优质米品种的产量生理与农艺调控研究——Ⅵ双竹粘和威优64的物质生产与产量因子的关系的研究

本文研究了优质稻双竹粘和杂交稻威优64的物质生产与产量因子的关系,得到如下主要结果:(1)每亩穗数与分化前的物质生产量密切相关,每穗粒数与分化—齐穗期的物质生产量密切相关。(2)结实率与每颖花的灌浆量呈正相关,但是双竹粘的结实率可能主要取决于每颖花齐穗后生产的灌浆量,威优64则可能主要取决于每颖花齐穗前运转的灌浆量。(3)双竹粘的千粒重主要取决于颖花的容量,而威优64主要取决于灌浆程度.     

玉米籽粒灌浆生长分析

采用生长分析法和细胞计数法研究了掖单13号和石单3号两个玉米品种籽粒灌浆过程中籽粒增重与胚乳细胞增殖的关系,结果表明:同一品种粒重的差异是由灌浆速度决定的,而不同品种粒重的差异则是灌浆持续期的长短造成的.胚乳细胞数与灌浆速度和灌浆持续期均呈极显著相关,表明胚乳细胞数的不同是引起粒重不同的主要原因.     

水稻灌浆初期籽粒生理活性对结实率的影响

以两优培九和汕优63为材料,研究了水稻灌浆初期不同类型籽粒生理活性的差异及其对结实率的影响.结果表明:汕优63和两优培九灌浆初期籽粒的生理活性存在差异;汕优63的结实率比两优培九高,灌浆初期汕优63籽粒库ATP含量、IAA含量和ADPG焦磷酸化酶活性均高于两优培九.水稻结实率与灌浆初期籽粒生理活性有密切的关系.     

水稻灌浆初期籽粒生理活性对结实率的影响

以两优培九和汕优63为材料,研究了水稻灌浆初期不同类型籽粒生理活性的差异及其对结实率的影响。结果表明：汕优63和两优培九灌浆初期籽粒的生理活性存在差异;汕优63的结实率比两优培九高,灌浆初期汕优63籽粒库ATP含量、IAA含量和ADPG焦磷酸化酶活性均高于两优培九。水稻结实率与灌浆初期籽粒生理活性有密切的关系。     

小麦高产品种籽粒灌浆与粒重的关系

以黄淮麦区13个具不同产量结构特征的高产品种（系）为试材，探讨了籽粒生长3个阶段的持续时间、灌浆速率和干物质积累量，及其与粒重的关系。结果表明：籽粒的灌浆速率和干物质积累量在籽粒生长各阶段均存在显著的品种间差异；籽粒灌浆速率，特别是第2阶段灌浆速率对籽粒增重有重要影响，是籽粒增重的决定因子；千粒重与第2阶段灌浆速率呈极显著的正相关，第2阶段灌浆速率显著增高是大粒品种的重要特征。饱满度在65％以上籽粒饱满，在45％以下籽粒秕瘦。     

不同籼稻品种的籽粒灌浆特性及根系活力

为探索不同籼稻品种的籽粒灌浆特性和后期根系活力变化,以6个籼稻品种为材料,研究了始穗后籽粒增重和根系伤流强度变化情况。结果表明:水稻始穗后,灌浆速率经历"慢-快-慢"的过程,在抽穗后10d籽粒增重最快;不同的品种表现不完全相同,黔两优58、益农1号和黔优88存在分段灌浆现象;始穗初期伤流强度开始维持在较高水平,穗后15d下降最快,始穗20d后伤流强度下降幅度减缓;根系伤流强度降低和籽粒增重不同步。     

水稻两优培九生育后期籽粒灌浆生理研究

摘要：目的：探讨两优培九生育后期籽粒灌浆的生理基础,揭示水稻品种间叶片和籽粒灌浆的生理学差异。方法：以两优培九为实验材料,以汕优63和其父本9311为参照品种,测定了三品种生育后期籽粒灌浆期间叶片光合速率和籽粒中相关能量和物质代谢酶活性变化。结果：三品种强势粒的各项生理活性指标变化趋势一致,两优培九在灌浆前期,叶片生理和强势粒灌浆具有一定的超亲活性优势;灌浆的中后期,剑叶叶片中的光合速率,特别是弱势粒生理活性下降较快。与其他两品种相比,叶片和籽粒中的ATP酶活性、谷氨酸脱氢酶（GDH）活性、蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性、可溶性糖及淀粉含量差异显著;从变化曲线上看,其弱势粒的灌浆启动较慢,按先后次序依次为9311,汕优63和两优培九。相对强势粒,弱势粒灌浆能量和物质不足。结论：两优培九叶片和籽粒中与能量和相关物质合成代谢的酶活性相对较低是其籽粒空瘪率相对较高的重要原因。加强生育后期剑叶叶片功能的调控,提高其生理活性,增强弱势粒能量代谢是解决高产杂交稻籽粒充实度低的有效途径。     

不同水稻品种(组合)籽粒灌浆特性的比较

以不同籽粒充实度的亚种间杂交稻两优培九、品种间杂交稻汕优63和常规稻武育粳3号为材料,用Richards方程分析它们灌浆特性之间的差异.结果表明:籽粒充实度好的武育梗3号的强、弱势粒的起始生长势、最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率差异不明显,表现为强、弱势粒灌浆接近同步;籽粒充实度差的两优培九、汕优63的强、弱势粒的起始生长势、最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率差异显著,表现为典型的异步灌浆型.籽粒充实度差的品种(组合),灌浆前、中期弱势粒中蔗糖含量高于强势粒,表明同化产物供应量不是限制籽粒充实的主要因子,充实度差可能与其本身的库活性或其他因素有关.     

爆裂玉米吉爆4号和美爆1号生长发育的研究

通过对爆裂玉米品种吉爆4号和美爆1号的株高,叶片数、植株茎秆和叶片的干物重、籽粒灌浆速度、爆花率、膨胀倍数等性状的研究,结果表明:吉爆4号和美爆1号出苗后41d～69d植株快速增重,茎秆的干物重的变化趋势与植株干物重相类似,呈现"s"型增长趋势.两品种的爆花率在授粉后30～39d增长迅速,以后爆花率增长缓慢;爆花率与膨胀倍数呈极显著正相关.爆裂玉米的籽粒在授粉后15～24d籽粒灌浆速度最快,以后籽粒增重缓慢.     

优质超级稻松粳9号籽粒灌浆动态研究

通过对不同水稻品种籽粒灌浆动态的研究,结果表明:与两个对照品种相比,优质超级稻松粳9号籽粒灌浆具有启动早、灌浆速率高而且平稳的特点.上部籽粒和下部籽粒灌浆速率平稳,抽穗后25 d灌浆速率达到最大值,与两个对照品种一致;中部籽粒在抽穗后30 d灌浆速率达到最大,晚于两个对照品种.不同部位的籽粒灌浆差异明显,灌浆速率和粒重由大到小依次是上部籽粒、中部籽粒、下部籽粒.     

水稻巨大胚突变体籽粒灌浆特性

[目的]探讨水稻巨大胚突变体千粒重下降与其籽粒灌浆特性的关系。[方法]用Richards方程对水稻巨大胚突变体MH-ge1及其野生型明恢86的籽粒灌浆过程进行拟合,对供试材料的灌浆特征参数进行分析。[结果]巨大胚突变体的起始灌浆潜势大于野生型MH86,但最大生长速率、平均生长速率均较小于野生型,且突变体的最终生长量小于野生型。[结论]突变体的籽粒灌浆特性较野生型差,从而造成巨胚稻突变体籽粒重下降。     

水稻巨大胚突变体籽粒灌浆特性

[目的]探讨水稻巨大胚突变体千粒重下降与其籽粒灌浆特性的关系。[方法]用Richards方程对水稻巨大胚突变体MH-ge1及其野生型明恢86的籽粒灌浆过程进行拟合,对供试材料的灌浆特征参数进行分析。[结果]巨大胚突变体的起始灌浆潜势大于野生型MH86,但最大生长速率、平均生长速率均较小于野生型,且突变体的最终生长量小于野生型。[结论]突变体的籽粒灌浆特性较野生型差,从而造成巨胚稻突变体籽粒重下降。     

Characteristics of Grain Filling and Dehydration in Wheat

【Objective】The characteristic of grain filling and dehydration in wheat was studied, which provided a selection method and a theoretical basis for breeding wheat variety with fast filling and dehydration, and its grain with safety moisture content without drying process at harvesting date. 【Method】 In 2015 and 2016, 7 main wheat varieties in the middle and lower of the Yangtze River Valley were used as tested materials. The grain filling traits, dehydration rate and grain moisture content at physiological maturity and harvest date were measured to explore their profiles by Logistic Growth Equation (LGE) fitting analysis and multiple comparison and correlation coefficient method. 【Result】 The results indicated that grain-filling of 7 varieties fitted LGE best, with an S-like breakthrough curve of slow-fast-slow trend, but there were significant differences in the maximum grain-filling rate, average grain-filling rate and grain-filling duration in different varieties. The maximum grain-filling rates and average grain-filling rates of Yangmai 11, Yangmai 158 and Yangmai 16 were higher, whose dry grain weights at 30 d after anthesis were more than 35 g and the grain-filling durations were shorter; The grain filling rate of Yangmai 15 was the fourth fastest, but the grain-filling duration was the longest among the 7 wheat genotypes; Ningmai 13, Yangmai 20 and Yangmai 22 had the smaller filling rates, respectively. The maximum grain-filling rate, average grain-filling rate, R1, R2 and R3 were significantly positively correlated with 1000-grain weight. The rate of grain filling was R2>R1>R3 in the three filling stages. The filling grain of wheat was basically finished at 30 d after anthesis. After the grain filling stage, it started the dehydration and drying stage. There were significant differences among the 7 genotypes in the grain moisture content at physiological maturity and harvest date, as well as the grain dehydration rate. The grain dehydration rates of Yangmai 11, Yangmai 158 and Yangmai 16 were higher than the others, whereas Yangmai15 was the lowest. The grain moisture content at harvest date was significantly (P<0.01, 0.05) correlated with the grain moisture content at physiological maturity date, the average dehydration rate after physiological maturity, and the grain dehydration rate at 2 d after physiological maturity.【Conclusion】In Yangmai 11, Yangmai 158 and Yangmai 16, the grain-filling was faster and completed earlier, and the grain dehydrated more quickly. The grain weight >35 g at 30 d after anthesis could be used as the selection parameter of the grain-filling rate. The average grain dehydration rate after physiological maturity could be a selection parameter that evaluates the dehydration property of wheat.     

小麦籽粒灌浆与脱水特性

【目的】研究小麦品种籽粒灌浆与脱水特性,为培育灌浆快、脱水快的少（免）晾晒小麦品种提供选择方法和理论依据。【方法】2015—2016年以长江中下游地区7个主推小麦品种为试验材料,采用Logistic方程拟合、多重比较及相关分析等方法,测定灌浆与脱水指标,生理成熟期及收获期籽粒含水率等。【结果】籽粒灌浆呈“S”型“慢-快-慢”的增长趋势,但不同品种最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率及灌浆持续时间差异显著,扬麦11、扬麦158、扬麦16最大灌浆速率及平均灌浆速率较大,花后30 d籽粒干重均达35 g以上,灌浆持续期较短;扬麦15灌浆速率仅次于上述3个品种,但灌浆持续期最长;宁麦13、扬麦20、扬麦22灌浆速率较小。最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率以及渐增期、快增期和缓增期的灌浆速率均与千粒重极显著正相关,3个灌浆时期灌浆速率R2>R1>R3,花后30 d灌浆基本完成。籽粒灌浆完成后进入脱水阶段,生理成熟期和收获期籽粒含水率、生理成熟后籽粒脱水速率品种间差异显著,扬麦11、扬麦158、扬麦16生理成熟后籽粒脱水速率较高,扬麦15最低。收获期籽粒含水率与生理成熟期籽粒含水率、籽粒平均脱水速率、生理成熟后2 d籽粒脱水速率显著或极显著相关。【结论】扬麦11、扬麦158、扬麦16灌浆速率大,灌浆完成早,籽粒脱水快。花后30 d粒重>35 g可作为育种材料灌浆快慢的选择指标,生理成熟期后籽粒平均脱水速率可作为衡量小麦品种脱水快慢的选择指标。     

花粒期光照对夏玉米产量和籽粒灌浆特性的影响

【目的】针对近年来黄淮海夏玉米区太阳辐射不断减少的生产问题,探讨花粒期光照对夏玉米产量及籽粒灌浆特性的影响。【方法】以登海605（DH605）为试验材料,大田条件下设置花粒期遮阴（S）、花粒期增光（L）两个处理,遮光度为60%,阴天下增光的光照强度能达到80 000—100 000 lx,以自然光为对照（CK）,研究花粒期光照对夏玉米产量和籽粒灌浆特性的影响。【结果】遮阴后夏玉米的产量、干物质积累量、最大灌浆速率均有不同程度的降低,而增光增加了夏玉米产量、干物质积累量和最大灌浆速率。连续两年遮阴处理的产量较对照分别降低了59.39%、79.03%,而增光则较对照分别增加了16.29%、12.93%。干物质积累量表现为L>CK>S,生育后期不同处理DH605的籽粒占干物质总量的比例差异显著,S、CK和L平均分别为22.92%、48.49%和51.80%。与CK相比,遮阴后籽粒最大灌浆速率减小,同时达到最大灌浆速率时的天数相对增加;增光则使籽粒最大灌浆速率提高,达到最大灌浆速率时的生长量增加。【结论】花粒期遮阴通过降低夏玉米的干物质积累量、籽粒最大灌浆速率,显著降低夏玉米产量;花粒期增光则通过增加夏玉米的干物质积累量、籽粒最大灌浆速率,显著提高夏玉米产量。     

不同播种密度对冬小麦灌浆特性及产量的影响

通过田间试验研究了种植密度对冬小麦籽粒灌浆特性、粒重和产量的影响。结果表明:种植密度对灌浆持续期没有明显影响,但对粒重和灌浆速率影响较大,低密度处理粒重最大,最大灌浆速率也最高。茎秆、叶片对籽粒的贡献率不同处理不同品种均为茎秆大于叶片;随种植密度的增加,穗粒数和千粒重减小,而中密度处理产量最高。     

高淀粉玉米籽粒胚乳细胞增殖与淀粉积累的关系

本试验以大田种植的高淀粉玉米品种郑单18、费玉3号和普通玉米品种郑单958、农大108为试材,研究高淀粉玉米籽粒在不同生育期胚乳细胞增殖动态及其与淀粉积累的关系。结果表明:随着灌浆期的延长,不同品种玉米粒重逐渐增加,淀粉含量呈"S"形曲线增长,玉米籽粒胚乳细胞数在授粉后20 d基本稳定,细胞增殖动态可用Richards方程W=A(1+Be-kt)-1/n模拟,决定系数达极显著水平。胚乳细胞数与玉米粒重、籽粒淀粉含量、淀粉积累量呈显著正相关。籽粒胚乳细胞平均增殖速率(Gmean)的大小、最大增殖速率出现的日期(TmaxG)和最大增殖速率(Gmax)的大小等因素共同决定了粒重的大小。     

弯穗型水稻籽粒充实程度的研究

为明确北方弯穗型水稻籽粒的充实状况,以辽宁省常规粳稻为试材,对稻穗中不同部位籽粒充实程度及其与相关农艺性状的关系进行了研究。结果表明:饱谷粒内部存在充实程度差异,体现为至少可以分成密度>1.06,>1.04,>1.02等不同的充实组分;二次枝梗籽粒充实率较一次枝梗低,其中中、下部二次枝梗表现尤甚,中、下部二次枝梗的空秕粒粒数和中部二次枝梗密度>1.06的籽粒粒数百分比在品种间变异较大;籽粒充实率与结实率变化规律一致;糙米率大小与籽粒充实度高低相对应,相同充实度籽粒糙米率弱势粒高于强势粒;籽粒充实率与结实率、千粒重、每株穗数呈显著正相关,与单株粒重之间具有显著的正向直接效应,但相关系数不大。     

Integrated agronomic practices management improved grain formation and regulated endogenous hormone balance in summer maize(Zea mays L.)

Compared with single agronomic practices management during grain formation, knowledge about integrated agronomic practices management on grain-filling characteristics and physiological function of endogenous hormones was limited. In order to clarify this issue, two field experiments, integrated agronomic practices management(IAPM), T1(local conventional cultivation practices), T2(an optimized combination of cropping systems and fertilizer treatment), T3(treatment based on high-yield studies), and T4(further optimized combination of cropping systems and fertilizer treatment), and nitrogen rate testing(NAT)(four nitrogen rates, 0, 129.0, 184.5, and 300.0 kg N ha–1) were performed with summer maize hybrid Zhengdan 958(ZD958). Results showed that with increased nitrogen rate, the endogenous hormone balance was promoted and the grain-filling characteristics were improved sufficiently to resulting in a significant increase in grain yield. However, the grain-filling characteristics deteriorated and yield was reduced with excessive nitrogen fertilization. However, IAPM could promote hormone balance and improve grain filling characteristic. The indole-3-acetic acid(IAA), zeatin riboside(ZR), and gibberellin(GA3) contents under T2 and T4 treatments were higher and the abscisic acid(ABA) content was lower, and the ZR and GA3 contents under T3 were higher than those under T1. Those resulted in the maximum grain-filling rate(Wmax) and the active grain-filling period(P) under T2, T3 and T4 were significantly increased than those under T1, and hence promoted kernel weight and grain yield. So IAPM promoted hormone balance by improving tillage model, optimizing fertilizer rate and fertilization period, appropriately increasing planting density and delaying harvest, which promoted grain filling rate and lengthened active grain-filling period, finally increased grain yield.