春小麦品种青春221抗叶锈性遗传分析

为明确青春221中抗叶锈病基因的有效性及其遗传机制,以青春221为父本,分别与感病品种铭贤169和Thatcher以及小麦抗叶锈病近等基因系Lr1、Lr3和Lr23的载体品系杂交,获得F1、F2和F3代群体后,分别在苗期和成株期进行抗病性测定。苗期,青春221对致病类型FGJ/QP、SHJ/GN和PHT/RP的抗病性分别由显性抗叶锈病基因Lr1、Lr3和Lr23控制,对致病类型BGD/HL的抗病性则由上述3对显性抗病基因独立或重叠作用控制,与Thatcher杂交后,青春221中的Lr23趋于隐性遗传并被Thatcher中的1对显性抑制基因抑制;成株期,青春221对优势致病类型PHT/RP和THT/TP混合菌种的抗病性由显性抗叶锈病基因Lr23控制,而Lr1和Lr3均不起作用。     

山西小麦品种和育种材料抗锈病、白粉病鉴定

2011—2015年,采用人工接菌方法,对25个育种单位的601份小麦品种和育种材料进行了小麦条锈病、叶锈病和白粉病的抗病性鉴定,筛选出对小麦条锈病抗性表现良好的品种材料36份,对小麦叶锈病抗性表现良好的品种材料16份,对小麦白粉病抗性表现良好的品种材料12份。     

春小麦品种沈免2063抗叶锈性遗传分析

为明确春小麦品种沈免2063所含抗叶锈病基因的对数、身份、显隐性和互作关系,以沈免2063为父本,分别与感病品种Thatcher及小麦抗叶锈病近等基因系Lr9、Lr19、Lr24、Lr25、Lr28、Lr42和Lr43的载体品系杂交,获得F1、F2和F3代群体后,分别在苗期和成株期进行抗病性测定。结果表明:沈免2063含有3对显性遗传且相互独立作用的抗叶锈病基因Lr9、Lr19和Lr25,在苗期,沈免2063对致病类型CBG/QQ的抗病性由Lr9和Lr25控制,对PHT/RP的抗病性由上述3对抗叶锈病基因控制;在成株期,沈免2063对优势致病类型PHT/RP和THT/TP等比混合菌种的抗病性由上述3对抗叶锈病基因控制。Lr9、Lr19和Lr25在育成品种中出现频率很低,目前尚很有效,但这3个基因均为典型的垂直抗病性基因,应进行基因布局、基因轮换等科学组配,才能延长其使用寿命。     

Virulence of Puccinia triticina in Turkey and leaf rust resistance in Turkish wheat cultivars

Leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina is a common disease on wheat in the coastal regions of Turkey. Collections of P. triticina from infected wheat leaves were obtained from the main wheat production zones of Turkey in 2009 and 2010. A total of 104 single uredinial isolates were tested for virulence on 20 lines of Thatcher wheat that differ for single leaf rust resistance genes. Forty-four different virulence phenotypes were identified over both years. Four phenotypes were found in both years. Phenotype FHPTQ found in 2009, with virulence to genes Lr2c, Lr3, Lr16, Lr26, Lr3ka, Lr17a, Lr30, LrB, Lr10, Lr14a, Lr18, Lr3bg, and Lr14b, was the most common phenotype at 15.4 % of the total isolates. Forty-three winter and spring wheat cultivars from Turkey were tested as seedlings with 13 different P. triticina virulence phenotypes from Canada, the US and Turkey. The infection types on the cultivars were compared with infection types on the Thatcher near isogenic lines to postulate the presence of seedling leaf rust resistance genes in the cultivars. Resistance genes Lr1, Lr3a, Lr10, Lr14a, Lr17a, Lr20, Lr23, and Lr26 were postulated to be present in the Turkish wheat cultivars. DNA of the wheat cultivars was tested with PCR markers to determine the presence of the adult plant resistance genes Lr34 and Lr37. Marker data indicated the presence of Lr34 in 20 cultivars and Lr37 in three cultivars. Field plot evaluations of the wheat cultivars indicated that no single Lr gene conditioned highly effective leaf rust resistance. Resistant cultivars varied for combinations of seedling and adult plant resistance genes.     

Genetics of resistance to wheat leaf rust, stem rust, and powdery mildew in Aegilops sharonensis

Aegilops sharonensis (Sharon goatgrass) is a wild relative of wheat and a rich source of genetic diversity for disease resistance. The objectives of this study were to determine the genetic basis of leaf rust, stem rust, and powdery mildew resistance in A. sharonensis and also the allelic relationships between genes controlling resistance to each disease. Progeny from crosses between resistant and susceptible accessions were evaluated for their disease reaction at the seedling and/or adult plant stage to determine the number and action of genes conferring resistance. Two different genes conferring resistance to leaf rust races THBJ and BBBB were identified in accessions 1644 and 603. For stem rust, the same single gene was found to confer resistance to race TTTT in accessions 1644 and 2229. Resistance to stem rust race TPMK was conferred by two genes in accessions 1644 and 603. A contingency test revealed no association between genes conferring resistance to leaf rust race THBJ and stem rust race TTTT or between genes conferring resistance to stem rust race TTTT and powdery mildew isolate UM06-01, indicating that the respective resistance genes are not linked. Three accessions (1644, 2229, and 1193) were found to carry a single gene for resistance to powdery mildew. Allelism tests revealed that the resistance gene in accession 1644 is different from the respective single genes present in either 2229 or 1193. The simple inheritance of leaf rust, stem rust, and powdery mildew resistance in A. sharonensis should simplify the transfer of resistance to wheat in wide crosses.     

小麦抗源Sw92抗叶锈病基因遗传及其分子标记

以小麦优异抗源Sw92为父本,感病小麦品种铭贤169为母本,杂交获得F1、F2和BC1代群体。采用我国叶锈菌优势小种PHT对双亲及其杂交世代进行接种鉴定。结果表明,小麦抗源Sw92对叶锈菌小种PHT的抗性系由一对隐性基因所控制。采用简单重复序列(SSR)技术对Sw92携带的抗性基因进行分子标记,共筛选了371对SSR引物,获得2个引物(WMC494、WMC737)可在抗/感池和双亲中扩增出多态性DNA片段。遗传连锁分析结果表明,该抗病基因位于小麦6BS上,与WMC494、WMC737标记的遗传距离分别为3.4cM和15.0cM,不同于6BS上的已知抗叶锈基因Lr36和Lr53,暂命名为LrSw92。     

Components of quantitative resistance to leaf rust in wheat cultivars: diversity,variability and specificity

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential diversity and pathogen‐specificity of sources of quantitative resistance to leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina in French wheat germplasm. From a set of 86 genotypes displaying a range of quantitative resistance levels during field epidemics, eight wheat genotypes were selected and challenged in a greenhouse with three isolates of the pathogen, belonging to different pathotypes. Five components of resistance were assessed: infection efficiency, for which an original methodology was developed, latent period, lesion size, spore production per lesion, and spore production per unit of sporulating tissue. High diversity and variability for all these components were expressed in the host × pathotype combinations investigated; isolate‐specificity was found for all the components. The host genotypes displayed various resistance profiles, based on both the components affected and the isolate‐specificity of the interaction. Their usefulness as sources of quantitative resistance was assessed: line LD7 probably combines diversified mechanisms of resistance, being highly resistant for all the components, but displaying isolate‐specificity for all the components; cv. Apache did not show isolate specificity for any of the components, which could be related to the durability of its quantitative resistance in the field over more than 11 years.     

中国小麦条锈菌鉴别寄主维尔抗条锈性遗传分析

小麦品种维尔是中国小麦条锈菌重要鉴别寄主.将该品种分别与完全感病品种铭贤169和其它抗病品种杂交,获得各组合的F1、BC1和F2代群体及部分F3家系.在温室对各组合亲本及F1、BC1和F2代群体进行了苗期抗性鉴定.结果表明,维尔对CY17和CY23菌系的抗性由1对主效隐性基因控制.等位性分析表明,维尔中抗CY17和CY23菌系的基因与Triticum spelta album中的1对抗性基因等位或紧密连锁,将其命名为YrVirl.而维尔对Su-1的抗性则由1对显性基因控制,将其命名YrVir2.同时采用CY17和CY23菌系对铭贤169/维尔组合的48个F3家系进行了苗期抗性鉴定,根据平均抗性指数和样本方差将这些家系分为3组,卡方测验证明了维尔对上述两菌系的抗性由1对主效基因控制,同时还可能受微效基因的影响.     

甘肃36个小麦生产品种抗叶锈病基因分析及成株期抗性评价

为明确甘肃省主要小麦品种可能含有的抗叶锈病基因状况,用来自甘肃不同地区的22个小麦叶锈菌生理小种,在苗期对测试品种进行抗叶锈基因推导,并对这些材料进行成株抗叶锈性鉴定。结果表明,在已知抗叶锈病基因中,Lr2B、Lr13、Lr16、Lr22A、Lr30和Lr14B等基因以单基因或基因组合的形式分别分布在‘灵选6号’‘会宁15’‘兰天37’‘陇鉴113’‘兰天151’‘兰天134’和‘兰天40’等7个小麦品种中。‘陇鉴111’‘兰天31’‘陇鉴9343’‘天选67’和‘天选65’等14个品种可能含有与供试已知基因不同的抗性基因,‘中梁35’‘陇鉴110’‘陇原931’和‘天选57’等15个小麦品种推导其不含有供试的抗叶锈病基因。成株期抗叶锈性鉴定表明:‘陇原931’‘陇鉴9343’‘天选57’‘天选67’‘兰天31’‘临麦22’‘兰天134’‘兰天151’‘陇鉴113’‘陇麦838’和‘中梁35’具有较好的成株期抗性,具有抗叶锈病应用潜力。     

西南地区小麦品种(系)抗条锈病基因多样性调查

为调查西南地区小麦条锈病抗性、抗病基因位点及其组合多样性,于2013—2014年对以西南地区为主的140份小麦品种(系)进行了成株期、苗期抗病性鉴定和抗病基因标记扫描。成株期鉴定结果显示,2013年贵阳、赫章试验点和2014年贵阳、绵阳试验点都表现为抗病的品种(系)共有50份,其中表现为全生育期抗性的有37份,表现为成株期抗性的有13份;5个抗病基因Yr9、Yr10、Yr15、Yr18、Yr26的分子标记检测结果显示,西南地区小麦Yr26的使用频率最高,为41.4%,Yr9次之为37.9%,Yr10、Yr15、Yr18使用频率较低;抗条锈病基因的组合分析显示,共出现16份基因聚合品种、7种组合类型,其中组合Yr9+Yr26出现频率较高,为5%。表明西南地区的小麦品种(系)以利用全生育期抗性为主,且抗条锈病基因利用较为单一,应发掘和利用新抗条锈病基因及重视多基因的聚合。     

黑龙江省83份小麦品种抗秆锈病基因的分子检测

 为了明确黑龙江省小麦品种(系)对中国秆锈菌的抗性水平和了解抗秆锈病基因在该区域的分布情况,本研究选用中国小麦秆锈菌流行小种21C3CTHQM、34MKGQM和34C3RTGQM对从该区域征集到的83份主要小麦品种(系)进行了苗期抗秆锈病的评价,并利用与抗秆锈病基因Sr2、Sr24、Sr25、Sr26、Sr31和Sr38紧密连锁的分子标记分别进行了分子检测,结合苗期表型及系谱,推测这些品种(系)可能含有的抗病基因。结果表明,83份小麦品种(系)对供试秆锈菌小种均表现抗性,对21C3CTHQM、34MKGQM和34C3RTGQM表现免疫或近免疫的分别为57、53和60份,各占供试材料数量的68.68%、63.85%和72.29%,其他剩余材料对3个供试秆锈菌小种表现中抗或高抗。分子标记分析表明,83份主要小麦品种(系)中有12份可能含有Sr2;克旱3号可能含有Sr25;6份小麦品种可能含有Sr31;19份小麦品种可能含有Sr38;没有检测出含有Sr24和Sr26的品种。因此,黑龙江省小麦品种对中国小麦秆锈病抗性水平相对较高,含有抗秆锈病基因Sr2以及对我国小麦秆锈病表现良好抗性的基因Sr31和Sr38,可能含有其他未知抗秆锈病基因,这些优良抗源材料可作为未来小麦生产育种的种质资源。     

Distribution of pathotypes with regard to host cultivars in French wheat leaf rust populations

ABSTRACT Isolates of wheat leaf rust collected from durum and bread wheat cultivars in France during 1999-2002 were analyzed for virulence on 18 Thatcher lines with single genes for leaf rust resistance (Lr genes). Sampling focused on the five most widely grown bread wheat cultivars (two susceptible and three resistant) to allow statistical comparison of diversity indexes between the cultivars. Leaf rust populations from durum and bread wheats were different. The diversity of the bread wheat leaf rust pathotypes, as measured by the Shannon index, ranged from 2.43 to 2.76 over the 4 years. Diversity for wheat leaf rust resistance was limited in the host since we postulated only seven seedling resistance genes in the 35 cultivars most widely grown during 1999-2002. Leaf rust populations were strongly differentiated for virulence within bread wheat cultivars, and diversity was higher on those that were resistant, mainly due to a more even distribution of virulence phenotypes than on susceptible cultivars. The pathogen population on the susceptible cv. Soissons was largely dominated by a single pathotype (073100), whereas all other pathotypes virulent on cv. Soissons either decreased in frequency or remained at a low frequency during the period studied. Several pathotypes including the most complex one were found only on resistant cultivars, even though most of them were virulent on the susceptible cv. Soissons. Specific interactions were necessary, but not always sufficient, to account for pathotype distribution and frequencies on the cultivars, suggesting that selection for virulence to host resistance genes is balanced by other selective forces including selection for aggressiveness.     

Mapping of Aegilops umbellulata‐derived leaf rust and stripe rust resistance loci in wheat

Aegilops umbellulata, a non‐progenitor diploid species, is an excellent source of resistance to various wheat diseases. Leaf rust and stripe rust resistance genes from A. umbellulata were transferred to the susceptible wheat cultivar WL711 through induced homoeologous pairing. A doubly resistant introgression line IL 393‐4 was crossed with wheat cultivar PBW343 to develop a mapping population. Tests on BC₂F₇ RILs indicated monogenic inheritance of seedling leaf rust and stripe rust resistance in IL 393‐4 and the respective co‐segregating genes were tentatively named LrUmb and YrUmb. Bulked segregant analysis placed LrUmb and YrUmb in chromosome 5DS, 7.6 cM distal to gwm190. Aegilops geniculata‐derived and completely linked leaf rust and stripe rust resistance genes Lr57 and Yr40 were previously located in chromosome 5DS. STS marker Lr57/Yr40MAS‐CAPS16 (Lr57/Yr40‐CAPS16), linked with Lr57/Yr40 (T756) also co‐segregated with LrUmb/YrUmb. Seedling infection types differentiated LrUmb from Lr57. Absence of leaf rust‐susceptible segregants among F₃ families of the intercross (IL 393‐4/T756) indicated repulsion linkage between LrUmb and Lr57. YrUmb expressed a consistently low seedling response under greenhouse conditions, whereas Yr40 expressed a higher seedling response. Based on the origin of LrUmb/YrUmb from the U genome and Lr57/Yr40 from the M genome, as well as phenotypic differences, LrUmb and YrUmb were formally named Lr76 and Yr70, respectively. These genes have been transferred to Indian wheat cultivars PBW343 and PBW550, and advanced breeding lines are being tested in state and national trials.     

100个小麦品种资源抗条锈性鉴定及重要抗条锈病基因的SSR检测

了解小麦品种资源对中国条锈菌生理小种的抗病性水平及其所含重要抗条锈病基因,可为合理种植和利用小麦品种提供理论依据。选用中国小麦条锈菌不同生理小种CYR17、CYR32、CYR33和V26及条锈菌混合小种分别对100个小麦品种资源进行苗期和成株期抗条锈性鉴定,并采用SSR分子标记技术检测重要抗条锈病基因Yr5、Yr10、Yr15、Yr18、Yr24和Yr26。结果表明,在苗期对4个生理小种均表现抗病性的有‘Mos311’、‘兰天15号’等30个品种;在成株期表现抗病性的有‘Yeoman’、‘兰天1号’、‘小红麦’等88个品种;苗期和成株期均抗病的有‘Mos311’、‘兰天15号’等30个品种。SSR检测发现,‘贵农22’可能含有Yr5,‘兰天23号’、‘兰天24’号、‘中梁04260’和‘中梁04335’可能含有Yr10,‘Little Joss’和‘中梁5号’可能含有Yr15,‘清农3号’、‘兰天2号’、‘中梁04335’等19个品种可能含有Yr18,检测品种可能均不含Yr24和Yr26。在鉴定中保持稳定抗病性的‘Mos311’、‘兰天15号’等8个品种在抗病品种选育中有重要应用价值。     

春小麦品种墨波成株期抗条锈基因遗传解析

为明确春小麦品种墨波成株期抗条锈性遗传基础,以墨波与感病品种Taichung29(T29)杂交创建F_(2∶3)分离群体,通过青海西宁市和海东市2个试验点2年田间病圃鉴定,应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型单个分离世代分析方法对墨波/T29 F2群体的抗性遗传效应进行了分析。结果发现群体单株/家系的病害严重度和反应型在2个试验点均未呈现连续性分布,但是在不同区段内,群体株系间又表现出较明显的连续性变异,初步推测,墨波成株期对小麦条锈病抗性具有由主效基因和微效基因共同控制的特征;遗传分析结果表明,墨波的成株期抗条锈性最优遗传模型均为2对主基因遗传,并受微效基因影响,在海东市试验点用反应型数据分析得到的最优遗传模型为C-6模型2MG-EEAD,即2对等显性主基因遗传,在海东市及西宁市试验点用严重度数据分析得到的最优遗传模型均为C-1模型2MG-ADI,即2对主基因加性-显性-上位性遗传。     

Analyzing wheat cultivars grown in Czech Republic for eight stem rust resistance genes

European Journal of Plant Pathology - Stem rust is a disease of wheat caused by a basidiomycete Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt). Emergence of new populations of the pathogen and their spread...     

A lesion-mimic mutant of wheat with enhanced resistance to leaf rust

A lesion-mimic mutant was obtained from a mutagenic treatment performed with ethyl methanesulfonate on the Argentine bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) cultivar Sinvalocho M.A. The HLP (hypersensitive-like phenotype) mutant exhibited tiny, discrete, white lesions in the absence of any pathogen, resembling the typical hypersensitive response (HR). The lesions only became evident once the fifth or sixth leaf emerged, and spread at random along the leaf blades and leaf sheaths of the developing plant, including tissues of the spike. Because the lesion-mimic mutant showed no lesions at the seedling stage, the phenotypes of both the mutant and its mother line were identical at this point. Histochemical studies showed that spontaneous hypersensitive-like lesions in the HLP mutant corresponded to cell death. In leaf-rust ( Puccinia triticina ) infection experiments performed at seedling and adult-plant stages, adult HLP plants showed enhanced resistance to leaf-rust attack compared with plants of Sinvalocho M.A. of comparable developmental stage, suggesting that the HLP mutation may confer increased resistance to the fungus. Because enhanced resistance coincided with the presence of spontaneous HR lesions, activation of HLP plant defence responses appeared to be tightly linked to this phenomenon. Final plant height and yield components in the lesion-mimic mutant did not differ from those of the mother line, indicating that the HLP mutation caused no detrimental pleiotropic effects that significantly affected agronomic performance. These data support the direct use of mutations in disease-resistance breeding.     

中国75个国审小麦品种抗条锈基因推导

为明确通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定的75个小麦品种对条锈病抗病基因状况,根据供试品种与21个来自不同国家或地区条锈菌菌系的互作反应,与已知基因载体品种侵染型进行比较。结果显示,在已知抗条锈病基因中,Yr1、Yr2、Yr3、Yr5、Yr6、Yr7、Yr8、Yr9、Yr17、Yr27、YrA、Yr25、YrSu、YrSp、YrSk等基因以单基因或基因组合形式分布在49个小麦品种（系）中,Yr3所占比例为26.7%,Yr2为20.0%,Yr2、Yr3以基因组合形式存在的占14.7%;其次,携带Yr9的品种有12个,占16.0%;携带Yr1、YrSp的品种各10个,均占13.6%;其余推导出的抗条锈病基因比例均在10.0%以下。镇麦8号、宁麦15和生选6号感染所有菌系,推导其不含有已知抗条锈病基因。     

四川地区小麦叶、秆锈菌的越冬和越夏

小麦叶锈病是四川冬、春麦上的常发病害,但仅在局部地区偶尔流行;叶锈菌在盆地内以夏孢子越冬,仅很少夏孢子能越夏,其主要越夏场所在海拔800～3 500 m地区的各类小麦上,而在1 900 m海拔地区、6～8月均温19.5℃的地方越夏菌量最大,呈显著优势。小麦秆锈病则是春麦区偶然流行的病害,其在盆地内常年无越冬菌源,但可在盆地内直至3 500 m海拔地区的小麦上越夏,其中以1 500 m以下,特别是700 m左右,6～8月均温23℃的地方越夏菌量较大。