伪狂犬病病毒gE／gI双基因缺失株的生物学特性

为了解gE和gI双基因缺失株伪狂犬病病毒gE-／gI—PRVSA738和野毒株PRV—SA的生物学特性,对该病毒进行了理化特性和体外增殖曲线的研究。结果显示：该缺失株对氯仿、酸、热及冻融次数敏感,从双基因缺失毒株与野毒株在BHK-21细胞上的增殖曲线来看,在病毒培养50h之前野毒株的毒价均高于缺失株,而在50h以后缺失株的毒价又高于野毒株,并且在36h时2株病毒的毒价均达到最高峰。     

重组伪狂犬病病毒SA215(C)株的构建及其对小鼠的免疫原性

为了研制猪2型圆环病毒（PCV2）基因工程疫苗,以伪狂犬病病毒（PRV）基因缺失疫苗株SA215为病毒载体,通过同源重组,构建了共表达PCV2ORF2基因和绿色荧光蛋白基因重组伪狂犬病病毒SA215（C）株。经PCR、Southern blotting、Western blotting等证实SA215（C）构建正确,并能表达具有活性的ORF2基因蛋白和荧光蛋白。SA215（C）在IBRS-2、ST细胞中的增殖滴度与亲本株SA215相比无显著差异,表明外源基因的插入不影响病毒增殖。用SA215（C）免疫BALB/c小鼠10周后检测免疫小鼠PCV2抗体和PRV中和抗体及细胞免疫反应。结果显示,SA215（C）诱导小鼠产生了PCV2和PRV抗体并出现PCV2的细胞免疫反应。另外,以105TCID50的SA215（C）株接种BALB/c小鼠,接种后28d再接种1次,2次接种后2周,用107TCID50PRVFa和PCV2强毒联合进行攻击,结果免疫小鼠抵抗住强毒的攻击,获得了保护;表明该毒株具有很强的免疫原性,为研制安全、有效的PCV2-PRV二价基因工程疫苗奠定了基础。     

伪狂犬病基因缺失疫苗SA215株gD基因的序列分析及其功能

SA215是伪狂犬病病毒3基因缺失疫苗株(PRV TK-/gE-/gI-/LacZ),试验以其主要功能基因gD基因为对象,通过对病毒吸附细胞的差异和免疫仔猪后血清中抗体效价变化的测定,认为gD基因编码蛋白可介导病毒进入细胞和诱导机体产生中和抗体。经从gD基因的基因型到表现型全面分析SA215株的免疫原性,发现gD基因变异没有影响到其功能的实现,推定SA215株应具有良好的免疫原性。     

伪狂犬病基因缺失疫苗株(SA215)生物学特性研究

测定了伪狂犬病gE^-／gI^-／TK^-／LacZ^ 基因缺失疫苗株(SA215)的致细胞病变效应、安全性、免疫原性和接种动物抗体消长规律等生物学特性。试验结果显示，该疫苗株能在Vero细胞上适应生长，并形成典型的蚀斑。其对1日龄仔猪、妊娠母猪、牛、羊以及家兔安全，无不良接种反应，接种动物不向外散毒。SA215疫苗接种猪能抵御高剂量(10’PFU)Fa株强毒感染，攻毒后试验猪的发热期、增重受阻天数、散毒滴度略低于Bartha株疫苗接种猪，低于对照组猪。SA215接种猪能维持长时间的高水平中和抗体滴度。试验结果表明，SA215株是一株安全、免疫原性好的疫苗株。     

表达H9亚型禽流感病毒HA基因重组鸡痘病毒疫苗的遗传稳定性

将表达H9亚型禽流感病毒HA基因重组鸡痘病毒疫苗连续传代至30代，取第10、20、30代重组病毒作为受检代次，进行外源基因片段的克隆与测序，以间接免疫荧光试验检验各代次的表达，并以第10、20、30代重组鸡痘病毒疫苗进行免疫保护效力试验。对各代次模板进行PCR反应，分别扩增出特异的1．7kb外源基因片段，酶切位点与原始代次相同；各代次外源基因序列与原始序列相比，仅有1个碱基发生变化，不涉及氨基酸的变化；免疫荧光试验显示各代次均有显著表达；各免疫组在免疫后第7、10、14、20天的HI抗体效价(log2)逐渐上升；攻毒后第5天各免疫组排毒率与对照组相比差异显著，各免疫组之间无显著差异。结果表明：此重组载体疫苗具有较好的遗传稳定性，经过30代的传代后外源插入基因及其表达未见变化，免疫保护效力亦与原代一致。     

对伪狂犬病基因缺失疫苗株研究的思考

四川农业大学动物生物技术中心1999年通过分子流行病学调查从四川分离鉴定了SW和SL两株伪狂犬病毒株，并通过基因缺失获得了PRV TK/gl/gp63/Lac I三个基因缺失株，在此基础上，SA215成了我国第一株自行研制的伪狂犬病基因缺失疫苗，该疫苗完全克服了常规疫苗的不足而且具有安全、高效等特点，其推广应用对于养殖业发展具有重要意义。笔者提出通过数据库中存贮的微生物基因序列信息查找有价值的候选疫苗株，研制基因疫苗来克服残留强毒或弱毒返强等问题；采用DNA质粒做载体，插入多种编码目的抗原的外源性基因，研制多价苗（即NDA疫苗）来实现对同一种传染病的病原（病毒、细菌和寄生虫等）多种变型的有效防治；同时必须加强致病基因库的管理和基因工程疫苗的安全性试验，在投入市场进行规模化工厂化生产前，必须按照严格的管理过程取得部颁新兽药证书。     

伪狂犬病病毒TK、gE双基因缺失传代致弱株的安全性及免疫效力研究

为获得安全、有效的伪狂犬病病毒(pseudorabies virus, PRV)变异株弱毒疫苗，在前期研究的基础上，对PRV变异株TK、gE双基因缺失株(PRV LA1206株)进行传代致弱，在鸡胚成纤维细胞上连续传代75次，后经连续5代挑取单个病毒蚀斑克隆而得F₈₀代，毒种命名为PRV LA1206-80株，并对其进行安全性及免疫效力评价。生长动力学试验结果显示，PRV LA1206-80株与PRV LA1206株生长动力学相似。仔猪安全性试验结果显示，滴鼻接种1日龄PRV抗体阴性仔猪后所有仔猪均未出现发热及临床症状，表明该毒株对1日龄仔猪安全。攻毒保护试验结果显示，28～35日龄仔猪肌肉注射接种PRV LA1206-80株或PRV LA1206株7 d后进行变异株PRV AH02LA株滴鼻攻毒，可产生良好保护，所有仔猪均未出现体温反应、临床症状和排毒。而PRV Bartha K61株免疫猪7 d后攻毒，均出现了体温反应，其中1头发病，且鼻拭子样品均检出病毒。综上所述，相较于PRV LA1206株，在鸡胚成纤维细胞上连续传代后获得的PRV LA1206-80株已...     

伪狂犬病基因缺失疫苗SA215抗强毒潜伏感染能力

通过建立能鉴别野毒和疫苗毒的多重PCR,确定试制的伪狂犬病基因缺失疫苗SA215对强毒潜伏感染的建立及随后被激活的影响。同时模拟了田间条件下对野毒潜伏感染猪接种的安全性和接种对已建立的潜伏感染的影响。结果表明,接种伪狂犬病基因缺失疫苗SA215在一定程度上能阻止强毒潜伏感染的建立和随后的激活。试制的疫苗对潜伏感染猪接种安全,对潜伏感染的消除有一定的作用,但不明显。     

表达猪瘟E2基因的重组伪狂犬病毒构建及其 生物学特性分析

以构建的TK、gI、gE、US9、部分gN基因缺失的绿色荧光标记猪伪狂犬病毒rPRV-BE为亲本株,通过同源重组构建了表达猪瘟病毒(CSFV C株)主要免疫原性基因E2的重组伪狂犬病毒rPRV-CSFV PE2SC。经PCR、间接免疫荧光试验(IFA)鉴定证实构建正确,并能成功表达E2蛋白。同时,对重组病毒在PK15细胞中的遗传稳定性、增殖特性等进行了研究,结果显示第5、10、15、20代重组病毒经PCR均能扩增出与原代重组病毒相同大小的约为3469 bp含猪瘟病毒E2基因的重组片段;第20代重组病毒感染细胞孔中出现明显的针对E2蛋白的荧光,表明重组病毒在体外连续传20代后仍能稳定遗传。一步生长曲线测定结果表明,与野毒PRV(SX株)、亲本毒rPRV-BE相比,重组病毒rPRV-CSFV PE2SC前期增殖速度较快,病毒滴度到达峰值的时间早,峰值病毒滴度低于野毒,与亲本毒相当,最高病毒滴度依次为10~(6.7)TCID_(50)/mL、10~(8.0)TCID_(50)/mL、10~(7.0)TCID_(50)/mL。结果显示构建的重组病毒具有良好的遗传稳定性及体外复制能力,为进一步对其免疫效果的评价以及PRV基因缺失重组疫苗的研制奠定基础。     

禽流感H9亚型病毒WD株毒种的纯化研究

采用鸡胚终点稀释法并结合ND抗血清中和法对禽流感H9亚型病毒WD株毒种进行了纯化。将纯化的WD株毒种在SPF鸡胚连续传12代，对各代次毒种进行了毒价测定，选择一定代次的毒种进行了免疫原性试验及外源病毒检验。结果表明，WD株在鸡胚中连续传12代，其HA价稳定在1：512—1：1024，毒价在10^7.0-10^8.3 EID50／0．1mL；不同代次毒种不含外源病毒，免疫原性均符合要求。由此可见，毒种的纯化方法是有效的，将WD株毒种限制在12代内是可行的，并建立了该毒种的种子批。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein