热风-真空复合工艺干燥玉米力学特性研究

传统的玉米干燥工艺效率低,干燥后的玉米品质不好,在加工过程中,玉米会产生破损。进行了玉米自然干燥、热风干燥和热风-真空复合干燥,考察了3种干燥方式下的玉米力学特性和表观形态。力学特性测试结果发现,50℃热风+45℃真空复合干燥的玉米应变最大。自然干燥中,应力松弛曲线达到的最大应力为0.0455MPa,三元件Maxwell模型能很好地拟合应力松弛测试结果,决定系数均达到0.977以上。玉米籽粒储能模量和损耗模量均随频率增大而增大,储能模量大于损耗模量,意味着干燥后的玉米表现出的弹性大于粘性。表观形态测试结果发现,相比于热风干燥,复合工艺干燥的玉米籽粒中淀粉颗粒更为饱满,玉米品质更好。干燥后的玉米结晶形态均为A形模式。热风-真空复合工艺干燥玉米的力学特性研究,可以为玉米加工、储藏等相关设备的研制提供实验基础。     

玉米果穗深床层热风干燥特性试验

为了提高玉米果穗干燥均匀性和干燥效率,降低干燥品质损失,通过研制玉米果穗深床层干燥试验台,并进行不同风速（0.5、1m/s）、热风温度（常温（即室温）,50、60、70℃）以及料层厚度（180、360、540、720mm）下玉米果穗干燥特性以及品质试验研究,确定最佳的玉米果穗深床层干燥工艺与参数。试验结果表明,提高热风温度和风速均会提高干燥速率,风速0.5m/s时,热风温度50、60、70℃条件下第1层的干燥时间分别为28、20、14h,而常温通风干燥下192h后含水率仅下降到20%,随着热风温度的降低,干燥时间显著延长;提高热风风速有利于提高干燥速率,第3、4层玉米果穗干燥速率受风速的影响大于第1、2层;随着料层的增加,各干燥条件下干燥速率显著降低,干燥时间延长;常温条件下果穗各料层长时间处于高湿环境,从而在玉米果穗高含水率阶段采用常温通风干燥方式容易造成内部高湿和发热现象;干燥过程中玉米籽粒含水率先下降,果穗芯轴的含水率高于籽粒。与对照组相比,各组干燥物料的亮度均下降,提高热风风速和温度会降低亮度;常温通风干燥玉米籽粒电导率最低,随着温度和风速的提高,电导率升高,表明籽粒内部结构破坏较大;干燥后玉米籽粒淀粉含量和可溶性糖含量均有所减小,其中70℃、0.5m/s条件下玉米淀粉含量最低,60℃和70℃、0.5m/s条件下玉米可溶性糖含量较低。根据研究结果,确定玉米果穗深床层干燥工艺为先热风干燥后常温通风干燥的方式,热风温度50℃或60℃、风速0.5m/s、通风管路单侧料层厚度为360mm为较优的果穗热风干燥工艺参数。     

生物质成型燃料热风炉干燥玉米的试验

采用自行设计的生物质成型燃料热风干燥系统进行了玉米薄层干燥试验,试验证明该热风干燥系统能满足玉米的干燥要求,在相同初含水率和供能情况下,影响干燥速度和干燥质量最显著的因素是风温,其次是风速;玉米种子干燥温度不宜大于60℃,否则由应力造成的玉米种子爆裂现象将超出种子质量要求的范围。     

红外玉米穗干燥试验研究

为研究红外辐射干燥条件下收获期玉米穗干燥的水分迁移规律,利用自制红外玉米穗干燥试验台对玉米穗进行了恒温和变温干燥试验,探讨了多种温度条件下玉米穗的红外辐射干燥特性及对干燥后玉米穗外观品质的影响规律。结果表明:初始含水率、干燥温度、干燥用时和辐射距离是影响玉米穗干燥效率和外观品质的主要因素;当恒温干燥玉米穗的干燥温度为58℃、辐射距离为150mm时,干燥速率达2.25%/h,且玉米籽粒的外观品质最好;变温干燥玉米穗时,较佳的干燥温度范围为55~65℃,且采用逐渐升温干燥时的干燥品质较好。本研究为研制红外辐射玉米穗干燥机研发奠定了坚实基础。     

玉米顺流干燥中应力裂纹的试验研究

研究了顺流干燥机干燥玉米对应力裂纹的生成和发展规律。影响玉米应力裂纹率的因素主要有热风温度，热风速度，谷物的初始和终了含水率，谷物的干燥次数，冷却工艺等。在干燥，冷却和冷后储存过程中都有裂纹发生，冷却和冷后短暂的储存过程中发生和扩展的裂纹占相当大的比例。     

RTH—700型热风筒式横流玉米干燥机的计算机模拟和试验研究

建立了玉米横流干燥的数学模型，提出了一种横流式干燥机烘干段内粮流换向器的计算机模拟方法，给出了适合粮库不同玉米品种混合干燥的新的薄层干燥方程，开发了相就的计算机模拟程序ＣＤＣＳＰ，计算了不同热风温度，风量，玉米初始水分和干燥时间玉米干燥后的平均水分，其结果与在ＲＴＨ－７００型横流苛玉米干燥机上的实测结果相符。     

寒地玉米多级顺流干燥工艺参数优化

为解决目前北方寒地玉米干燥加工中存在的干燥效率低、设备能耗大和干制品品质差等问题,利用自行设计的多级顺流式谷物干燥试验台,对北方寒地玉米多级顺流干燥特性和干燥加工工艺参数进行了研究。通过二次通用旋转组合试验设计方法,探讨热风温度、热风风速、干燥时间对设备单位能耗和干后玉米品质的影响,建立了相应的数学模型。将多目标综合优化,确定了干燥工艺的最优参数:热风温度103℃、热风风速1.5m/s、干燥时间100min。在此工艺参数条件下,有效地提高了干燥效率,降低了设备单位能耗及玉米干燥过程中营养成分的损失,达到了玉米保质干燥的目的。该研究旨在为北方寒地玉米干燥工业提供了理论基础。     

玉米淀粉糖浆干燥制粉的实验研究

以玉米淀粉糖浆干燥制粉为目的,通过对玉米淀粉糖浆真空冷冻干燥和微波真空干燥的实验研究,获得冷冻干燥的最佳参数组合,即物料厚度8 mm,干燥时间22 h,升华温度40℃。在此条件下,糖粉含水率为2.77%,产品为白色粉末。微波真空干燥的较优参数组合为:微波功率4.02kW,真空度为0.07MPa,干燥时间3min。在此条件下,产品为含水量5.46%的淡黄色粉末。本研究为玉米淀粉糖浆制粉的工业化生产提供了依据。     

脉动燃烧尾气干燥过程质量传递特性

在Helmholtz型脉动燃烧器尾管中进行了耐火土颗粒的干燥实验,通过干燥法中的简化法确定了不同频率下物料内部的水分扩散系数。应用费克第二定律,结合适当的初始条件和边界条件,并根据实验确定不同频率下脉动气流与耐火土颗粒间的对流传质系数,探讨脉动频率对脉动燃烧干燥过程中气流与物料间的对流传质系数的影响,建立了修伍德数与脉动频率间的关联式。结果表明,在干燥过程中气流的脉动可强化物料内部水分扩散,脉动气流传质的修伍德数远高于相同雷诺数下稳定紊流中的数值。     

水稻颗粒玻璃化转变的试验研究

通过水稻颗粒玻璃化转变的试验，测量了不同干燥条件下水稻颗粒的玻璃化转变温度，探讨了干燥条件对水稻颗粒玻璃化转变的影响，研究了水稻颗粒含水率和玻璃化转变温度的关系，建立了水稻颗粒玻璃化转变温度与颗粒含水率的数学模型。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。