistance level of the tomato accession and it was significantly influenced by the pathogen isolate used for challenge inoculation. The results show that inducibility of resistance is a selectable trait that is, however, isolate‐specific.     

Characterization of early leaf spot suppression by strip tillage in peanut

ABSTRACT Epidemics of early leaf spot of peanut (Arachis hypogaea), caused by Cercospora arachidicola, are less severe in strip-tilled than conventionally tilled fields. Experiments were carried out to characterize the effect of strip tillage on early leaf spot epidemics and identify the primary target of suppression using a comparative epidemiology approach. Leaf spot intensity was assessed weekly as percent incidence or with the Florida 1-to-10 severity scale in peanut plots that were conventionally or strip tilled. The logistic model, fit to disease progress data, was used to estimate initial disease (y(0)) and epidemic rate (r) parameters. Environmental variables, inoculum abundance, and field host resistance were assessed independently. For experiments combined, estimated y(0) was less in strip-tilled than conventionally tilled plots, and r was comparable. The epidemic was delayed in strip-tilled plots by an average of 5.7 and 11.7 days based on incidence and severity, respectively. Tillage did not consistently affect mean canopy temperature, relative humidity, or frequency of environmental records favorable for infection or spore dispersal. Host response to infection was not affected by tillage, but infections were detected earlier and at higher frequencies with noninoculated detached leaves from conventionally tilled plots. These data suggest that strip tillage delays early leaf spot epidemics due to fewer initial infections; most likely a consequence of less inoculum being dispersed to peanut leaves from overwintering stroma in the soil.     

湖北省设施番茄灰霉病发生规律及流行因子分析

为探索湖北省设施番茄灰霉病的发生规律,揭示不同流行因子与番茄灰霉病发生的关系。于2013-2016年在湖北省武穴市吴谷英村番茄种植基地选取代表性番茄大棚进行调查和取样检测,结果表明:湖北省设施番茄叶片和花朵带菌率变化起伏较大,带菌率分别为0～90.0%和0～100.0%;叶片带菌率在3月下旬到4月中下旬和5月中下旬是高峰期;花朵带菌率在4月中旬和5月中下旬达到高峰期,总体上花朵带菌率较高。番茄不同组织灰霉病的发病时间不同,叶片首先开始发病,花、果实、茎秆再逐渐发病,花朵和果实的发病率相对较高,叶片和茎秆发病率较低;花朵和果实发病率均在5月中旬至6月初达到最大值,茎秆发病率于5月下旬至6月上旬达到最高值,叶片无明显发病高峰期。果实、叶片、花朵和茎秆的发病率分别为0～42.0%、0～24.7%、0～100.0%和0～32.0%。番茄叶片发病率、花朵发病率、茎秆发病率和相对湿度均与果实发病率呈显著相关;通过预测模型检验表明相对湿度和叶片发病率所建模型预测值和实际值符合程度较好。在湖北省设施番茄大棚中,叶片发病率、花朵发病率、茎秆发病率和相对湿度对番茄果实发病影响最为显著,在防治过程中应及时摘除发病组织,调控棚内环境条件,预防灰霉病发生。     

Induced resistance against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in kiwifruit leaves

Salicylic acid (SA), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and DL -β-amino- n -butyric acid (BABA) were screened for the ability to induce phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity in kiwifruit ( Actinidia deliciosa 'Hayward') leaves. SA (2 m M ) was the most effective and induced a 10-fold rise in PAL activity after 2 days compared with a four-fold rise 5 days after ACC (0.5 m M ) treatment. BABA was not an effective elicitor of PAL. SA was further tested, alongside a chlorinated analogue 4-chlorosalicylic acid (4CSA), for the ability to control Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on kiwifruit leaves. Pretreatment with SA and 4CSA caused a reduction in the size of lesions arising from subsequent S. sclerotiorum infection. 4CSA was the more effective and reduced disease levels, relative to controls, by up to 85% on leaf discs and 78% on leaves on the vine. This compares with a 48% reduction by SA on both. Resistance to infection was not affected by washing treated leaf discs prior to inoculation or by delaying inoculation for up to 4 days following 4CSA application. SA and 4CSA were rapidly absorbed and metabolized by kiwifruit leaves and had no apparent phytotoxic effects at the concentrations used for disease control studies. It is proposed that SA and 4CSA operate through the induction of host resistance mechanisms.     

Spatiotemporal relationships between disease development and airborne inoculum in unmanaged and managed Botrytis leaf blight epidemics

Comparatively little quantitative information is available on both the spatial and temporal relationships that develop between airborne inoculum and disease intensity during the course of aerially spread epidemics. Botrytis leaf blight and Botrytis squamosa airborne inoculum were analyzed over space and time during 2 years (2002 and 2004) in a nonprotected experimental field, using a 6 x 8 lattice of quadrats of 10 x 10 m each. A similar experiment was conducted in 2004 and 2006 in a commercial field managed for Botrytis leaf blight using a 5 x 5 lattice of quadrats of 25 x 25 m each. Each quadrat was monitored weekly for lesion density (LD) and aerial conidium concentration (ACC). The adjustment of the Taylor's power law showed that heterogeneity in both LD and ACC generally increased with increasing mean. Unmanaged epidemics were characterized in either year, with aggregation indices derived from SADIE (Spatial Analysis by Distance Indices). For LD, the aggregation indices suggested a random pattern of disease early in the season, followed by an aggregated pattern in the second part of the epidemic. The index of aggregation for ACC in 2002 was significantly greater than 1 at only one date, while it was significantly greater than 1 at most sampling dates in 2004. In both years and for both variables, positive trends in partial autocorrelation were observed mainly for a spatial lag of 1. In 2002, the overall pattern of partial autocorrelations over sampling dates was similar for LD and ACC with no significant partial autocorrelation during the first part of the epidemic, followed by a period with significant positive autocorrelation, and again no autocorrelation on the last three sampling dates. In 2004, there was no significant positive autocorrelation for LD at most sampling dates while for ACC, there was a fluctuation between significant and non-significant positive correlation over sampling dates. There was a significant spatial correlation between ACC at given date (t(i)) and LD 1 week later (t(i + 1)) on most sampling dates in both 2002 and 2004 for the unmanaged and managed sites. It was concluded that LD and ACC were not aggregated in the early stage of epidemics, when both disease intensity and airborne conidia concentration were low. This was supported by the analysis of LD and ACC from a commercial field, where managed levels of disease were low, and where no aggregation of both variables was detected. It was further concluded that a reliable monitoring of airborne inoculum for management of Botrytis leaf blight is achievable in managed fields using few spore samplers per field.     

High level resistance to Pseudocercosporella capsellae offers new opportunities to deploy host resistance to effectively manage white leaf spot disease across major cruciferous crops

Field and controlled environment studies were undertaken to define the range and extent of available host resistances to Pseudocercosporella capsellae (white leaf spot) across diverse oilseed, forage and vegetable crucifers, including some wild and/or weedy species, and also within and/or derived from Brassica carinata. In each experiment, there was a wide range in host response from high resistance to high susceptibility as assessed by four disease parameters, viz. in the field for: (i) Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) for percent leaves diseased with values ranging from 0 to 375.5; (ii) Percent Leaf Collapse Index (%LCI) for leaf collapse due to disease with values ranging from 0 to 23.0; and (iii), Percent Pod Area Disease Index (%PADI) for pod area affected with values ranging from 0 to 52.1; and (iv) under controlled environmental conditions for Percent Cotyledon Disease Index (%CDI) for cotyledon lesion size with values ranging from 0 to 27.5. At the Crawley field site, B. carinata ATC 94129 was the most resistant genotype with AUDPC?=?1.2, followed by Crambe abyssinica (AUDPC 8.7), Eruca sativa Eruc-01 (AUDPC 19.3) and E. vesicaria Yellow rocket (AUDPC 19.4). B. carinata ATC 94129 and B. oleracea var. capitata had the least leaf collapse, with %LCI?=?0.2. At the Shenton Park field site, 21 genotypes of B. carinata and B. oleracea var. acephala Tuscan kale showed total resistance, all with AUDPC values of 0. Of the B. napus genotypes carrying one or more B. carinata B genome introgressions, genotypes NC8 (AUDPC 23.0) and NC9-1 (AUDPC 26.2) were the most resistant. Genotypes as assessed on these disease criteria as having high level resistance generally showed no pod infection; in contrast to %PADI values up to 52 on the most susceptible genotypes. Under controlled environmental conditions, the most resistant genotype was B. carinata ATC 94129 with %CDI values of 0 and 0.2, respectively, across two experiments, along with B. napus genotypes Zhongyou 821 and Hyola 42, with a %CDI value of 0 in one of the two experiments. There was a high degree of correlation both within individual experiments across the different disease parameters and also between field and controlled environment experiments. Within both B. napus and B. juncea genotypes tested, the most resistant genotypes were from China, the most susceptible from India, with those from Australia intermediate.     

Effects of cherry leaf spot on photosynthesis in tart cherry 'Montmorency' foliage

Results described here span a total of three field seasons and quantitatively depict the effects of an economically important fungal pathogen (Blumeriella jaapii) on tart cherry (Prunus cerasus 'Montmorency') leaf physiology. For the first time, leaf photosynthesis, stomatal conductance (g(s)), maximum ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylation rate (V(cmax)), and maximum electron transport (J(max)) were measured as functions of visible cherry leaf spot disease (CLS) severity. Defined as the proportion of chlorotic and necrotic tissue per leaf, CLS severity was estimated from leaves of mature 'Montmorency' trees in 2007, 2008, and 2009. Briefly, as visible disease severity increased, all of the leaf-level physiological parameters decreased significantly (P < 0.01) and disproportionately. Thus, the effects of visible symptoms on leaf photosynthetic metabolic function encroached upon asymptomatic tissue as well. Impairment of photosynthetic metabolism in 'Montmorency' tart cherry leaves due to CLS appears to be mediated through disproportionately large perturbations in g(s), V(cmax), and J(max). These findings offer a new perspective on the amount of damage that this serious disease can inflict.     

Relationship between leaf emergence and optimum spray timing for leaf blotch (Rhynchosporium secalis) control on winter barley

For wheat, the optimum time to apply fungicide to control disease on a given leaf layer is usually at, or shortly after, full leaf emergence. Data from field experiments on barley were used to investigate whether the same relationship was applicable to control of leaf blotch on barley. Replicated plots of winter barley were sown in the autumns of 1991, 1992 and 1993 at sites in southwest England with high risk of Rhynchosporium secalis infection. Single fungicide treatments at four doses (0·25, 0·5, 0·75 or 1·0 times the label rate) were applied at one of eight different spray times, starting in mid-March in each year, with intervals of 10–11 days between spray timings. Disease was assessed every 10–11 days and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) values were used to construct fungicide dose by spray time response surfaces for each of the upper four leaves, for each year. Spray timings shortly before leaf emergence were found to minimize the AUDPC for each year and leaf layer, and also the effective dose (the dose required to achieve a specified level of control), similar to wheat. Fungicide treatments on barley were effective for a longer period before leaf emergence than afterwards, probably because treatments before emergence of the target leaf reduced inoculum production on leaves below. This partly explains why fungicides tend to be applied earlier in the growth of barley compared with wheat.     

Effect of potassium silicate on epidemic components of powdery mildew on melon

The effects of silicon (Si) supplied in the form of potassium silicate (PS) were evaluated on epidemic components of powdery mildew of melon under greenhouse conditions. The PS was applied to the roots or to leaves. In the first experiment, epidemic components were evaluated after inoculation with Podosphaera xanthii. In the second experiment, the disease progress rate was evaluated on plants subjected to natural infection. The area under the disease progress curve was reduced by 65% and 73% in the foliar and root treatments, respectively, compared to control plants, as a consequence of reductions in infection efficiency, colony expansion rate, colony area, conidial production and disease progress rate. However, root application of PS was more effective than foliar application in reducing most of the epidemic components, except for infection efficiency. This can be explained by the high Si concentration in leaf tissues with root application, in contrast to the foliar treatment where Si was only deposited on the external leaf surfaces. The effects of PS reported in this study demonstrated that powdery mildew of melon can be controlled, and that the best results can be achieved when PS is supplied to the roots.     

Effects of leaf wetness duration and temperature on infection efficiency, latent period, and rate of pustule appearance of rust in alfalfa

ABSTRACT Dew and growth chamber tests were conducted on the alfalfa cultivar Ranger to determine the effect of duration of leaf wetness and temperature on several components of the alfalfa rust (Uromyces striatus) monocycle. Duration of leaf wetness and temperature both had significant effects on pustule development. Infection efficiency (number of alfalfa rust pustules per leaf) increased linearly as duration of leaf wetness was increased from 4 to 24 h after inoculation. There was an inverse linear relationship between temperature and infection efficiency as indicated by the slope (-5.73) of the regression line relating the number of pustules per leaf to increasing temperatures between 17.5 and 28 degrees C. Infection efficiency was approximately 20 times greater at 17.5 degrees C than at 28 degrees C. Inoculated alfalfa plants exposed to constant temperatures of 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, or 30 degrees C after an initial 24-h leaf wetness period (19 degrees C) did not significantly affect infection efficiency (P 相似文献   

Red leaf blotch (Dactuliochaeta glycines) of soybeans (Glycine max) and its relationship to yield

Red leaf blotch of soybeans, caused by Dactuliochaeta glycines, was evaluated on soybean plants in field plots located in Zambia. Two experiments were conducted in each of two seasons. Experiment 1 had four cultivars that were either fungicide-sprayed or not sprayed. Disease severity was greatest on leaves at the lowest nodes from early vegetative through the reproductive growth stages. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) values and percentage of nodes defoliated at growth stage R5 were significantly ( P  = 0.05) greater in unsprayed plots for all cultivars in both seasons. Yield losses ranged from 8 to 37% while reduced seed size ranged from 21 to 29% for the four cultivars. Number of pods per plant in fungicide-sprayed plots did not differ from those in unsprayed plots. However, the number of seeds per plant and seeds per pod were significantly ( P  = 0.05) greater in sprayed than unsprayed plots for some cultivars. In experiment 2, cultivar Tunia was either fungicide-sprayed at different times or not sprayed. The lowest attached leaf had the most variation in the amount of disease while ratings of the most median leaf in the canopy were generally less variable. The AUDPC values calculated from the lowest attached leaf, the mean of all attached leaves, and the median attached leaf differed significantly ( P  = 0.05) the number of times plants were sprayed with fungicide. Defoliation and vertical incidence of red leaf blotch from lower to higher nodes were significantly ( P  = 0.05) reduced in fungicide-sprayed plots in one season, but not the other. One thousand-seed weight and yield differed significantly ( P  = 0.05) with treatment as one application of triphenyltin acetate increased yields by 18% over unsprayed plots in season 1. One thousand-seed weight and yield, regressed on the AUDPC for the median leaf in the canopy, explained 92 and 72% of the variation, respectively.     

结合冠层光谱和叶片生理观测的小麦条锈病监测模型研究

通过开展小麦条锈病接种试验,在多个关键生育期获取被动式的冠层光谱和主动式的叶片生理观测并开展病情调查。在此基础上,结合优选的光谱特征和生理特征采用偏最小二乘回归方法(PLSR)构建病情严重度反演模型,得到不同生育期精度表现最优的特征组合。结果显示,基于光谱观测的优选光谱特征和基于叶片生理观测的Flav(类黄酮相对含量)、Chl(叶绿素含量)的不同组合在小麦挑旗期、灌浆早期和灌浆期分别具有较佳表现,模型精度达到r~2=0.90,RMSE=0.026。相比单纯采用光谱特征,综合冠层光谱和叶片生理观测能够使模型精度提高21%,表明两种数据的结合有利于提高病情严重度估测精度。上述研究可为小麦病害监测仪器的开发提供新的模式和思路。     

Development of a field biotest using artificial inoculation to evaluate resistance and yield effects in sugar beet cultivars against <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cercospora beticola</Emphasis>

Cercospora beticola resistance and disease yield loss relationships in sugar beet cultivars are best characterised under field conditions with heavy natural infection; this does not occur regularly under German climatic conditions. Since Cercospora resistance reduces the rate of pathogen development, high yield loss was observed in studies using artificial inoculation. Our study, therefore aimed to optimise inoculum density to obtain cultivar differentiation, which correlates to natural infection. In 2005 and 2006, field trials were carried out to determine the effect of different inoculum densities on Cercospora resistance of three sugar beet cultivars possessing variable resistance. The epidemic progress and white sugar yield loss (WSY_loss) were determined and their relationship evaluated. An optimal inoculum concentration range (between 10,000–20,000 infectious Cercospora units ml⁻¹ inoculum suspension) was determined which allowed maximum resistance parameter differentiation in terms of C. beticola disease severity (DS), area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) and WSY_loss. The correlation between AUDPC and WSY_loss was identical for all cultivars independent of the resistance level, demonstrating that tolerant reactions of the cultivars under study were not detectable. This study provides evidence that even under optimal inoculum levels necessary to obtain maximum differentiation between cultivars, climatic conditions are important for disease management, but remain unpredictable, indicating that artificial inoculation needs to be optimised, but that single field locations are not sufficient and reliable to evaluate Cercospora resistance.     

Alternative disease control agents induce resistance to blue mold in harvested 'red delicious' apple fruit

ABSTRACT Alternative control agents, including UV-type C (254 nm) irradiation, yeasts antagonistic to fungal growth, chitosan and harpin, were evaluated for their ability to induce resistance in cv. Red Delicious apple fruit against postharvest blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum. Freshly harvested and controlled atmosphere (CA)-stored fruit were treated with these agents at different doses and concentrations or with paired combinations of the agents. Treated fruit were inoculated with P. expansum 24, 48, or 96 h following treatment, and stored at 24 degrees C in the dark. The fruit were evaluated for development of disease every 2 days for 14 days by measuring the diameter of lesions that formed. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated and analyzed statistically. All treatments were effective in reducing the AUDPC; UV-C was most effective, followed by harpin, chitosan, and the yeasts, respectively. Regardless of treatment, fresh fruit were more responsive to treatments than CA-stored fruit. There was a clear time-dependent response of the fruit to the treatments, in which treatments applied 96 h before inoculation provided the best results. In a few situations, the combinations of agents did provide an additive effect, but no synergistic effects were detected. Moreover, disease severity in fruit treated by any combination was markedly better than that in the controls. Although the combinations of treatments was overall less effective than the single treatments, they did provide significant reductions of the progress of disease in comparison with the controls. Because the fungus did not come into contact with any of the control agents, this study showed conclusively that the agents studied were able to induce resistance in the fruit rather than merely inhibit the pathogen directly. It also showed, for the first time, that harpin is able to induce resistance in harvested apple fruit. The use of these control agents may minimize the costs of control strategies and reduce the risks associated with the excessive use of fungicides in harvested apple fruit.     

叶霉菌非亲和小种对番茄系统抗性的诱导及植株内水杨酸动态

 番茄叶霉菌小种4是番茄Cf5品系的非亲和小种,接种Cf5植株第3叶后,经不同诱导间隔期以亲和小种5接种第3叶和第4叶,15 d后检查叶霉病发病情况。试验表明,在诱导间隔期为3 d和5 d时,小种4诱导接种的第3叶和未经诱导接种的上位第4叶发病面积比不接种或接种小种5的对照显著降低,以5 d间隔期处理效果最好。上述2个叶位的发病分别比对照降低90%和85%。小种4接种第3叶后该叶位和上部未接种第4叶内水杨酸含量迅速增加,以接种后3 d含量最高,分别达4.02 μg/g鲜重和3.21μg/g鲜重,比对照分别高2倍和1.8倍。接种后5 d内始终保持较高水平。接种8 d后逐渐下降,但仍高于对照。水杨酸含量的增加早于抗性表现,因而可能在该系统的抗性诱导中起作用。     

Subcuticular-Intracellular Hemibiotrophic and Intercellular Necrotrophic Development of Colletotrichum acutatum on Almond

ABSTRACT The early infection and colonization processes of Colletotrichum acutatum on leaves and petals of two almond cultivars with different susceptibility to anthracnose (i.e., cvs. Carmel and Nonpareil) were examined using digital image analysis of light micrographs and histological techniques. Inoculated tissue surfaces were evaluated at selected times after inoculation and incubation at 20 degrees C. Depth maps and line profiles of the digital image analysis allowed rapid depth quantification of fungal colonization in numerous tissue samples. The results showed that the early development of C. acutatum on petals was different from that on leaf tissue. On petals, conidia germinated more rapidly, germ tubes were longer, and fewer appressoria developed than on leaves. On both tissues, penetration by the pathogen occurred from appressoria and host colonization was first subcuticular and then intracellular. On petals, colonizing hyphae were first observed 24 h after inoculation and incubation at 20 degrees C, whereas on leaves they were seen 48 to 72 h after inoculation. Intercellular hyphae were formed before host cells became necrotic and macroscopic lesions developed on petals >/=48 h and on leaves >/=96 h after inoculation. Histological studies complemented data obtained by digital image analysis and showed that the fungus produced infection vesicles and broad hyphae below the cuticle and in epidermal cells. In both tissues, during the first 24 to 48 h after penetration fungal colonization was biotrophic based on the presence of healthy host cells adjacent to fungal hyphae. Later, during intercellular growth, the host-pathogen interaction became necrotrophic with collapsed host cells. Quantitative differences in appressorium formation and host colonization were found between the two almond cultivars studied. Thus, on the less susceptible cv. Nonpareil fewer appressoria developed and host colonization was reduced compared with that on cv. Carmel.     

柑橘溃疡病菌的侵染过程及噻森铜对溃疡病的防治效果

为高效精准防治柑橘溃疡病,本研究对不同成熟度柑橘叶片接种溃疡病菌Xanthomonas citri subsp.cirri后的发病情况进行观察,并在显微镜下观察溃疡病菌侵染叶片的过程,并对不同浓度、不同施用方法下噻森铜的室内防治效果和田间防治效果进行测定,对施用噻森铜后土壤、叶片和果实中的残留进行测定.结果 表明,溃疡...     

苹果树腐烂病室内快速评价方法的研究

 腐烂病是我国苹果树上一种严重的树干皮层腐烂病害,本研究拟探索快速、可靠、稳定及操作简便的病害室内评价方法。在"富士"苹果离体叶片、嫩梢、果实和枝条上造成不同伤口,强致病菌株03-8接种,25℃保湿培养后调查发现,不接菌对照有、无伤口均不发病;各种伤口接种病原菌均能发病,但伤口类型对病害影响很大。叶片正面较反面更有利于发病,叶片正面1针和10针的刺伤发病无明显差异;嫩梢叶痕接种较刺伤接种发病轻;果实表面针刺1针和10针及去除果皮造成伤口对发病影响大,差异显著;枝条烫伤接种后10d发病明显而其它材料在接种后1.5~2d即可发病。进一步用4个致病力不同的菌株验证评价方法的可靠性和稳定性,发现接种完全展开叶、嫩梢和枝条均可以充分显示不同菌株之间的致病力差异,但前两者重复性好、试验周期短、鉴定效率高,且操作简便、材料易得,因此建议用离体叶片或嫩梢作为材料,针刺1针接种,25℃保湿培养2d后调查,作为室内准确、快速评价苹果树腐烂病的方法,该方法可用于筛选抗病材料、评价分离株的致病性和药剂的防病效果等。