京白鸡心电图正常值的测定

采用标准肢导联、加压单极肢导联、心前导联和A-B导联对50只京白鸡心电图的测定结果表明:①窦性心律;②心电轴显著左偏,在-90°左右;③QRS向量的主向是由尾侧指向头侧,略向背侧偏斜;④Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF、V_3和A-B导联的QRS综合波呈rS或QS型,aVR、aVL和V_(10)导联的呈qR或R型;⑤P波与T波波向基本一致,但与QRS综合波主棘波的方向相反;⑥时限和电压存在性别差异。     

牦牛心电图的初步研究——成年母牦牛的心电图——

本文论述了对生活在海拔4000米高原上25头成年母牦牛心电图的研究结果。试验中共描记标准肢导联(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ),加压单极肢导联(aVR、aVL、aVF),单极胸导联(V_1、V_2、V_3、V_4),双极胸导联(CⅠ、CⅡ、CⅢ)和A-B导联等14个导联的心电图。通过对心电图各波电压、时限、波型和波向的分析,发现试验母牦牛皆为窦性心律,其中有18头呈窦性心律不齐(72％),2头有窦房结内游走性起搏点(8％),3头出现第2度房室传导阻滞(12％)。被检母牦牛的R-R间期为1.152±0.153秒,QRS综合波的平均心电轴为+59.3±54.2°。P波、QRS综合波和T波稳定而有规律的导联是A-B、V_3、V_4和CⅡ导联。在A-B导联心电图上,P波和T波皆呈正向,QRS综合波绝大多数呈rS型。在V_3、V_4和CⅢ心电图上,P波和T波皆呈负向,QRS综合波呈qR型。其余导联的QRS综合波波型多种多样。笔者认为单极胸导联和A-B导联是测量牦牛心电图的优选导联。     

引入青海高原西宁地区的西德长毛兔及其后代心电图的分析

本试验对引入青海高原西宁地区的35只西德长毛兔原种免及34只第一代仔免进行了标准肢导联、加压单极肢导联共6个导联的心电图描记。结果发现试验兔皆为窦性心律,种兔组和仔兔组的平均 R-R 间期分别为0.229±0.022和0.212±0.023秒,心率为262±25和283±31次/分,QRS 综合波平均心电轴分别为+32.2±18.8°和+55.5±26.4°。两组兔的 P 波和 T 波在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和 aVF 导联皆呈正向,aVR 导联均为负向,在 aVL 导联上,P 和 T 波多数低平,不易辨别波向。试验兔Ⅰ、Ⅱ、aVF 导联的 QRS 综合波主棘波绝大多数为正向,呈 qR、R 或 Rs 型,aVR 导联多呈负向,呈 QS、rS 或 Qr 型,Ⅲ导联在种兔组以 RS 型为主,仔兔组以 Rs 型为主,aVL 导联在种兔组绝大多数呈 qR 型,而仔兔组 qR、R 与 Qr 型各约占一半。所测西德长毛免心电图的各项指标与平原上西德长毛兔和其它兔种大致相同,由此可以认为本次测定结果能够作为青海高原西宁地区西德长毛兔心电图的正常指标。     

移居青海高原的新疆褐牛心电图的研究

本文采用标准肢导联、加压单极肢导联、胸部单极导联和 A—B 导联共11个导联对引入青海高原海拔3100米地区的新疆褐牛40头及其犊牛22头进行了心电图描记。结果发现试验褐牛皆为窦性心律,其中6例呈窦性心律不齐。成年组和犊牛组的 R—R 间期分别为0.984±0.189和0.850±0.120秒,QRS 综合波平均心电轴分别为+72.9±39.0°和+78.8±29.5°。V_2、V_3、V_4导联的 P 波和 T 波绝大多数呈贞向,QRS 综合波呈 qR 型,而 A—B 导联的 P 波和 T 波绝大多数呈正向,QRS 综合波呈 rS 型。在肢导联中,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和 aVF 导联的 P波多数呈正向,aVR 导联的绝大多数呈负向,QRS 综合波波型多种多样。犊牛组与成年组心电图各波的波型和波向大致相同,但犊牛组各波和间期的时限略短。此外,在研究中还对褐牛的优选导联及放牧家畜心电图描记的有关问题做了初步探讨。     

西藏小型猪心电图分析

通过对西藏小型猪心电图分析,寻求西藏小型猪心电图变化的规律,并与人类和贵州小型猪心电图进行比较,以期为西藏小型猪实验动物化提供心电图基本资料。用ECG-9020K心电图仪,描记完全清醒状态的西藏小型猪45头,选择Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ标准导联和aVR、aVL、aVF单极加压肢体导联的心电图。结果显示:①心电图均为窦性心率;②P波在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、aVF导联均为直立,在Ⅲ、aVL导联大部分直立,在aVR导联均倒置;③QRS综合波形在Ⅰ导联以qR为主,Ⅱ导联以qRs、Rs为主,Ⅲ导联以Rs、qRs为主,aVL导联以qRr、sr’和qr为主,aVR导联以rsr’、Qr和Q为主,aVF导联以Rs和qRs为主;④T波在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联中多为直立,在aVL、aVR导联中多为倒置;⑤各波间期时间(ms):P波(68.18±23.54),P-R间期(92.69±20.64),QRS间期(47.76±13.50),Q-T间期(225.93±45.03),Q-Tc间期(225.47±31.23)。西藏小型猪心电图特征与人心电图基本相似,但心率较快,P-R间期、QRS间期、S-T间期和Q-T间期较短及T波方向变化大;西藏小型猪心电图特征与贵州小型猪心电图很相似,但Q-T间期较贵州小型猪短。     

雷州山羊心电图正常值测定

对雷州山羊心电图测定与分析,了解雷州山羊心电图特征,并与人类心电图进行比较,以期为雷州山羊实验动物化提供心电图基本资料。用XDH-3型心电图仪测定安静及全清醒状态的雷州山羊13头,测定结果:①心电图均为窦性心律。②P波Ⅰ、Ⅱ、aVL导联直立,Ⅲ、aVF导联多为低平,aVR导联倒置,V1~V6导联直立。QRS波Ⅰ导联形态呈rsR型、qR型或qr型;Ⅱ导联呈rsR型、qR型或qr型;Ⅲ导联呈QS型或qr型;AVR导联呈QS型或RS型;AVL导联呈R型或QS型;AVF导联呈Qr型或qr型;V1~V6导联呈rs型或qR型。T波Ⅰ、Ⅱ导联直立;Ⅲ、aVR导联倒置;aVF导联负正双向或直立;V1~V6导联以负正双向为主,部分为直立尖锋或直立高尖锋。P波振幅变动范围为0.02~0.10 mV,在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、aVR、V5导联中最高。③P波时限变动范围为0.02~0.05 s;Q波时限介于0.01~0.03 s之间;Q波时限介于0.01~0.03 s之间;R波时限介于0.01~0.04 s之间;S波时限介于0.01~0.03 s之间;QRS综合波时限介于0.03~0.08 s之间;T波时限介于0.02~0.07 s之间;Q-T期间各导联时限介于0.28~0.36 s之间。④心电轴:无偏5例(占38.46%),右偏7例(占53.85%),左偏1例(占7.69%)。雷州山羊心率及心电图P波方向与人窦性P波方向基本一致,心电轴右偏,QRS波时限比人类短。     

雷州山羊心电图正常值测定

对雷州山羊心电图测定与分析,了解雷州山羊心电图特征,并与人类心电图进行比较,以期为雷州山羊实验动物化提供心电图基本资料。用XDH-3型心电图仪测定安静及全清醒状态的雷州山羊13头,测定结果：①心电图均为窦性心律。②P波Ⅰ、Ⅱ、aVL导联直立,Ⅲ、aVF导联多为低平,aVR导联倒置,V1-V6导联直立。QRS波Ⅰ导联形态呈rsR型、qR型或qr型;Ⅱ导联呈rsR型、qR型或qr型;Ⅲ导联呈QS型或qr型;AVR导联呈QS型或RS型;AVL导联呈R型或QS型;AVF导联呈Qr型或qr型;V1-V6导联呈rs型或qR型。T波Ⅰ、Ⅱ导联直立;Ⅲ、aVR导联倒置;aVF导联负正双向或直立;V1-V6导联以负正双向为主,部分为直立尖锋或直立高尖锋。P波振幅变动范围为0.02-0.10 mV,在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、aVR、V5导联中最高。③P波时限变动范围为0.02-0.05 s;Q波时限介于0.01-0.03 s之间;Q波时限介于0.01-0.03 s之间;R波时限介于0.01-0.04 s之间;S波时限介于0.01-0.03 s之间;QRS综合波时限介于0.03-0.08 s之间;T波时限介于0.02-0.07 s之间;Q-T期间各导联时限介于0.28-0.36 s之间。④心电轴：无偏5例（占38.46%）,右偏7例（占53.85%）,左偏1例（占7.69%）。雷州山羊心率及心电图P波方向与人窦性P波方向基本一致,心电轴右偏,QRS波时限比人类短。     

SPF新西兰兔心电图测定

在麻醉状态下,测定30只SPF级新西兰兔心电图。结果表明:SPF级新西兰兔的心率为281.50次/min±16.64次/min,均为窦性心率。在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVR、aVL、aVF和V导联中,只有aVR导联主波向下,各波倒置,aVL导联的P波直立或倒置。有明显S-T段,绝大部分没有发生偏移(27/30)。     

青海省小尾寒羊羔羊心电图的研究

对青海省繁殖的25只小尾寒羊羔羊的心电图进行了分析和研究。结果发现,被检小尾寒羊皆为窦性心律;平均R-R间期的时限为(0.399±0.120)s;心电轴显著右偏(+184.2±80.9°);在Ⅰ,Ⅱ,aVL,aVF,C1和A-B导联心电图上,QRS综合波以QS,rS或Qr为主要波型;在Ⅲ,aVR,C2和C3导联心电图上以qR或R为主要波型;Ⅱ导联心电图上各波和间期的时限(s)为:P波(0.031±0.007);QRS综合波(0.039±0.005);T波(0.047±0.014);P-Q间期(0.089±0.016);Q-T间期(0.226±0.040);Q-Tc间期(0.312±0.031);Q-Tr(0.937±0.092)。在被检小尾寒羊中发现窦性心律不齐(20.0%)、二度房室传导阻滞(4%)、室性期前收缩(4.0%)、双峰P波(8.0%)以及R或S波波峰分叉(12.0%)5种异常心电图。     

青海本地山羊心电图的研究

对 2 9只青海本地山羊标准肢导联 ( , , )、加压单极肢导联 (a VR,a VL,a VF)、单极胸导联 (V1～ V6)、双极胸导联 (一 ) (C1 ,C2 ,C3 )和 A-B导联共 1 6个导联的心电图进行了分析和研究。结果发现 :1平均心电轴显著右偏 ,为 1 4 9.7°± 54.9°(-1°～ 2 68.5°) ;2皆为窦性心律 ,但窦律不齐出现概率高达 89.7% ;3 P波和 T波波向一致性较好的有 , ,a VF,C1和 A-B导联 (正向 )以及 a VR,V3,V4 ,V5,V6 ,C2和 C3导联 (负向 ) ;4在 ,a VF,V3,V4 ,V5,V6 ,C2和 C3导联心电图上 ,QRS综合波以 q R或 R主要波型 ,而在 ,a VL ,V2 ,C1和 A-B导联心电图上以 r S,Qr或 QS为主要波型 ;5各波和间期的时限 (s)为 :P波 (0 .0 53± 0 .0 2 1 ) ;QRS综合波 (0 .0 60± 0 .0 1 7) ;T波 (0 .0 92± 0 .0 3 2 ) ;P-Q间期 (0 .1 2 5± 0 .0 49) ;Q-T间期 (0 .3 1 4±0 .0 58) ;Q-Tc间期 (0 .3 46± 0 .0 64) ;R-R间期(0 .82 2± 0 .1 74)。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein