Systematic variation in DNA length yields highly ordered repressor-operator cocrystals

Crystals have been grown that contain the operator-binding domain of the lambda repressor and the lambda operator site OL1. Crystallization conditions were tested with a set of DNA fragments, ranging in length from 17 to 23 base pairs. The best crystals were grown with a 20-base pair DNA fragment. These crystals have space-group symmetry P2I, with unit cell dimensions a = 37.1 A, b = 68.8 A, c = 56.8 A, and a beta angle of 91.5 degrees. They diffracted to at least 2.5 A resolution. High resolution data from these crystals should allow the direct determination of how a repressor recognizes its operator site.     

Whole-genome patterns of common DNA variation in three human populations

Individual differences in DNA sequence are the genetic basis of human variability. We have characterized whole-genome patterns of common human DNA variation by genotyping 1,586,383 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 71 Americans of European, African, and Asian ancestry. Our results indicate that these SNPs capture most common genetic variation as a result of linkage disequilibrium, the correlation among common SNP alleles. We observe a strong correlation between extended regions of linkage disequilibrium and functional genomic elements. Our data provide a tool for exploring many questions that remain regarding the causal role of common human DNA variation in complex human traits and for investigating the nature of genetic variation within and between human populations.     

Cis-acting regulatory variation in the human genome

The systematic screening of the human genome for genetic variants that affect gene regulation should advance our fundamental understanding of phenotypic diversity and lead to the identification of alleles that modify disease risk. There are several challenges in localizing regulatory polymorphisms, including the wide spectrum of cis-acting regulatory mechanisms, the inconsistent effects of regulatory variants in different tissues, and the difficulty in isolating the causal variants that are in linkage disequilibrium with many other variants. We discuss the current state of knowledge and technologies used for mapping and characterizing genetic variation controlling human gene expression.     

Dynorphin and vasopressin: common localization in magnocellular neurons

The opioid peptide dynorphin is widely distributed in neuronal tissue of rats. By immunocytochemical methods, it was shown previously that dynorphin-like immunoreactivity is present in the posterior pituitary and the cells of the hypothalamic neurosecretory magnocellular nuclei which also are responsible for the synthesis of oxytocin, vasopressin, and their neurophysins. By using an affinity-purified antiserum to the non-enkephalin part of the dynorphin molecule it has now been demonstrated that dynorphin and vasopressin occur in the same hypothalamic cells of rats, whereas dynorphin and oxytocin occur in separate cells. Homozygous Brattleboro rats (deficient in vasopressin) have magnocellular neurons that contain dynorphin separate from oxytocin. Thus dynorphin and vasopressin, although they occur in the same cells, appear to be under separate genetic control and presumably arise from different precursors.     

Chromosomal localization of mouse satellite DNA

Hybridization of radioactive nucleic acids with the DNA of cytological preparations shows that the sequences of mouse satellite DNA are located in the centromeric heterochromatin of the mouse chromosomes. Other types of heterochromatin in the cytological preparations do not contain satellite DNA.     

鲤45S rDNA的染色体荧光原位杂交定位

应用荧光原位杂交技术,通过设计位于5.8S rDNA、18S rDNA和非转录IGS区域的3条探针CAAG1191、CAAG1845和CAAG3602,分别对散鳞镜鲤Cyprinus carpio var.scattered mirror和松浦鲤Cyprinus carpio Songpu的45S核糖体DNA(ribosomal DNA,rDNA)进行染色体定位及共定位.结果表明:45S rDNA均位于两品种鲤一对近端着丝粒染色体的短臂末端,具有染色体特异性,表明45S rDNA序列的探针能够在鲤细胞遗传学研究中用于标识其所在染色体,并与鲤遗传连锁图谱中长度为227 cM的1号连锁群相对应;两品种鲤的染色体数目均为2n=100,45S rDNA在鲤基因组内仅定位于一对同源染色体,不存在复制位点,证实了鲤基因组在全基因组复制事件之后又经历了重新二倍化过程.     

鲤45S rDNA的染色体荧光原位杂交定位

应用荧光原位杂交技术,通过设计位于5.8S rDNA、18S rDNA和非转录IGS区域的3条探针CAAG1191、CAAG1845和CAAG3602,分别对散鳞镜鲤Cyprinus carpio var.scattered mirror和松浦鲤Cyprinuscarpio Songpu的45S核糖体DNA(ribosomal DNA,rDNA)进行染色体定位及共定位。结果表明:45S rDNA均位于两品种鲤一对近端着丝粒染色体的短臂末端,具有染色体特异性,表明45S rDNA序列的探针能够在鲤细胞遗传学研究中用于标识其所在染色体,并与鲤遗传连锁图谱中长度为227 cM的1号连锁群相对应;两品种鲤的染色体数目均为2n=100,45S rDNA在鲤基因组内仅定位于一对同源染色体,不存在复制位点,证实了鲤基因组在全基因组复制事件之后又经历了重新二倍化过程。     

Mitochondrial DNA size variation within individual crickets

The mitochondrial DNA's of two closely related cricket species (genus Gryllus) share a size polymorphism as evidenced by analysis of restriction fragment patterns. Moreover, 12 of 100 field-collected crickets are heteroplasmic, that is these individuals have more than one size class of mitochondrial DNA. No heteroplasmy for restriction site variation is observed. Intraindividual variation in cricket mitochondrial DNA provides a useful marker for studying the transmission genetics of mitochondrial DNA. Available data on patterns of variation in mothers and offspring suggest that random segregation of mitochondrial DNA variants does not occur rapidly in cricket germ-cell lineages.     

瓯江彩鲤线粒体DNA的限制性内切酶分析

用 13种限制性内切酶对瓯江彩鲤的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)进行RFLP分析 ,结果表明 :(1)共产生 18种限制性态型 ,其中 5种酶产生限制性片段长度多态性 (RFLPs) ,归结为 5种基因单倍型。 (2 )瓯江彩鲤mtDNA大小为 16 .6 0± 0 .15kb ,单倍型间的基因多样性指数和群体核苷酸多样性指数分别为 0 .75 17、0 .0 2 86 ,遗传多样性较丰富     

瓯江彩鲤线粒体DNA的限制性内切酶分析

用 13种限制性内切酶对瓯江彩鲤的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)进行RFLP分析 ,结果表明 :(1)共产生 18种限制性态型 ,其中 5种酶产生限制性片段长度多态性 (RFLPs) ,归结为 5种基因单倍型。 (2 )瓯江彩鲤mtDNA大小为 16 .6 0± 0 .15kb ,单倍型间的基因多样性指数和群体核苷酸多样性指数分别为 0 .75 17、0 .0 2 86 ,遗传多样性较丰富     

外源DNA导入玉米引起后代性状变异的研究

采用浸胚法将大豆DNA导入玉米自交系,获得变异植株D0代及D1代植株。考察D0代变异株及D1代植株的性状,并采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法(PAGE)对D0代植株及其供体进行了过氧化物同工酶分析,从而初步证实了大豆DNA的功能片段已整合到了受体基因组内并得到了表达。     

常见病原菌基因组DNA快速提取试剂盒研制

以单增李斯特菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等6种常见食源性致病菌为研究对象,优化试剂盒工艺参数,采用琼脂糖凝胶电泳及OD260/OD280分析基因组DNA提取效果。结果表明,试验试剂盒可在30 min内完成基因组DNA提取,对常见10类食品样品抗基质干扰能力强。与实时荧光PCR技术联用,检测染菌量1~10 cfu·25 g-1食品样品时,仅一次增菌可得阳性结果;市售食品样品检测与国标方法结果无显著差异。所研制病原菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒适用于食品病原菌快速检测。     

外源DNA导入小麦引起后代性状变异的研究

应用外源DNA直接导入植物技术 ,将不同种属的单子叶植物总DNA分别导入普通小麦 ,调查其后代产生的变异 ,对D2 代株高、穗粒数、千粒重 3个性状的变异进行分析研究     

利用DONtest-HPLC检测小麦镰刀菌毒素DON含量的差异

以2003年长江中下游地区赤霉病大流行后收获的8个不同抗、感赤霉病小麦为材料,探讨DONtest HPLC在低毒素小麦选育中的利用价值,并揭示不同抗性小麦脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)含量的差异特点。研究结果表明,本方法具有快速、准确的特点,平均回收率达78.2%;不同抗性品种DON含量差异明显,3个抗病品种中望水白含量最低,3个中抗类型中扬麦158最低。高产毒素镰刀菌菌株接种鉴定结果进一步证实了这种差异。研究结果还表明,2003年江苏4个地区12份样本均受到不同程度污染,DON变幅为0.175～7.239mg·kg-1。自然发病条件下,病粒率与DON含量存在显著相关性,可以作为毒素选择的间接指标。     

Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA comparisons reveal extreme rate variation in the molecular clock

The discovery that the rate of evolution of vertebrate mitochondrial DNA is rapid, compared to the rate for vertebrate nuclear DNA, has resulted in its widespread use in evolutionary studies. Comparison of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA divergences among echinoid and vertebrate taxa of similar ages indicates that the rapid rate of vertebrate mitochondrial DNA evolution is, in part, an artifact of a widely divergent rate of nuclear DNA evolution. This disparity in relative rates of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA divergence suggests that the controls and constraints under which the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes operate are evolving independently, and provides evidence that is independent of fossil dating for a robust rejection of a generalized molecular clock hypothesis of DNA evolution.     

Cloning of human androgen receptor complementary DNA and localization to the X chromosome

The androgen receptor (AR) mediates the actions of male sex steroids. Human AR genomic DNA was cloned from a flow-sorted human X chromosome library by using a consensus nucleotide sequence from the DNA-binding domain of the family of nuclear receptors. The AR gene was localized on the human X chromosome between the centromere and q13. Cloned complementary DNA, selected with an AR-specific oligonucleotide probe, was expressed in monkey kidney (COS) cells and yielded a high-affinity androgen-binding protein with steroid-binding specificity corresponding to that of native AR. A predominant messenger RNA species of 9.6 kilobases was identified in human, rat, and mouse tissues known to contain AR and was undetectable in tissues lacking AR androgen-binding activity, including kidney and liver from androgen-insensitive mice. The deduced amino acid sequence of AR within the DNA-binding domain has highest sequence identity with the progesterone receptor.     

延边黄牛的微卫星遗传变异及DNA指纹分析

检测了8个群体184个个体,共检测到等位基因330个,各微卫星标记位点的多态信息含量(PIC)为0.536 7~0.886 1,同一标记位点在各群体间存在差异.各位点观察杂合度的变动范围为0.2~0.954 5,期望杂合度的变动范围为0.283 1~0.918.在HEL9和HEL51两个微卫星标记中,延边黄牛特有基因型的频率都达到了40%以上,因此,本实验所获得的微卫星DNA指纹数据对延边黄牛的品种鉴别有重要的参考价值.     

安徽东流水牛线粒体D-Loop区遗传多样性与系统进化分析

【目的】分析安徽东流水牛群体的分子遗传特性,为今后开展我国地方水牛品种研究提供科学依据。【方法】采用测序技术测定安徽东至县31头东流水牛线粒体DNA(mtDNA)D-Loop序列,结合GenBank数据库中已报道的22个群体的471条中国水牛D-Loop序列进行联合分析,利用DnaSP 5.1软件统计核苷酸多样性和单倍型多样性,利用MEGA 5.10软件构建N-J系统发生树,利用Network 4.60软件构建单倍型的media-joining网络。【结果】在22个中国水牛群体中发现163个变异位点,180个单倍型,其核苷酸多样性为0.018 23±0.002 21,单倍型多样性为0.877 40±0.013 80,其中在东流水牛D-Loop序列中发现70个变异位点,构成35种单倍型,其核苷酸多样性为0.013 31±0.002 08,单倍型多样性为0.944 00±0.023 00,群体变异性水平与中国其他水牛群体接近。N-J系统发生树和media-joining进化网络显示,中国水牛分为沼泽型和江河型,前者又分为A和B支系,B支系包括b1和b22个亚支系,东流水牛分布于A和B支系中。【结论】东流水牛群体遗传多样性丰富,且线粒体具有2个母系来源。