小麦种芽对6种酰胺类除草剂敏感性测定

小麦种芽对６种酰胺类除草剂敏感性测定马式廉，袁树忠（江苏农学院植保系扬州２２５００１）江苏省麦田杂草发生及危害面积日益扩大，特别是推行麦田少免耕种植法后，麦田禾本科草的发生量呈上升趋势。使用绿麦隆防除麦田硬草、看麦娘等禾本科杂草的防效欠佳。近些年来，...     

唑啉·炔草酸防除麦田禾本科杂草的现状与综合评价

由于长期使用精口恶唑禾草灵,不少杂草产生了抗性,抗性禾本科杂草不断出现,导致了麦田禾本科杂草种类愈来愈多。其中最为典型的日本看麦娘、棒头草、菵草、早熟禾、雀麦等已成为麦田主要恶性杂草。2010年日本看麦娘、菵草等在高邮市不少地区形成灾害,     

上海地区麦田杂草种群和突增期年际变化及与环境因素的关系

1992－2002年选择稻茬小麦田对禾本科和阔叶类杂草自然条件下发生量进行定田、定期系统观测。结果表明，麦田禾本科和阔叶类杂草发生量年际变化趋势相反，1998年前杂草种群的消长变化和杂草主要发生期温度变化密切相关；1998年以后，禾本科杂草成为优势种群，其发生量在高位呈波动上升，并由Na草取代看麦娘成为优势杂草；阔叶类杂草发生量在低位呈小幅波动，其优势杂草变化小。禾本科杂草套种和免耕麦田杂草密度≥50株／0.55m^2的平均初日分别为11月21日和12月14日，平均终日差异不明显，为2月12日；阔叶类杂草密度≥50株／0.55m^2的初、终日套种和免耕差异均较小，平均初日为12日18日，平均终日为3月2日。禾本科杂草突增期每年出现3.7期，有80．5％的突增期为连续出现，在突增期杂草发生量平均占全生育期总出草量的74．8％，70％的年份突增期首现期为11月中旬或下旬；旬平均气温≥10℃有利于突增期发生，在旬平均气温降温幅度≥2.9℃且伴有较大雨量时也有利于突增期出现。     

江苏麦田恶性禾本科杂草及其适用除草药剂

近年来,江苏省麦田禾本科杂草发生和危害较重,春季化除时田间杂草多,即使加量使用精恶唑禾草灵、异丙隆等麦田常用除草剂,除草效果与以前相比也显著下降.到小麦抽穗期,很多田块仍有较高密度的菵草、野燕麦等禾本科杂草耸立于小麦穗层之上,而株高较矮的硬草、早熟禾、棒头草等禾本科杂草,则在近地层和田埂上大量分布.     

麦田杂草损失率测定及防除指标研究

近几年来,由于耕作制度的变化,稻麦连作面积扩大和麦田少免耕技术的逐步推广,麦田杂草群落也发生了很大变化,草害也逐年加重。我市80年代后期麦田杂草以猪殃殃、繁缕、芥菜等双子叶杂草为主,占总草量的gi．92％。随着稻一麦一稻耕作制面积的不断增大,禾本科杂草逐年加重,看麦娘、硬草。棒头草等已成为稻茬麦田的主要杂草群落。1994年调查,禾本科杂草已占杂草总数的54．9％。麦田杂草已衍化为单双子叶杂草混生群落为主。为了解单双子叶杂草对小麦产量的影响。单双子叶杂草之间的相互关系,及单双子叶杂草混生条件下的防除指标,我们…     

骠马防除麦田禾本科杂草试验

骠马防除麦田禾本科杂草试验陆善庆，侯全民，管丽琴，张永康，陈兴泉（上海嘉定区植保站，２０１８００）（嘉定区黄渡镇农科站）近几年，嘉定区麦田禾本科杂草为害呈上升趋势，部分麦田草害十分严重，常常使用数种除草剂都难以控制。１９９２年初，笔者对６．９％骠马浓...     

沛县麦田硬草发生与防除技术

沛县冬小麦常年种植面积超过4万hm2。麦田杂草优势种群是禾本科的硬草,占杂草总数的70%～80%,因其耐药性强,防除难度大,已成为本县麦田发生量最大的恶性杂草。1麦田硬草发生为害特点调查表明,本市麦田杂草以禾本科为主,主要有硬草、野燕麦、看麦娘、蜡烛草等,占全部杂草70%～90%。其次是阔叶杂草,如猪殃殃、婆婆纳、牛繁缕、麦加公、荠菜等,占全部杂草的20%～30%。杂草优势种硬草属越冬性一年生杂草。其发生特点是:①发生为害期长。一般10月份出土,一直为害到第2年的5月下旬。冬前出土量占发生量的80%～90%,冬后春季继续出土,占发生量的10%…     

几种除草剂不同施药期对麦田禾本科杂草的防除效果比较

分别在冬前与早春开展麦田禾本科杂草防除试验及安全性观察,结果显示,高剂量冬前使用5%唑啉草酯EC及早春使用3.6%二磺·甲碘隆WG均对小麦略有影响;冬前禾本科杂草防除选择6.9%精唑禾草灵EW、5%唑啉草酯EC、7.5%啶磺草胺WG等单剂与50%苯磺异丙WP复配使用,可取得较好的防除效果。在早春,几种除草剂与50%苯磺异丙WP复配使用对麦田禾本科杂草防除的优势不明显,而5%唑啉草酯EC和6.9%精唑禾草灵EW单剂对菵草均具有较好的防除效果,可推广用于早春菵草田块的杂草防除。     

硬草主要生物学特性及防除途径的研究

硬草是上海和江苏淮北地区麦田的主要禾本科杂草。通过对硬草的生物学特性，发生为害规律，与作物之间的竞争以及防除措施的研究，初步认为：１．硬草发生数量极大，对小麦具有较强的竞争能力；２．麦田硬草有较明显的出草高峰，这易受气候因素的影响；３．硬草与小麦竞争的临界期为小麦出苗后的２０－５０天之间，即小麦主茎叶龄４－６叶期。４．绿肥作物苕子能明显抑制硬草的萌发与生长，利用小麦－水稻－苕子－水稻轮作或小麦－水     

东台市小麦杂草发生现状及治理对策措施

通过近两年普查,摸清了东台市麦田杂草种类、分布状况、出草规律、草相变化、防除情况等。调查结果显示,东台市小麦杂草达30个科76种,其中禾本科杂草有硬草、看麦娘、日本看麦娘、菵草、蜡烛草、早熟禾、棒头草;阔叶杂草有猪秧秧、荠菜、大巢菜、卷耳、婆婆纳、繁缕、牛繁缕、野老鹳草。麦田杂草出草危害时间长,常年有两个出草高峰。第一个出草高峰在小麦播种后10~30 d,以禾本科杂草和猪秧秧、荠菜、婆婆纳等为主。第二个出草高峰在翌年开春气温回升后,两大类杂草均有发生,以阔叶杂草居多。     

Roles of flavoproteins in degradation of mexacarbate in rats

The nature of a reductive system which actively degrades mexacarbate in the rat intestine and liver was investigated. The system is characterized by its stability against heat and protease treatments and its requirements for a flavin cofactor and an acidic pH for a maximum activity. As a result of purification and spectroscopic identification attempts the system responsible for the above reductive activity was identified to be flavoprotein. Under anerobic conditions such flavoproteinflavin cofactor systems degrade mexacarbate first to 4-N-desmethylmexacarbate and then to polar water-soluble metabolites.     

祁连山老虎沟地区高寒草甸蒸散发估算

利用祁连山老虎沟地区海拔4200m气象观测站2010年的观测资料,采用FAO Penman-Monteith公式,再利用作物系数法,对高寒草甸生长季(5月22-9月22)的蒸散发量进行估算和分析。结果发现:研究期共有124天,蒸散发总量为238.3mm,日均为1.87mm·d-1。生长初期、生长中期、生长末期的蒸散发总量依次为22.6mm,179.1mm,36.6mm,依次占研究期总量的8.4%,75.2%,15.3%。5月下旬至6月中旬,日均蒸散发量以较低水平缓慢上升;6月下旬迅速增加;6月末至7月中旬猛然回落;7月中旬至8月末,日均蒸散发量迅速上升且维持在较高水平;此后直到9月22日,缓慢减少。5-9月月蒸散发总量依次为6.6mm,46.4mm,74.5mm,77.6mm,33.1mm。     

Aetiology of Rhizoctonia in sheath blight of maize in Sichuan

Rhizoctonia isolates obtained from maize grown in commercial fields in 33 representative counties (or cities) in Sichuan province in China were characterized according to colony morphology, hyphal anastomosis and pathogenicity. Of 141 isolates, 116 were identified as R. solani , 23 as R. zeae and two as binucleate Rhizoctonia . The isolates of R. solani were assigned to four anastomosis groups (AG): AG-1-IA (101 isolates, accounting for 71.6% of the total), AG-1-IB (2, 1.4%), AG-4 (9, 6.4%) and AG-5 (4, 2.8%). The two isolates of binucleate Rhizoctonia belonged to AG-K. On maize, isolates of AG-1-IA caused typical sheath blight symptoms. Lesions produced by isolates of AG-4, AG-5, AG-1-IB and AG-K were darker than those of AG-1-IA. Rhizoctonia zeae usually caused discontinuous lesions with a dark brown margin and a brown centre on the leaf sheaths, as well as ear rot. Isolates of AG-1-IA were the most virulent to maize, with an average lesion length of approximately 15 cm. Isolates of R. zeae produced lesions approximately 12 cm long, while those of AG-4, AG-5, AG-1-IB and AG-K were progressively shorter. On potato dextrose agar (PDA; pH 6.4), the minimum temperature for mycelial growth of R. zeae isolates was 14–18°C, the maximum 38–40°C and optimum 30°C. Isolates of R. zeae did not grow on PDA (28°C) at pH 2.0, the optimum for growth being pH 6.4.     

西北地区冬季室内三种常绿植物的光合特性比较

使用Li-6400XT便携式气体交换系统的红蓝光源和液化CO_2钢瓶注入系统,模拟冬季室内较密闭环境下存在较高CO_2浓度且为弱光环境,设置CO_2浓度为600μmol·mol~(-1),并以400μmol·mol~(-1)作为对照组(CK),对绿萝(Scindapsus aureus)、鹅掌柴(Scheffera octophlla(Lour).Harins)和燕子掌(Crassula agenten Thunb.)进行光响应(Pn-PAR)曲线的测定。结果显示:在CO_2浓度600μmol·mol~(-1)下,三种植物的光饱和点(LSP)均比(CK)更早出现,绿萝和鹅掌柴总体的净光合速率(Pn)比(CK)高,燕子掌比(CK)低;绿萝的最大光合速率(Pmax)、光饱和点(LSP)和表观量子效率(YAQ)均最高,分别为5.62±0.145μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、373.51±24.15μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)和0.041±0.003μmol·μmol~(-1),但暗呼吸速率(Rd)较低(-0.51±0.14μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1));鹅掌柴和绿萝的水分利用率(WUE)和蒸腾速率(Tr),极显著高于燕子掌(P<0.01);绿萝的叶绿素SPAD值最高(70.03±4.18),极显著高于其余两种(P<0.01)。研究表明,绿萝对光照具有最强的利用能力,且能在高CO_2浓度且干旱的环境里健康生长,并能对室内环境起到较强的增湿效应,是西北地区冬季较为理想的室内植物。     

山西省2012年蔬菜农药残留监测结果分析

本文通过对2012年山西省蔬菜农药残留监测结果的分析,找出造成山西蔬菜农药残留问题原因,并针对性的提出了解决问题的对策,为蔬菜生产提供依据。     

环流特征量指数在新疆汛期降水趋势预测中的应用

利用中国气象局气候中心下发的74类环流特征量值,通过相关分析,建立了新疆10个区域的汛期降水预测模型。结果表明:预测模型对新疆汛期降水趋势有一定的预报能力,尤其是在新疆洪涝灾害多发的伊犁及博尔塔拉蒙古自治州、北疆沿天山一带、天山山区,建立的3个区域预测模型可以作为汛期降水预测的主要工具。     

Incidence of benomyl and iprodione resistance in isolates of Botrytis cinerea in tomato crops in England and Wales in 1986

In 1986, mass-mycelial isolates of Botrytis cinerea from 67 tomato crops in England and Wales were examined for benomyl and iprodione resistance. Of the 706 isolates obtained, 62.7% were resistant to benomyl at 2μg/ml and 43.2% were resistant to iprodione at 2 μg/ml. Iprodione resistance persisted in the absence of a dicarboximide spray programme. The incidence of benomyl resistance has not decreased since the last survey in 1984 in spite of a considerable reduction in the use of benzimidazole fungicides. There were no clear indications that the use of dichlofluanid influenced the incidence of benomyl or iprodione resistance. Disease control was poorer in crops with a higher incidence of iprodione resistance.     

Viruses of pepper in plastic houses in Crete

During a survey of virus diseases affecting pepper grown in plastic houses in Crete, during 1984–1986, tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) were detected. The most common virus was TMV, being present in samples of alle pepper cultivars carrying the L₁ resistance gene, while ToMV was isolated only from susceptible pepper cultivars. According to responses ofCapsicum spp. the isolates from 640 samples checked were classified into three pathotypes: P₀, P_1.2 and P_1.2.3. Results of this study show that P_1.2 represents at present the major threat to the Cretan pepper industry.Samenvatting Bij een in de jaren 1984–1986 gehouden inventarisatie van virusziekten in paprika in plastic-foliekassen op Kreta werd zowel het tabaksmozaïekvirus (TMV) als het tomatemozaïekvirus (ToMV) aangetoond. TMV kwam zeer algemeen voor: het werd aangetroffen in alle monsters van de paprikarassen met het resistentiegen L₁. ToMV werd alleen geïsoleerd uit planten van vatbare paprikarassen. Volgens de waargenomen symptomen die de isolaten van 640 monsters opCapsicum spp. vertoonden, konden de isolaten in drie pathotypen, nl. P₁, P_1,2 en P_1,2,3, worden geklassificeerd. Uit het onderzoek is gebleken dat P_1,2 de belangrijkste bedreiging vormt voor de teelt van paprika op Kreta.     

Viruses of tomato in plastic houses in Crete

Tomatoes grown in plastic houses in Crete have been inspected since 1980 for virus diseases. Plants with virus-like symptoms were checked by sap inoculation to test plants and the isolated viruses were identified by host reaction and serology. The most common viruses were, in order of frequency, tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), potato virus X, tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), potato virus Y and cucumber mosaic virus. The large use of ToMV-resistant cultivars reduces gradually the importance of ToMV while TBSV tends to become a serious problem of tomato in Crete.Samenvatting Van 1980–1984 werden op Kreta de in plasticfolie-kassen geteelde tomaten geïnventariseerd op de aanwezigheid van virussen. Verdachte plante werden door sapinoculatie op toetsplanten onderzocht. De daarbij geïsoleerde virussen werden daarna via de symptomen op de waardplanten en serologisch geïdentificeerd. In volgorde van belangrijkheid werden de volgende virussen het meest aangetroffen: tomatemozaïekvirus, aardappelvirus X, tomatedwerggroeivirus, aardappel Y virus en komkommermozaïekvirus, De laatste jaren is door de toenemende teelt van tomaterassen met resistentie tegen tomatemozaïekvirus het belang van dit virus sterk verminderd, terwijl het tomatedwerggroeivirus een steeds ernstiger probleem lijkt te worden.     

2013年我国黏虫发生特点分析

2013年黏虫维持了2012年以来的重发态势。二代黏虫在东北、华北、黄淮局部、江南局部、西南地区普遍发生,多种作物受害严重,总体发生程度重于2012年同期,山西、河北等局部地区大发生。三代黏虫在东北、华北和黄淮局部等地偏重发生,虽然发生面积、发生程度整体上不如2012年严重,但是仍显著重于常年,并且在辽宁、山西、山东的局部地区造成严重危害。分析提出,监测防控及时到位、关键时期气象条件不利,是2013年三代黏虫发生程度轻于2012年的主要原因。