猪胚胎核移植研究进展

核移植就是将共体核移入受体卵胞质获得重组胚的过程，核移植可以产生遗传组成相同的若干后代，前景迷人。猪胚胎核移植目前以早期卵裂球做供体，次级卵母细胞做受体。猪胚母体－合子转变（ＭＺＴ）发生于４细胞期，ＭＺＴ不影响重组胚的发育能力。核质融合及激活老头儿采电激法，可有效地使重级胚发育，卵母细胞质可使融入的核发生再规范产重排发育程序，供体细胞周期对核移胚的发育有重要影响。由于猪胚的特殊性，核移植的难度较大     

小鼠孤雌激活胚胎早期发育过程中胞吞作用相关蛋白的动态表达分析

为探索哺乳动物孤雌激活胚胎早期发育过程中胞吞作用相关蛋白的动态表达,通过体外生产小鼠孤雌激活胚胎,采用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)和蛋白质免疫印迹(Western blot)技术检测不同发育时期小鼠孤雌激活胚胎胞吞作用相关蛋白Cav1、Cav2基因和蛋白相对表达水平,并采用免疫荧光技术进行不同发育时期小鼠孤雌激活胚胎中Cav1、Cav2表达定位分析。结果表明,在小鼠孤雌激活胚胎不同时期均可检测到Cav1、Cav2基因及其蛋白的表达,其中囊胚和桑椹胚中该2个基因的表达水平最高,4-8细胞时期次之,2细胞最低;各发育时期孤雌激活胚胎中Cav1、Cav2蛋白主要定位在胚胎细胞胞质内;囊胚中内细胞团(ICM)细胞中Cav1的荧光强度高于滋养层细胞。说明胞吞作用相关蛋白Cav1、Cav2可能参与小鼠早期胚胎发育的生理调控,桑椹胚和囊胚时期可能是其发挥生理功能的重要时期,并且在囊胚时期对内细胞团发育的调控作用更为显著。研究结果可为探索胞吞作用参与哺乳动物胚胎早期发育的调控机制提供重要参考。     

哺乳动物胚胎基因组表达起始的调控

哺乳动物受精后 ,早期胚胎缺乏转录活性 ,早期发育由母源性的转录产物所调节。合子基因组激活的时期因物种而异。合子基因组激活可分为 2个时期 :起始阶段低水平的表达和第 2阶段爆发式的表达。在小鼠 1 细胞期胚 ,雌原核无转录活性 ,但雄原核出现基因转录。在 2 细胞早、中期之前 ,小鼠特异性基因的表达不需要增强子的作用 ,其启动子没有受到抑制 ,但由于基本转录因子的浓度较低 ,基因转录活性不高。基因高水平的转录发生在小鼠 2 细胞后期 ,此时转录抑制建立 ,特异性基因的转录依赖于增强子的作用。     

hTERT永生化牛乳腺上皮细胞核移植胚胎的早期发育

为了研究供核细胞端粒酶基因的激活是否影响核移植胚胎的早期发育,试验采用转染端粒酶基因的牛乳腺上皮细胞与正常乳腺上皮细胞分别作为供核细胞进行核移植,检测重构胚卵裂率、囊胚发育率和孵化胚发育率及囊胚细胞数的差异。结果表明:2种细胞都可被牛卵母细胞重编程,各项指标差异均不显著。说明供核细胞人端粒酶催化亚基水平的高低对植入前阶段的核移植胚胎发育无显著影响,推测牛早期核移植胚胎可以调节端粒酶基因的表达和端粒的延伸,无需外源人端粒酶催化亚基活性。     

水牛体细胞核移植方法比较及激活前的时间间隔对全细胞胞质内注射法核移植效果的影响

本研究旨在比较水牛2种体细胞核移植(Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer,SCNT)方法的效果以及激活前的时间间隔对全细胞胞质内注射法(Whole-Cell Intracytoplasmic Microinjection,WCICSI)核移植效果的影响.采用水牛胎儿成纤维细胞作为供核,比较了透明带下注核法(Perivitelline Microinjection,PM)和WCICSI核移植效果.另外,试验了不同类型的供体细胞进行全细胞胞质内注射后与激活前的受体胞质的最适宜作用时间.结果,WCICSI构建核移植重构胚的成功率显著高于PM(87.1%vs 81.1%,P＜0.05),虽然其重构胚的分裂率极显著低于PM(49.5%vs 71.8%,P＜0.01),但囊胚率、核移植的效率无显著差异(P＞0.05).卵丘细胞和胎儿成纤维细胞在注射后3 h激活,重构胚的囊胚发育率最高;颗粒细胞注射后与激活前的最佳时间间隔可在1.5～3 h,但3 h是最佳的作用时间.结果表明,(1)WCICSI可用于水牛体细胞核移植的研究;(2)水牛胞质内注射供体细胞后3 h进行激活,核移植重构胚的发育效果最好.     

卵母细胞质移植对兔原核胚体外发育的影响

卵母细胞胞质中存在着大量的母源性信息，正常受精卵的发育启动和早期卵裂主要由这些母源性信息所控制。为了评估卵胞质含量对早期胚胎发育的影响，以假显微注射兔原核胚为对照，采用显微注射技术将兔原核期胚胎去除或增加一定量的细胞质：试验一，增加5％和20％的细胞质；试验二，移入5％小鼠MⅡ期卵母细胞胞质。胚胎经显微操作后进行R1／R2序贯培养。结果显示，（1）增量5％组胚胎的2细胞胚（72．00％）、8细胞胚（60．00％）、桑椹胚（58．00％）和囊胚（54．00％）的发育率均显著（P〈0．05）高于增量20％组胚胎（分别为47．62％、35．71％、33．33％和30．95％），但与对照组之间无显著差异（P〉0．05）；囊胚细胞数在2个增量组和对照组3者之间也无显著差异（P〉0．05）。（2）将5％小鼠MⅡ期卵胞质移入兔原核胚后，各阶段胚胎发育率和囊胚细胞数与增量5％组、对照组相比均无显著差异；早期胚胎经PCR检测，在2细胞胚（5／5）、8细胞胚（5／5）和桑椹胚（5／5）均全部检测到了供体小鼠mtDNA的D—loop区3’端片段，而在囊胚却仅有1枚（1／5）能够检测到。结果表明，增加少量细胞质不会对兔原核胚的体外发育造成显著影响，但胚胎发育率随着细胞质体积的增加有下降趋势，而异种卵胞质对兔原核胚的发育没有明显影响，在囊胚期虽仍能检测到异种卵胞质中mtDNA的存在，但异种mtDNA会随胚胎发育而逐渐减少。     

鳜→鲤的细胞核移植

本文报道用细胞核移植的方法,获得了亲缘关系较远的不同目鱼类之间的核一质杂种鱼胚胎.即以鳜鱼的囊胚细胞核作供体,以鲤鱼的成熟未受精去核卵细胞质作为受体进行核移植试验,使囊胚细胞核发生分裂,从而启动卵细胞质也发生分裂,导致重新进行个体发育.在获得的112个正常发育的核移植卵中,发生卵裂的107个,占95.5%发育至囊胚期的61个,占54.5%,发育至原肠期的6个,占5.4%,发育至神经胚期和胚孔封闭期的各1个,分别占0.9%.鳜→鲤核质杂种胚胎类似鲤鱼同期胚胎,其早期发育速度与鲤鱼相似而比鳜鱼快.各杂种胚胎发育期的胚盘形状及大小均类似鲤鱼,大于鳜鱼同期胚盘,且胚盘细胞较多,但比鲤鱼胚盘细胞小,这是鳜→鲤核质杂种胚胎发育的一个显著特点.作者认为核-质杂种胚胎的性状发育,受核受体物种的母性影响控制.     

HSPA9B在牦牛体外受精胚胎中的表达

本试验旨在研究热休克蛋白70-9B(heat shock 70 000protein-9B,HSPA9B)在牦牛早期体外受精胚胎中的表达差异及其与体外受精胚胎发育的关系。在正常生理条件下,采集青海高原牦牛卵巢,捡取质量良好的卵丘-卵母细胞复合体(cumulus-oocyte complexes,COCs),进行体外受精和体外培养,采取实时荧光定量(RT-qPCR)和间接免疫荧光技术,检测HSPA9B在不同时期体外受精胚胎中的表达差异及其蛋白分布。实时荧光定量结果表明,HSPA9B在2~4细胞期胚胎中的相对表达量,分别是在桑椹胚和囊胚中的6.693 4、5.227 4倍,HSPA9B在4~8细胞期胚胎中的相对表达量分别是在2~4细胞期胚胎、桑椹胚和囊胚中的1.136 8、9.089 7和5.937 2倍。间接免疫荧光染色结果表明,在2~4细胞期胚胎、4~8细胞期胚胎和桑椹胚中,胞核HSPA9B的相对表达量较胞质弱,在囊胚中胞核HSPA9B的相对表达量较胞质强。由此得出结论:通过基因水平研究,发现HSPA9B在牦牛早期各时期的体外受精胚胎中存在表达差异,HSPA9B在2~4、4~8细胞期胚胎中的相对表达量与其在桑椹胚和囊胚中的相对表达量差异性极显著(P0.01),提示:可能是HSPA9B在胚胎早期发育中发挥重要作用;通过蛋白水平研究,发现HSPA9B在2~4细胞期胚胎、4~8细胞期胚胎和桑椹胚中,胞核HSPA9B的表达量较胞质的表达弱,在囊胚中胞核HSPA9B的表达量较胞质的表达强,结果表明,在体外培养的环境应激条件下,牦牛体外受精胚胎发育至囊胚时,HSPA9B蛋白的分布可能发生了移位。     

不同供核细胞处理方法及激活时间对猪核移植重构胚发育的影响

利用屠宰场卵巢采集的卵母细胞经过去核、注核及激活等操作后,研究猪颗粒细胞和胎儿成纤维细胞,血清饥饿处理法及不同的激活时间等因素对猪核移植重构胚体外发育的影响。结果表明,猪颗粒细胞和胎儿成纤维细胞用作核供体与猪卵母细胞构建重构胚,在卵裂率上无显著性差异。作为供核细胞的猪成纤维细胞,经过血清饥饿与不经过血清饥饿培养,核移植重构胚的卵裂率无显著性差异(P>0.05)。在进行核注射后,使供核细胞与胞质受体作用适当的时间(1～6h)再进行激活,有利于重构胚的发育。     

哺乳动物附植前胚胎的基因表达调控

哺乳动物胚胎附植前期包括:合子的形成,胚胎基因组的激活和细胞分化的开始。在这个时期,发育由母源物质控制转为合子基因控制,在此过程,同时形成染色质介导的转录抑制时期,要解除抑制必须经过胚胎基因组的激活。通过对体内、外附植前胚胎的mRNA的表达特点以及它们与成功发育联系的研究,可以筛选出最佳的体外培养条件,设计最佳的核移植方案。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.