黑豆糕制作工艺的研究

以黑豆粉为原料,探讨黑豆糕的制备工艺,通过正交试验研究其工艺配方。结果表明,黑豆糕最佳配方为黑豆粉与低筋粉配比1∶3,在50 g混粉原料中黑米粉添加量5 g,鸡蛋添加量150 g,白砂糖添加量30 g,该配方组合可获得口感良好、气味香甜的黑豆糕。     

椰蓉月饼基础配方优化研究

以糕粉、黄油、白砂糖粉、冬瓜蓉为主要材料,以感官评定为指标,通过单因素和正交试验对椰蓉月饼馅的基础配方进行优化,确定最优配方为糕粉18 g,黄油24 g,白砂糖粉12 g,冬瓜蓉16 g。按此配方,可制作出营养成分高、口感良好、气味芳香的椰蓉月饼。     

高膳食纤维月饼馅料的研制

以大豆纤维粉、板栗、植物油、白砂糖为主要原料,研发高膳食纤维月饼馅料,以感官评分为指标,通过单因素试验与正交试验确定最佳月饼馅料配方。结果表明,以大豆纤维粉添加量40%,白砂糖添加量20%,植物油添加量30%研制的高膳食纤维月饼馅料,此月饼口感细腻酥松、甜度适中,有较好的风味。该研究为豆制品企业在大豆纤维的处理上提供一条新的途径,为企业在废渣处理、减少环境污染等方面提供了一些思路。     

奶香葡萄干风味品质的改善及休闲食品的研制

以葡萄干为原料,通过单因素试验和正交试验,参照感官评分确定满足人群口味的奶香葡萄干的最佳调味液配方。结果表明,奶香葡萄干的最佳调味液配方为：牛奶香精添加量0.2%,白砂糖添加量30%,柠檬酸添加量1.9%,VC添加量30 mg/1 000 mL;加工工艺为：原料处理后用上述调味液进行煮制沸腾并维持30 min,然后在70 ℃下进行烘干处理50 min,烘干冷却后用葡萄糖粉包衣,振动筛抛光,再进行包装,即得奶香葡萄干。所得奶香葡萄干香味浓郁,酸甜可口,营养丰富,是一种具有广阔市场前景的休闲食品。     

烘烤型黑蒜山药薯片的研制及质构特性分析

将黑蒜和山药加入马铃薯粉中,研制烘烤型黑蒜山药薯片。以感官评分和质构特性为评价指标,探讨黑蒜粉添加量、山药粉添加量、白砂糖添加量、食盐添加量以及烘烤温度和烘烤时间对烘烤型黑蒜山药薯片品质的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验优化烘烤型黑蒜山药薯片制作配方及工艺。结果表明,烘烤型黑蒜山药薯片的最佳配方及工艺为：马铃薯粉添加量30 g,白砂糖添加量9 g,油添加量2 g,食盐添加量1.0 g,黑蒜粉添加量1.5 g,山药粉添加量9 g,水添加量50 mL,烘烤温度145℃,烘烤时间22 min。按此配方及工艺条件生产的黑蒜山药薯片质地均匀,无裂纹,口感较好,入口爽脆,有独特的黑蒜风味。研究结果为新型薯片的研制提供技术支持。     

柑橘皮膳食纤维在曲奇饼干中的应用研究

以汉中当地宫川柑橘为试材,从柑橘皮中提取水不溶性膳食纤维,用于曲奇饼干的制作。通过单因素试验和正交试验,对曲奇饼干的原料配方参数进行筛选。结果表明,柑橘皮膳食纤维曲奇饼干的最佳配方为:以低筋面粉质量100%计,牛奶添加量10%,蛋液添加量20%,黄油添加量40%,细砂糖添加量25%,膳食纤维添加量6%,所制得的柑橘皮膳食纤维曲奇饼干外观完整,表面呈棕黄色,口感酥脆、细腻,有奶香味,无杂质。     

螺旋藻复配代餐粉的研制

以螺旋藻粉、燕麦粉、赤小豆粉、魔芋粉、奇亚籽、木糖醇、脱脂奶粉为原料,采用单因素试验和正交试验对螺旋藻复配代餐粉配方进行优化。结果表明,7个因素对复配代餐粉感官评分影响排序为：脱脂奶粉添加量＞螺旋藻粉添加量＞木糖醇添加量＞燕麦粉添加量＞奇亚籽添加量＞赤小豆粉添加量＞魔芋粉添加量;复配代餐粉最佳配方为：螺旋藻粉5.0 g,燕麦粉8.0 g,赤小豆粉4.0 g,魔芋粉1.6 g,奇亚籽4.4 g,木糖醇3.0 g,脱脂奶粉4.0 g;经检测,复配代餐粉理化指标符合食用要求;通过饱腹感试验确定复配代餐粉的每餐推荐用量为30 g。     

戊聚糖奶片的研制

以小麦戊聚糖和全脂奶粉为主要原料,研制一种新型的戊聚糖奶片。以感官评定作为主要的考查指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验优化戊聚糖奶片的配方。试验结果表明,戊聚糖奶片的最佳配方为戊聚糖添加量14.5%,全脂奶粉添加量43.5%,麦芽糊精添加量20%,葡萄糖添加量20%,硬脂酸镁添加量2%。该新型奶片不仅营养价值丰富、口感细腻,同时丰富了奶片的产品种类。     

纯紫薯蛋糕配方及加工工艺研究

以纯紫薯粉为原料,采用单因素试验和L_9(3~4)正交试验设计研究纯紫薯蛋糕的配方;通过对不同处理的感官评价、质构检测,以及花青素、油脂、总糖含量的测定,筛选纯紫薯蛋糕最佳处理为T_6J_5Y_3,其次是T_7J_6Y_4,T_6J_5Y_2。结果表明,纯紫薯蛋糕的最佳配方为紫薯粉添加量100 g,鸡蛋添加量300 g,白砂糖添加量120 g,植物油添加量30~40 g,较普通海绵蛋糕断裂度和硬度小、松软易咀嚼;加工工艺为打发白砂糖和鸡蛋至白色奶油状,紫薯粉过100目筛,分次加入蛋糊混匀,加入植物油拌匀,浇模至模具的2/3(50~55 g),上、下火160℃,烘烤25 min。     

基于主成分分析法优化青稞马铃薯夹馅酥饼的加工工艺

以青稞全粉、马铃薯、黄油、皮馅比为影响因素,以酥饼的质构特性、色差特性、比容的规范化主成分综合评分为评价指标,通过L_9(3~4)正交设计优化青稞马铃薯夹馅酥饼的最优工艺。试验结果表明,各个因素对青稞马铃薯夹馅酥饼品质影响的大小顺序依次是:A马铃薯添加量C青稞添加量B黄油添加量D皮馅比;青稞马铃薯夹馅酥饼的最佳配方为:马铃薯泥添加量30%,黄油添加量55%,青稞添加量8%,皮馅比例6︰4。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.