柞树主要害虫与防治（一）——枝干害虫与橡实害虫

柞树枝干害虫有的蛀食柞树枝干及根部,有的吮吸柞叶或嫩枝汁液,严重影响柞树的正常发育,降低柞叶的质量和产量,影响柞蚕生产。橡实害虫主要危害柞树橡实,使被危害的橡实不能发芽。下面介绍柞树主要的枝干害虫与橡实害虫及其防治方法。     

柞蚕场内仿野生原木栽培不同灵芝品种效果比较试验

利用柞蚕场轮伐枝干在蚕场树荫下仿野生原木栽培灵芝是一项新技术。为进一步完善和全面推广这项新技术,我们在明确不同树种栽培灵芝的效果的基础上,2000年又对10个灵芝品种进行了比较试验,旨在找出质优高产,适宜在蚕场小径木上栽培的灵芝品种。     

柞蚕场的建设与柞蚕养殖管理

<正>1蚕场建设(1)柞蚕场的补植抚育。柞蚕场目前柞树缺株少墩现象相当普遍,需坚持补植柞树,借以逐年提高柞蚕场资源的利用率和单位蚕场面积产茧量,同时改善柞蚕场的生态环境。退耕地和荒山坡,凡适于栽植柞树,则营建人工林新蚕场。补植时期,通常柞树补植以晚秋或早春为宜,冷凉地区以春季为好。用直播方法补植柞树,成本低,柞苗成活率高,方法简单,补植速度快,同时可节约育苗用地。蚕场补植柞树以后,需及     

柞蚕场的建设与柞蚕养殖管理措施

正1柞蚕场的建设(1)柞蚕场柞树的补植抚育。柞蚕场柞树缺株少墩现象相当普遍,需坚持补植,以此逐年提高柞蚕场资源的利用率和单位蚕场面积的产茧量,同时改善柞蚕场的生态环境。退耕地和荒山坡地等适于栽植柞树的,则营建人工林新蚕场。柞树补植以晚秋或早春为宜,冷凉地区以春季为好。用直播方法补植柞树,成本低,柞苗成活率高,方法简单,补植速度快,同时可节约育苗用地。蚕场补植柞树以后需及时抚育,这是保证     

利用植物生长调节剂延迟柞树叶片老化的调查分析

在河南省柞蚕生产区利用植物生长调节剂调控柞树叶片生长发育,为一化性柞蚕区壮蚕用叶提供适熟叶。试验结果:植物生长调节剂可使柞树叶片延迟老化20d以上,一年生柞园壮蚕期单位面积可用叶量是冬季砍伐后火芽的1倍以上,且随着柞树树龄的增长而逐年增加。     

太阳能半地下室柞枝食用菌的生产技术

介绍了内蒙古呼伦贝尔市霍尔奇镇松塔村太阳能半地下式食用菌培养室的构建,和利用柞枝培育食用菌的生产技术。利用冬伐的柞树枝条培育滑子蘑、黑木耳等食用菌,既能够充分利用现有资源保护生态环境,又能够解决部分农民就业和提高柞蚕场的经济效益,每把柞蚕场(约8hm2)可以增加净收入2.5万元。     

中刈柞的几种修剪方法

柞场内的柞树修剪形式与柞树生长发育、柞叶产量、叶质优劣、调节气候、防治病虫害、放养管理、人力节省等都有密切的关系。根据蚕儿生活阶段的气候环境及蚕儿生理需要来修剪柞树,是促使蚕儿发育健壮,柞树生长旺盛、保证柞茧丰收的主要关键之一。柞树的剪定形式在山东有中刈柞和根刈柞两种,     

河南柞蚕全龄老梢育技术探讨

河南省是一化性柞蚕主产区,放养方法与其它地区不尽相同.在春柞蚕放养过程中,除稚蚕期利用很少老梢柞叶外,四、五龄壮蚕期历来采用火芽饲养.而蚕坡的轮伐直接影响柞树的生长,且存在着柞树有效产叶量低,养蚕劳动强度大,生态效益差等缺点,是柞蚕生产急待解决的问题之一.为此,我们依照柞树、柞蚕的生长发育协调一致满足蚕儿生理需要的原则,就河南柞蚕全龄老梢育技术,在此与同行进行探讨.     

河南主要蚕用柞树品种营养成分分析

为研究河南南阳地区主要蚕用柞树品种的营养特性,对栓皮栎、麻栎、槲栎3种柞树树叶进行营养成分测定。3种柞树叶均含有大量的营养物质,维生素和矿物质元素丰富,其中含水分52.60%～62.83%、蛋白质5.12%～5.84%、脂肪0.43%～0.53%、总糖6.33%～9.35%、总灰分1.49%～1.96%、总黄酮0.42%～0.50%。     

柞蚕场轮伐后芽棵休闲与养蚕效果试验

自有柞蚕放养史以来,人类在利用柞树养蚕的过程中, 基本是无回报性的.而且长期以来"重养蚕,轻养树"的结果造成了蚕场退化、生物生产力降低,严重影响柞蚕业的可持续发展.为解决上述问题,广大科技人员曾开展过许多研究, 也取得过诸如"中刈树型"、"阶梯树型"、"固定保苗场"蚕场砂化成因及预防措施" 等成果,对蚕场的建设与保护起到一定作用,但这些成果最终体现的还是对柞树的如何利用 .虽有人研究出一些追施肥料,种植豆科植物,增加植被和回氮等措施,也未能在生产中广泛应用.也有人提出"停蚕还林"作法,恰恰又与当前生产距离太大.所以,如何科学合理地处理好柞树利用与回报,是亟待解决的问题.     

人工抚育对蒙古栎幼苗成活率及生长量的影响

为了提高柞园生产力水平,以2年生蒙古栎为试验材料,研究不同抚育次数对蒙古栎幼苗移栽成活率及生长量的影响。结果表明:抚育3次和4次的蒙古栎幼苗成活率及生长量均显著高于其他处理,成活率分别为89.67%、90.55%,分别比对照高54.67%和55.55%,但抚育3次与抚育4次之间成活率及生长量各指标(地上部分生物量、地下部分生物量、株高、根长、地径)均差异不显著。可见,抚育对提高柞苗移栽成活率及生长量有显著作用,且抚育3次即可满足生产需求。     

环境条件与柞蚕发生核型多角体病的关系

对柞蚕的蛹、卵、幼虫进行不同环境条件处理试验,调查柞蚕核型多角体病自然发病率。结果下列情况促使柞蚕发生较多的核型多角体病:暖茧期蚕蛹和孵卵期蚕卵长期接触高温多湿(27℃、90％)、低温多湿(15℃、90％);低温(7—8℃)抑制蚕卵胚子15天以上;春柞蚕卵在自然室温(13℃—19℃)保存30天以上;出蚕期卵层堆积厚度1.5cm以上;幼嫩饲料;“下河”蚁蚕的河滩畦芽育;五龄饷食蚕受到38℃3小时高温冲击。     

菌根化柞苗补植柞蚕场效果调查与分析

针对辽宁部分柞蚕场退化、沙化以及缺株少墩等现状，基于建设生态型柞蚕场的需要，我们自2002年起在辽宁省凤城市、东港市、庄河市、宽甸县和岫岩县生态型柞蚕场示范建设过程中推广使用菌根化柞苗补植蚕场。通过连续11年跟踪调查，结果表明：菌根化柞苗的成活率显著高于对照；苗高、地径、茎叶重等指标也高于对照。     

Compensatory weight gain in steers recovered from oak bud toxicosis

Cattle that had recovered from clinical oak bud toxicosis (as assessed by normal BUN and serum creatinine values and good appetite) performed better than did clinically normal herdmates when weight gain and feed efficiency were compared. Both groups had a rate of weight gain (oak bud-exposed cattle, 1.76 kg/steer/d; control cattle, 1.57 kg/steer/d) that exceeded the feedlot mean value (approximately 1.4 kg/d) for cattle (of similar starting weight and diet) that had zeranol implants, and the difference was significant (P less than 0.005) for both groups. The difference in weight gain performance of oak bud-exposed cattle, compared with control cattle, was not highly significant; however, the improved feed efficiency was significantly (P less than 0.05) better than that in controls (2.57 kg of feed/kg of weight gain vs 3 kg of feed/kg of weight gain). On the basis of accepted criteria (increased rate of weight gain and efficiency of feed conversion), the group of oak bud-exposed cattle of this study had compensatory weight gain. Thus, cattle with good evidence of clinical recovery from oak bud toxicosis can be expected to perform in the feedlot at least as well as cattle not exposed to oak bud toxicosis, and may have compensatory weight gain.     

Prescribed Fire Effects on Deciduous Oak Woodland Stand Structure,Northern Diablo Range,California

Despite the increasing use of fire in managing oak woodlands, little information exists on quantitative changes to stand structure from prescribed burning. Fire damage and recovery in a mixed deciduous oak woodland were recorded after a prescribed fire on the northern Diablo Range, Santa Clara County, California. Blue oak (Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.), valley oak (Q. lobata Nee), and black oak (Q. kelloggii Newb.) trees were monitored for 4 yr to determine the effects of a late spring burn on stand structural characteristics. Fire-caused mortality was low; 4 yr after the low intensity ground fire only four oaks died (1.9%). There were significant differences in mean percent tree crown scorch and mean trunk char height between plots that burned under different fire intensities, but not between tree size classes. Although overall tree damage was low, crown resprouts developed on 80% of the trees and were found as shortly as 2 wk after the fire. Recovery was vigorous; both valley oaks and blue oaks produced crown resprouts on trees with 100% crown scorch. Classification tree analysis identified aspect (mostly southern exposures) and tree size related to the presence of crown resprouting. Crown damage was also an important factor; trees with greater than 40% of their crown scorched resprouted. Fire-induced trunk scars occurred on a small number of trees (9.1%) but was disproportionately higher for black oak compared to blue and valley oak. Stand structural characteristics (species composition, tree density, basal area, and crown closure) were not substantially altered by the event but rather maintained. Prescribed fire might be a viable tool in reducing fuels and maintaining oak woodlands; however, further investigations that include relationships of regeneration with repeated fire are needed.     

青紫兰兔对地锦叶和柞树叶的消化试验

利用比较试验法 ,用青紫兰兔对地锦叶和柞树叶的消化率及氮平衡进行了研究。结果表明 ,地锦叶的营养价值高于柞树叶。     

Identification of the phenolic substances in bovine urine associated with oak leaf poisoning

Six phenolic substances in bovine urine associated with oak leaf poisoning were identified by means of the ferric chloride reaction, paper chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography. The results indicate that these are neither oak tannin nor tannic acid but small molecular weight phenolic compounds. The concentration of free volatile phenols in the urine of cattle affected by oak leaves (n = 9, 26.57 +/- 11.20 mg litre-1) was significantly higher than in normal cattle (n = 9, 2.59 +/- 0.03 mg litre-1).     

菌根化柞树叶片的化学成分分析测定及养蚕效果试验

对菌根化柞树叶片的化学成分检测和养蚕效果进行试验,表明菌根真菌与柞树根系共生,可提高柞树根系持水能力、促进柞树对磷元素的吸收及加强对淀粉等营养物质的积累,进而提高养蚕成绩,进而为防止柞树树势衰退、提高柞树补植成活率、增加柞树产叶量、建设生态型柞蚕场提供依据。     

柞蚕多丝量新品种方山黄2号育成

以方山黄为亲本材料,采用系统选育法,经过5年10代的选择与培育,育成了柞蚕二代性、多丝量新品种方山黄2号。实验室秋茧平均茧层量1．49g,茧层率16.61％。农村中试成绩茧层率为15．65％,鲜茧出丝率9．42％,经过3年的生产鉴定,方山黄2号孵化率在95％以上,幼虫生命率97％以上,公斤卵产茧量比方山黄增产15％以上。     

保蚕宁2号防治柞蚕空胴病的研究

室内药敏试验０．１％—０．５％保蚕宁２号对柞蚕链球菌有抑制作用，四龄盛食期添食０．１３％保蚕宁２号对柞蚕再感染空胴病有防治作用，旦效果显著。小区试验经添食药物的空胴病发病率下降６９．５％，死笼茧率平均下降３８．２５％，结茧率平均提高５０．２５％。农村多点试验治愈率达６３％，发病率下降６７．３％，结茧率提高５２．１１％。保蚕宁２号药源充足，价格适宜，可在柞蚕生产区普遍推广应用。